• HBV mutant tase activity of the HBV polymerase protein lacks a proof- surveillance and understanding of HBV mutant impact on reading function, random mis-incorporation of bases into disease diagnosis will pose a challenge to global health the replicating DNA strand occurs. (cdc.gov)
  • However, acyclovir or ganciclovir resistant mutants with alterations in the viral DNA polymerase may be resistant to FOSCAVIR and may not respond to therapy with FOSCAVIR. (nih.gov)
  • A simple organophosphorus compound that inhibits DNA polymerase, especially in viruses and is used as an antiviral agent. (curehunter.com)
  • We examined the M splicing of human H1N1 and H3N2 viruses by comparing three H1N1 and H3N2 strains, respectively, through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analyses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This finding could provide an explanation of how clinically observed resistant viral mutants may arise. (plos.org)
  • The viral mutants were weakened in proliferation after 24 hours of infection compared to the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type strain in VeroE6 cells. (worldmedicinefoundation.com)
  • In our previous study, we identified interesting mutant BLV Tax with elevated (TaxD247G) or reduced (TaxS240P) transactivation activity on the replication and propagation of BLV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This diversity of the HBV genome is gen- l980s, we have seen the emergence of mutants across the erated by the same mechanism that drives the emergence entire HBV genome as the virus responds to selective pres- of mutants, replication. (cdc.gov)
  • Replication of the hepatitis B virion is, therefore, the sole of the issues associated with detection of mutants in requirement for generating these nucleotide mismatch healthcare settings. (cdc.gov)
  • Promising new inhibitors that target the viral helicase-primase complex have been reported to block replication of herpes simplex and varicella-zoster viruses, but they have no activity against human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), another herpesvirus. (frontiersin.org)
  • FOSCAVIR is an organic analogue of inorganic pyrophosphate that inhibits replication of herpesviruses in vitro including cytomegalovirus (CMV) and herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2). (nih.gov)
  • We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)
  • Fig. 4: Nb8205, which binds FluPol A at the dimer interface, inhibits cRNA to vRNA replication and virus growth. (nature.com)
  • BromAc also showed an inhibitory effect on wild-type and spike mutant SARS-CoV-2 by inactivation of its replication capacity in vitro . (newstarget.com)
  • Detectable myxoma virus replication was inhibited at a drug concentration of 100 micrograms/ml. (curehunter.com)
  • Fibroma virus replication was inhibited at a concentration of 500 micrograms/ml. (curehunter.com)
  • During infection of cells with in1814 at low multiplicity of infection (MOI), only a minor proportion of infecting viruses undergo replication, whereas the majority of viral genomes enter a quiescent state. (gla.ac.uk)
  • The study reported here also showed the absence of a regular chromatin structure on the TK gene and furthermore that the nature of the inhibitor of DNA replication used to prevent the spread of nonlatent virus was not a significant variable. (gla.ac.uk)
  • These are the same T cell genes inhibited by digoxin, and since replication of integrated HIV-1 requires transcription of nearby genes, this provides an explanation for why wild type HIV-1 is more susceptible to digoxin: digoxin represses the genes that the virus more frequently targets for integration. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Viral-load-dependent effects of liver injury and regeneration on hepatitis B virus replication in mice J Virol. (usc.edu)
  • Replication of hepatitis C virus RNA on autophagosomal membranes J Biol Chem. (usc.edu)
  • Enhancement of hepatitis B virus replication by androgen and its receptor in mice J Virol. (usc.edu)
  • Hepatitis C virus translation preferentially depends on active RNA replication PLoS One. (usc.edu)
  • Autophagy required for hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mice J Virol. (usc.edu)
  • Krüppel-like factor 15 activates hepatitis B virus gene expression and replication Hepatology. (usc.edu)
  • Inhibition of cellular proteasome activities mediates HBX-independent hepatitis B virus replication in vivo J Virol. (usc.edu)
  • However, the exact molecular basis of Fragile X syndrome remains unknown, and the interactions between viruses and host cells are crucial for viral replication. (worldmedicinefoundation.com)
  • For evaluation of virus transmissibility, a multifactorial trait which can only be evaluated in vivo, identifying intrinsic levels of variability between groups can improve the utility of these data, as well as ensure that experiments are performed with sufficient replication to ensure high confidence in compiled results. (cdc.gov)
  • Mutations in the Neuraminidase-Like Protein of Bat Influenza H18N11 Virus Enhance Virus Replication in Mammalian Cells, Mice, and Ferrets. (cdc.gov)
  • However, a lower M2 expression only attenuated H1N1 virus replication and in vivo pathogenicity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Retroviruses are enveloped RNA viruses defined by their mechanism of replication via reverse transcription to produce DNA copies that integrate into the host cell's genome. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, distinct genotypes have immense worldwide reservoir of infection serves as the evolved in more remote areas, as evidenced by genotype E, basis for the generation of HBV mutants because of the localized in Madagascar, and genotype F, localized in unique molecular biology of this virus. (cdc.gov)
  • The mutant viruses were then studied in single-step growth curve experiments, by assaying for plaques in a variety of cell types and by analysis of viral polypeptide synthesis during productive infection at high and low multiplicities. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • This virus causes a severe respiratory tract infection in high-risk populations such as elderly people, young children and patients with chronic lung and heart diseases. (omicsonline.org)
  • In order to better understand differences in the outcome of infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection, we inoculated a very virulent (vv) strain into White Leghorn chickens of inbred line W that was previously reported to experience over 24% flock mortality, and three inbred lines (15I, C.B4 and 0) that were previously reported to display no mortality. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In Vibrio cholerae , infection by a bacterial virus (bacteriophage) results in the conversion of non-pathogenic strains to pathogenic strains and this can lead to cholera pandemics. (nature.com)
  • The standard treatment for rabies is a direct descendant of Pasteur's original concept: injection of attenuated virus before the infection reaches the central nervous system and before it does sub-stantial damage. (asmblog.org)
  • After primary infection, herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) remains latent in neurons of the host. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Comparison of rates of uncoating after infection of BHK, HeLa, CV-1 and HFL cells revealed that uncoating appeared significantly slower in HFL cells than in the other cell types tested. (gla.ac.uk)
  • HA620 trade name] is indicated in combination with other antiretroviral medicinal products for the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) infection in patients weighing at least 30 kg or more. (who.int)
  • Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) transcription can be arrested at the immediate early (IE) stage by continuous treatment of cells with inhibitors of protein synthesis, usually cycloheximide, from the time of infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The RR1 gene of herpes simplex virus type 1 is uniquely trans activated by ICP0 during infection. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The high hydrophobicity of the TM1 domain of L, but not of S, was shown to be essential for virus infection at a step downstream of receptor binding and virus internalization. (edu.au)
  • Monocyte infection depends on the uptake of antibody-opsonized virus by Fcγ receptors. (bvsalud.org)
  • SARS-CoV-2 begins to replicate in monocytes, but infection is aborted, and infectious virus is not detected in the supernatants of cultures of infected monocytes. (bvsalud.org)
  • A connection between cancer regression and viruses has long been theorised, and case reports of regression noted in cervical cancer , Burkitt lymphoma , and Hodgkin lymphoma , after immunisation or infection with an unrelated virus appeared at the beginning of the 20th century. (privacytools.io)
  • [15] Efforts to treat cancer through immunisation or virotherapy (deliberate infection with a virus), began in the mid-20th century. (privacytools.io)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection results from 1 of 2 similar retroviruses (HIV-1 and HIV-2) that destroy CD4+ lymphocytes and impair cell-mediated immunity, increasing risk of certain infections and cancers. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) Infection in Infants and Children Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is caused by the retrovirus HIV-1 (and less commonly by the related retrovirus HIV-2). (msdmanuals.com)
  • There are two common types of influenza viruses that cause human infection - influenza A and influenza B. Influenza A viruses caused several influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and a pandemic caused by the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus occurred in 2009. (who.int)
  • Moreover, The use of animals as surrogate rine host, can provide a platform for animal models for tumour viruses in hosts for the study of human tu- in vivo infection. (who.int)
  • References tries, where few resources are available to ensure proper treatment and where human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection may be common. (cdc.gov)
  • ABSTRACT Chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection combined with occult hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been associated with increased risk of hepatitis, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (who.int)
  • RÉSUMÉ L'infection chronique par le virus de l'hépatite C associée à une infection occulte par le virus de l'hépatite B a été associée à un risque accru d'autres hépatites, de cirrhose et de carcinome hépatocellulaire. (who.int)
  • Orlova and colleagues develop and compare 2 epidermal growth factor receptor type 2 PET tracers in vitro and in mice: a 124 I-labeled monoclonal antibody and the radiolabeled Affibody molecule, a small-scaffold protein. (snmjournals.org)
  • The HSV-1 protein Vmw65 is an essential structural component of the virus tegument. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Firstly, the regulatory region controlling transcription of the gene encoding the IE protein Vmwl 10 has been replaced by the Moloney murine leukaemia virus (MMLV) enhancer. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Technical standards for hepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) research Hepatology. (usc.edu)
  • We have analysed the effect of cycloheximide on IE gene expression with HSV-1 mutants deficient in the production of functional levels of the three major transactivators, the virion protein (VP16) and two IE proteins (ICP0 and ICP4). (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Expression from the human cytomegalovirus major IE promoter, when cloned into the genome of HSV-1 mutants, was also increased by inhibition of protein synthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Differential dependence of herpes simplex virus immediate-early gene expression on de novo-infected cell protein synthesis. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A hydrophobic domain in the large envelope protein is essential for fusion of duck hepatitis B virus. (edu.au)
  • Stress granules, large protein-ribonucleic acid (RNA) assemblies, are crucial for viruses to replicate in host cells. (worldmedicinefoundation.com)
  • To study the contribution of the SARS-CoV-2 non-structural protein 3-FMRP interactions in the in vivo settings, the researchers infected hamsters with the SARS-CoV-2 wild-type strain and non-structural protein 3 mutant, observing weight reduction and illness over seven days. (worldmedicinefoundation.com)
  • The diminished capability of non-structural protein 3 mutants in interferon-deficient VeroE6 cells indicated that IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) may not be responsible for attenuation. (worldmedicinefoundation.com)
  • To explore the physiological role of the various levels of M2 protein in pathogenicity, we challenged C57BL/6 mice with the H1N1 WSN wild-type strain, mutant H1N1 (55T), and chimeric viruses including H1N1 + H3wt and H1N1 + H3mut. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The C55T substitution significantly reduced both M2 mRNA and protein levels regardless of the virus subtype. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A newly identified protein-binding site (MLPal) located within DEN affects transcription only in T cells, and its deletion attenuates the ability of an MCF13 virus with a single enhancer repeat to induce thymic lymphoma. (archive.org)
  • Sequence requirements for nucleolar localization of human T cell leukemia virus type I pX protein, which regulates viral RNA processing. (wikidata.org)
  • Our aim is to develop a completely novel and groundbreaking therapy based on an mRNA editing principle called trans-splicing, which will correct the mRNA coding for the mutated htt protein to make wild type htt instead. (lu.se)
  • The investigators found that the resultant transfected cells showed defects in ATP2A2 protein expression (15 mutants), ATP hydrolysis (29 mutants), calcium transport (4 mutants), and calcium binding and kinetics (3 mutants). (medscape.com)
  • In a different study, in which researchers systematically analyzed mutations identical to those found in patients with Darier disease, mutant SERCA2 protein aggregates were found to cause stress to the endoplasmic reticulum, subsequently inducing cell apoptosis. (medscape.com)
  • To address this, by microarray analysis, we here identified different cellular genes in response to Tax wild type and mutants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These four viruses have been selected because they have NS1 genes that belong to the A and B alleles, respectively. (usda.gov)
  • We anticipate that NS1 mediates the effects of AIV on macrophages and would like to test viruses with different NS1 alleles to determine if it mediates the downregulation of immune function genes as we described in the Prelimiary Results. (usda.gov)
  • Reverse genetics: NS1 genes will be altered through site mutagenesis and mutated viruses will be generated through co-transfection of macropahges with a reverse genetics system to determine which part of the NS1 genes is responsible for the observed differences in cytopathogenic effect (apoptosis) and the modulation of the immnue genes detected by microarray analysis. (usda.gov)
  • 1. Extensive Regulations of immune genes in chicken macrophages and lungs infected with influenza virus H9N2. (usda.gov)
  • We also found that interferon (IFN) and IFN-inducible genes were regulated differentially in A/ph/CA/2373/98 (H9N2) virus infected Macrophages. (usda.gov)
  • its inactivity leads to the failure to express viral genes so that the virus does not enter the lytic cycle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Identification of immediate early genes from herpes simplex virus that transactivate the virus thymidine kinase gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • However, a reassortant virus with the mutant hemagglutinin, a human N2 neuraminidase and internal genes from an H5N1 virus was partially transmitted via respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • Najjar and colleagues investigate the potential of wild-type herpes simplex virus-1 thymidine kinase and a related mutant as PET reporter genes for dual-tracer imaging of molecular-genetic events in a single subject. (snmjournals.org)
  • DNA viruses such as herpesvirus and poxvirus have multiple genes, some of them host-derived, which interfere with effective innate or acquired immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Following fusion of the virus envelope with the cell membrane Vmw65 is released into the cell and forms a complex with cellular factors which bind to TAATGARAT (where R is a purine) elements upstream of the viral immediate early (IE) genes. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus ( HIV )-1 may have evolved to integrate its genetic material into certain immune-cell-activating genes in humans, according to new research published in PLOS Pathogens . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Further analysis showed that wild type HIV-1 tends to integrate itself into or near genes affecting CD4+ T cell activation and metabolism more frequently than does the mutant strain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • In this paper, we report that HIV-1 prefers to integrate into o near genes that control such changes in CD4+ T cells so that the virus is better able to remain coupled to the CD4+ T cell status. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Wild-type (WT) viruses demonstrated a 0.50 to 1.30 log drop in SARS-CoV-2 titer after interferon-stimulated genes (ISG) activation in comparison to untreated. (worldmedicinefoundation.com)
  • The detection and evaluation of concentration of influenza virus proteins in biological samples is critical in a broad range of medical and biological investigations regarding the concern over potential outbreaks of virulent influenza strains in animals and humans. (omicsonline.org)
  • The World Health Organization is concerned about the highly virulent strains of IAV, such as H5N1 avian viruses which has about 60% lethality rate [ 1 ]. (omicsonline.org)
  • Resistant virus strains develop in patients treated with either AZT or 3TC. (acs.org)
  • These mutant virus strains were devoid of up to seven or eight of 22 glycosylation sites in the viral envelope glycoprotein gp120 because of mutations at the Asn or Thr/Ser sites of the N -glycosylation motifs. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Construction and characterization of a herpes simplex virus type 1 mutant unable to transinduce immediate-early gene expression. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • IMPORTANCE Following detection of a novel virus, rapid characterization efforts (both in vitro and in vivo) are undertaken at numerous laboratories worldwide to evaluate the relative risk posed to human health. (cdc.gov)
  • Promoter sequence and cell type can dramatically affect the efficiency of transcriptional activation induced by herpes simplex virus type 1 and its immediate-early gene products Vmw175 and Vmw110. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Etiolated hypocotyls overexpressing APY1 (with expression driven by a constitutive Cauliflower Mosaic Virus (CaMV) 35S promoter) exhibited faster growth rates compared to wild-type plants. (utexas.edu)
  • Since the MMLV enhancer is a relatively inefficient promoter in HFL cells the resulting mutant, named ml820, exhibits a phenotype equivalent to that of a Vmwl 10 deletion mutant of in1814 when titrated on HFL cells. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Scientists in Brown Medical School, Providence, USA, have found that core promoter mutants of Hepatitis B Virus e Antigen replicate at up to 10-fold higher levels in transfected human hepatoma cells than the wild-type virus. (news-medical.net)
  • Besides the enhancer element, we have observed that the region between the enhancer and promoter (DEN) has a profound effect on transcription in different cell types. (archive.org)
  • FOSCAVIR exerts its antiviral activity by a selective inhibition at the pyrophosphate binding site on virus-specific DNA polymerases at concentrations that do not affect cellular DNA polymerases. (nih.gov)
  • By using congenic or mutant mice and wild-type versus genetically engineered viruses, we examined the consequences on antiviral CD8 T cell responses of specific defects in the ability of the NK cells to control MCMV. (uni-muenchen.de)
  • A cidofovir-resistant (CDV-R) mutant of the virus was developed by 15 Vero cell culture passages in order to determine cross-resistance to other inhibitors, growth characteristics, virulence in infected mice, and suitability of the animal model for studying antiviral therapies. (usu.edu)
  • Lung and snout virus titre reduction parameters were used to assess antiviral activity of compounds in BALB/c mice infected intranasally with the CDV-R virus. (usu.edu)
  • While the source of the attenuated virus for immunization has moved on from desiccated rabbit spinal cords to duck eggs, then to cultured cells, the ap-proach has remained the same: induce antiviral immunity before the virus can damage the brain. (asmblog.org)
  • Our findings provide insights into virus adaptation processes in humans and highlights splicing regulation as a potential antiviral target. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antiviral resistance has been reported in seasonal influenza A viruses and avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Viet Nam, raising concerns about the efficacy of treatment. (who.int)
  • The neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the primary antiviral agents recommended for the treatment of influenza infections, 4,5 yet antiviral resistance to influenza A viruses is increasingly being reported. (who.int)
  • From a relatively small genome, these overlapping ORFs atitis B virus detection programs. (cdc.gov)
  • The complete DNA sequence of the long unique region in the genome of herpes simplex virus type 1. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • IAV is an enveloped virus carrying a segmented genome that comprises eight negative-sense and single-stranded RNA segments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This parallel detection of PB1-F2 and NP suggests that applied sensor chip technology may be amenable to an arrow immunosensor for simultaneous detection of all known influenza virus proteins in infected tissues and cells. (omicsonline.org)
  • Some would argue that the only source of these spike proteins is the injections, and that covid itself does not exist since the alleged virus has never been isolated . (newstarget.com)
  • RNA viruses may escape acquired humoral and cellular immune responses by mutations in protective antigenic epitopes (e.g., avian influenza viruses), while accessory nonstructural proteins or multifunctional structural proteins interfere with the interferon system (e.g. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • A new, sharper picture of the nano-machine that translates our genetic program into proteins promises to help researchers explain how some types of antibiotics work and could lead to the design of better ones. (news-medical.net)
  • The duck hepatitis B virus (DHBV) envelope is comprised of two transmembrane (TM) proteins, the large (L) and the small (S), that assemble into virions and subviral particles. (edu.au)
  • We will also employ novel detection tools for quantification of mutant and corrected htt proteins and advanced magnetic resonance imaging and spectroscopy techniques in both animals and HD patients using the state-of-the-art equipment at Lund University Bioimaging Center. (lu.se)
  • FOSCAVIR does not require activation (phosphorylation) by thymidine kinase or other kinases and therefore is active in vitro against HSV TK deficient mutants and CMV UL97 mutants. (nih.gov)
  • The quantitative relationship between the in vitro susceptibility of human cytomegalovirus (CMV) or herpes simplex virus 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2) to FOSCAVIR and clinical response to therapy has not been established and virus sensitivity testing has not been standardized. (nih.gov)
  • By in vitro selection for binding α2-6 sialosides, we identified four variant viruses with amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin (S227N, D187G, E190G, and Q196R) that revealed modestly increased α2-6 and minimally decreased α2-3 binding by glycan array analysis. (nih.gov)
  • In in vitro whole virus culture of both wild-type and spike mutants, SARS-CoV-2 demonstrated a concentration-dependent inactivation from BromAc treatment but not from single agents. (newstarget.com)
  • Coexpression of wild-type constructs with protease-mutant constructs also failed to reveal trans cleavage, even after extended in vitro incubation following lysis. (caltech.edu)
  • SARS-CoV-2 NSP3 mutants that prevented FMRP binding slowed proliferation in vitro and delayed illness onset in animals. (worldmedicinefoundation.com)
  • These in vitro, and their expression in these human tumour virus. (who.int)
  • Viruses are particularly versatile and frequently develop mutations enabling them to avert the effects of NA s. (plos.org)
  • This paper describes the construction of 10 mutant HSV-1 viruses with deletion and insertion mutations in Vmw110. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • At low multiplicity, mutations in Vmw110 reduced viral gene expression in the least permissive cell type. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • However, a mutant virus combining Q196R with mutations from previous pandemic viruses (Q226L and G228S) revealed predominantly α2-6 binding. (nih.gov)
  • Neuraminidase activity was measured using a phenotypic method for viral isolates of influenza A and B. Pyrosequencing assays were then applied to detect the common mutations related to reducing susceptibility or resistance of influenza A viruses to oseltamivir - I117V, E119V and H275Y. (who.int)
  • Because the disease-causing mutations in ATP2A2 affect functional domains of the gene, the mechanism of autosomal dominant transmission is believed to be haploinsufficiency, in which a single wild-type functioning ATP2A2 is insufficient to prevent disease. (medscape.com)
  • La présente étude visait à déterminer la prévalence des infections occultes par le virus de l'hépatite B chez des patients égyptiens atteints d'une hépatite C chronique, le génotype et la survenue des mutations génétiques du virus de l'hépatite B et l'impact d'une coïnfection par le virus de l'hépatite B sur la réponse précoce du patient au traitement. (who.int)
  • Missense mutations in UMOD cause tubulointerstitial nephropathy with hyperuricemia , previously named MCKD type 2 or juvenile hyperuricemic nephropathy type 1. (medscape.com)
  • In lungs of infected mice, the influenza virus structural nucleoprotein NP was detected in parallel using a specific anti-NP antibody. (omicsonline.org)
  • The wild-type (WT) vaccinia (WR strain) virus is highly virulent to mice by intranasal inoculation, yet death can be prevented by cidofovir treatment. (usu.edu)
  • The CDV-R virus was completely attenuated for virulence at 107 PFU per mouse in normal BALB/c mice and in severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. (usu.edu)
  • The WTp15 virus was 100-fold less virulent than WT virus in BALB/c mice. (usu.edu)
  • Hepatitis B virus alters the antioxidant system in transgenic mice and sensitizes hepatocytes to Fas signaling PLoS One. (usc.edu)
  • Transgenic expression of entire hepatitis B virus in mice induces hepatocarcinogenesis independent of chronic liver injury PLoS One. (usc.edu)
  • One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
  • For instance, mice are able to reconstitute most lymphomas in monkeys and humans woodchuck hepatitis virus induces major components of the human provides strong support for a direct hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) haematolymphoid system including oncogenic role of EBV in vivo. (who.int)
  • In contrast to wild-type mice, the transgenic UMOD mice had marked improvement in blood pressure with furosemide (an inhibitor of NKCC2). (medscape.com)
  • B surface antigen (HBsAg) mutants, their impact on viral to an amino acid change in the overlapping reading frame. (cdc.gov)
  • Maternal-Derived Hepatitis B Virus e Antigen Alters Macrophage Function in Offspring to Drive Viral Persistence after Vertical Transmission Immunity. (usc.edu)
  • I am not) but the genetic term referring to the strain or organism that is compared with mutants. (virology.ws)
  • In the new study, Alexander Zhyvoloup of University College London, U.K., and colleagues sought to gain more insight into the life cycle of HIV-1 by comparing a normal, 'wild type' strain of the virus to a mutated strain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • This chemical screen showed that a compound known as digoxin - a plant-derived cardiac toxin often used to treat various heart conditions - inhibited wild type HIV-1 more than the mutated strain. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Wildtype (H274) and resistant mutant (Y274) influenza virus A/Texas/36/91 (H1N1). (cdc.gov)
  • Wildtype (R292) and resistant mutant (K292) influenza virus A/Victoria/3/75 (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
  • We quantify the effects of treatment and estimate the fitness of drug resistant mutants. (plos.org)
  • 2014. Easily accessible polycyclic amines that inhibit the wild-type and amantadine-resistant mutants of the M2 channel of influenza A virus . (ub.edu)
  • The resistant viruses still incorporate AZT, temporarily terminating the growth of the DNA chain. (acs.org)
  • The resistant virus produced 300-fold fewer infectious particles (PFU) than WT and WTp15 viruses in mouse C127I cells, yet replicated similarly in Vero (monkey) cells. (usu.edu)
  • Thus, the lack of virulence of the resistant virus in the animal model is explained partly by its reduced ability to replicate in mouse cells and by attenuation occurring as a result of extensive cell culturing (inferred from what occurred with the WTp15 virus). (usu.edu)
  • however, many CRF01_AE viruses are resistant to neutralization mediated by these antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The presence of oseltamivir-resistant viruses is therefore a concern. (who.int)
  • Median inhibitory concentration (IC 50 ) of oseltamivir (nmol/L) for H5N1 influenza isolates and control H1N1 or H3N2 isolates (results for viruses shown are representatives of 31 isolates tested). (cdc.gov)
  • Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
  • Acquisition of α2-6 sialoside receptor specificity by α2-3 specific highly-pathogenic avian influenza viruses (H5N1) is thought to be a prerequisite for efficient transmission in humans. (nih.gov)
  • Unlike the wild type H5N1, this mutant virus was transmitted by direct contact in the ferret model although not by airborne respiratory droplets. (nih.gov)
  • To assess the range of variation in ferret transmission experiments, a global exercise was conducted by 11 laboratories using two common stock H1N1 influenza viruses with different transmission characteristics in ferrets. (cdc.gov)
  • We randomly selected M sequences of human H1N1, H2N2, and H3N2 viruses isolated from 1933 to 2020 and examined their phylogenetic relationships. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Consequently, herboxidiene treatment dramatically decreased both the H1N1 and H3N2 virus titers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This attenuated phenotype was restored by M replacement of H3N2 M in a chimeric H1N1 virus, despite low M2 levels. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The envelope glycoproteins (Env), gp120 and gp41, of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) play a central role in viral transmission and mediate attachment and incorporation of the virus into target cells through specific interactions with the CD4 receptor and chemokine co-receptors [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • An oncolytic virus is a virus that preferentially infects and kills cancer cells . (privacytools.io)
  • As the infected cancer cells are destroyed by oncolysis , they release new infectious virus particles or virions to help destroy the remaining tumour. (privacytools.io)
  • [1] [2] Oncolytic viruses are thought not only to cause direct destruction of the tumour cells, but also to stimulate host anti-tumour immune system responses. (privacytools.io)
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) was one of the first viruses to be adapted to attack cancer cells selectively, because it was well understood, easy to manipulate and relatively harmless in its natural state (merely causing cold sores ) so likely to pose fewer risks. (privacytools.io)
  • Biotech Europe GmbH, Freiburg, Germa- cation of the virus in cells heterozygous for ny) was used to extract genomic DNA the mutation proceeded at an intermediate from white blood cells following the lysis rate [ 5 ]. (who.int)
  • Pharmacological (U0126) inhibition, as well as virus-mediated downregulation of ERK within the VTA mimicked the antidepressant-like profile observed after juvenile FLX treatment. (jneurosci.org)
  • Cidofovir inhibited WT, WTp15, and CDV-R viruses by 50% at 61, 56 and 790 μM, respectively, in plaque reduction assays, with similar inhibition seen in virus yield studies. (usu.edu)
  • Despite a longstanding interests in the biology of viruses and viral infections, research in Trono's lab at EPFL has shifted towards the study of mobile genetic elements called transposons and their role in the regulation of mammalian gene expression. (wikipedia.org)
  • Transcription from the early and late classes of the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) promoters requires prior immediate early (IE) gene expression. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Although the product of IE gene 1, Vmw110, is not absolutely essential for virus growth in tissue culture, transfection experiments have demonstrated that Vmw110 can activate gene expression both by itself and in a synergistic manner with the product of IE gene 3, Vmw175. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • If [HA620 trade name] is discontinued in patients co-infected with HIV and hepatitis B virus (HBV), these patients should be closely monitored for evidence of exacerbation of hepatitis (see section 4.4). (who.int)
  • Suppression of Host Innate Immune Response by Hepatitis C Virus via Induction of Autophagic Degradation of TRAF6 J Virol. (usc.edu)
  • Hepatitis C virus and autophagy Biol Chem. (usc.edu)
  • TNF-a Induced by Hepatitis C Virus via TLR7 and TLR8 in Hepatocytes Supports Interferon Signaling via an Autocrine Mechanism PLoS Pathog. (usc.edu)
  • Genetic and epigenetic alterations in hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma Virol Sin. (usc.edu)
  • Transient activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway by hepatitis C virus to enhance viral entry J Biol Chem. (usc.edu)
  • Hepatitis C virus inhibits DNA damage repair through reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and by interfering with the ATM-NBS1/Mre11/Rad50 DNA repair pathway in monocytes and hepatocytes J Immunol. (usc.edu)
  • Exchange of the TM1 of DHBV with that of hepatitis B virus yielded functional, infectious DHBV particles, suggesting that TM1 of all of the hepadnaviruses act similarly in the fusion mechanism. (edu.au)
  • The hepatitis B virus (HBV) is commonly transmitted via body fluids such as blood, semen, and vaginal secretions. (medscape.com)
  • The pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of hepatitis B are due to the interaction of the virus and the host immune system, which lead to liver injury and, potentially, cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (medscape.com)
  • The mutant viruses containing the deleted glycosylation sites were markedly more infectious in CEM T-cell cultures than wild-type virus. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Immunosuppression can be caused by pathogens such as chicken infectious anemia virus, infectious bursal disease virus, reovirus, and some retroviruses (e.g., reticuloendotheliosis virus). (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Taken together, these findings suggest that antibody-mediated SARS-CoV-2 uptake by monocytes and macrophages triggers inflammatory cell death that aborts the production of infectious virus but causes systemic inflammation that contributes to COVID-19 pathogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Systemic delivery is a major goal in the field of oncolytic viruses. (karger.com)
  • [3] [4] Oncolytic viruses also have the ability to affect the tumor micro-environment in multiple ways. (privacytools.io)
  • [8] Most current oncolytic viruses are engineered for tumour selectivity, although there are naturally occurring examples such as reovirus and the senecavirus , [9] resulting in clinical trials . (privacytools.io)
  • [15] [16] As the technology to create a custom virus did not exist, all early efforts focused on finding natural oncolytic viruses. (privacytools.io)
  • PB1-F2 is a small, 90 amino acid long polypeptide expressed in influenza A viruses, which generally exacerbate virus pathogenicity. (omicsonline.org)
  • The mutant ml814 has a4 amino acid insertion in Vmw65 which disrupts its ability to form the transactivation complex, as a consequence levels of IE transcription are reduced. (gla.ac.uk)
  • Our results showed that an amino acid substitution at position 185 in the V2 region of gp120 played a crucial role in regulating the b12 susceptibility of AE-Env-recombinant viruses by cooperating with 2 previously reported potential N-linked glycosylation (PNLG) sites at positions 186 (N186) and 197 (N197) in the V2 and C2 regions of Env gp120. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Employment of experimental models to assess the pandemic risk of emerging zoonotic influenza viruses provides critical information supporting public health efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • The overall transmission outcomes for both viruses across 11 laboratories were concordant, suggesting the robustness of the ferret model for zoonotic influenza risk assessment. (cdc.gov)
  • and the A/Shanghai/2/2013 viruses was completely inhibited at 250 ?M and 31.25 ?M of oseltamivir carboxylate, respectively. (flutrackers.com)
  • Its deletion from the MCF13 virus dramatically reduced the incidence of thymic lymphoma and increased the latency of disease in comparison with the wild-type virus. (archive.org)
  • The association between M segment splicing and pathogenicity remains ambiguous in human influenza A viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The discrepancy in M2-dependence emphasizes the importance of M2 in human influenza A virus pathogenicity, which leads to subtype-specific evolution. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The double knockout (DKO) apyrase pollen displayed a complete block of pollen germination, which implicated this step as the cause of the lethality of apyrase double knockout mutants. (utexas.edu)
  • Because of the lethality of apy1apy2 double mutants, RNA interference (RNAi) was performed as an alternative approach to posttranscriptionally silence the expression of apyrases. (utexas.edu)
  • The patterns and amounts of viral polypeptide synthesis during high multiplicity infections with mutant and wild-type viruses were similar in all cell types. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The therapeutic tool is an adeno-associated virus vector, which shows excellent safety for gene delivery in the brain. (lu.se)
  • Transcription factors interacting with herpes simplex virus a gene promoters in sensory neurons. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Next, we determined the effects of single nucleotide variations on M splicing by generating mutant viruses harboring the 55C/T variant through reverse genetics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have identified nucleotide sequences that regulate transcription in both a cell-type-specific and general manner in the long terminal repeat of the MCF13 murine leukemia virus. (archive.org)
  • Oncogenic viruses and cancer Virol Sin. (usc.edu)
  • He was known for his research on virus-host interactions and the development of lentiviral vectors for gene therapy. (wikipedia.org)
  • Past pandemic influenza viruses with sustained human-to-human transmissibility have emerged from animal influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • 100-fold compared to its plaque-purified wild-type counterpart possessing dominant R292 (93%, 14/15 clones). (flutrackers.com)
  • Identification of herpes simplex virus DNA sequences which encode a trans -acting, polypeptide responsible for stimulation of immediate early transcription. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • A detailed mutational analysis of Vmw110, a trans-acting transcriptional activator encoded by herpes simplex virus type 1. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Analysis of the functional domains of herpes simplex virus type 1 immediate-early polypeptide Vmw110. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • [7] A number of viruses including adenovirus , reovirus , measles , herpes simplex , Newcastle disease virus , and vaccinia have been clinically tested as oncolytic agents. (privacytools.io)
  • [12] In 2015, talimogene laherparepvec (OncoVex, T-VEC), an oncolytic herpes virus which is a modified herpes simplex virus, became the first oncolytic virus to be approved for use in the United States and the European Union , for the treatment of advanced inoperable melanoma . (privacytools.io)
  • Goland and colleagues assess the feasibility of 11 C-DTBZ PET quantification of pancreatic vesicular monoamine transporter type 2 binding in healthy subjects and patients with long-standing type 1 diabetes. (snmjournals.org)
  • HIV-1 originated in Central Africa in the first half of the 20th century, when a closely related chimpanzee virus first infected humans. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For this reason, the infect humans, this virus can infect cordance between humans and ex- question about tumour site concor- several other species - including perimental animals. (who.int)
  • For other human tumour virus- primate species are related to the hu- tween data in humans and in experi- es, the use of humanized severe man tumour viruses, the incidence of mental animals is not obvious. (who.int)
  • Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
  • The emergence of oseltamivir resistance of clinical isolates of influenza A virus has been associated with substitution at residue V116, I117, E119, Q136, K150, D151, D199, I223, H275 and N295 in the neuraminidase active site.8 For influenza B there have been two main substitutions: residues R152 and D198. (who.int)
  • Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be delivered intravenously to target primary and metastatic lesions, but the interaction between human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and VSV remains poorly understood. (karger.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus evolves rapidly in patients, making the development of drug resistance a major problem in combating the virus. (acs.org)
  • We characterized the A/Shanghai/1/2013 virus isolated from the first confirmed human case of A/H7N9 disease in China. (flutrackers.com)
  • The CD4 binding site (CD4bs) of envelope glycoprotein (Env) gp120 is a functionally conserved, important target of anti-human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) neutralizing antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Ferret transmission experiments have been utilized to predict the human-to-human transmission potential of novel influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • In this study, we aimed to investigate M splicing in various human influenza A viruses and characterize its physiological roles by applying the splicing inhibitor, herboxidiene. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a retrovirus. (msdmanuals.com)
  • View of Oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses in northern Viet Nam, 2009-2012. (who.int)
  • Active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Viet Nam should be continued. (who.int)
  • The region of the rubella virus nonstructural open reading frame that contains the papain-like cysteine protease domain and its cleavage site was expressed with a Sindbis virus vector. (caltech.edu)
  • These a neutralizing immune response, while wild-type virus is reduced to undetectable levels. (cdc.gov)
  • Immunoevasion is a common ploy by which viruses neutralize or evade immune responses. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • We examined the mechanism underlying the b12 resistance of the viruses using CRF01_AE Env (AE-Env)-recombinant viruses in this study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our data may provide important information to understand the molecular mechanism regulating the neutralization susceptibility of CRF01_AE viruses to CD4bs antibodies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, except non-primate species often do not mour viruses is often problematic, for Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), which accurately reflect the mechanism of Part 1 · Chapter 9. (who.int)
  • Using a new type of drug that targets a specific genetic defect, researchers at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, along with colleagues at PTC Therapeutics Inc. and the University of Massachusetts Medical School, have for the first time demonstrated restoration of muscle function in a mouse model of Duchenne's muscular dystrophy (DMD). (news-medical.net)