Water borne infections. Medical search. Frequent questions

LTCF residents were at higher risk for S. enterica become infected by ingesting contaminated water or food serotype Typhimurium associated with outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
Although most outbreaks of gastroenteritis in Infectious disease incidence varies with age, and elderly LTCFs are spread from person to person and are generally persons are considered more vulnerable than younger mild ( 16 ), such outbreaks do result in higher case-fatality persons to foodborne and waterborne infections ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Less developed countries might be more at risk for potential outbreaks of waterborne diseases but more developed regions also are at risk to waterborne disease outbreaks. (wikipedia.org)
The World Health Organization estimates that 58% of that burden, or 842,000 deaths per year, is attributable to a lack of safe drinking water supply, sanitation and hygiene (summarized as WASH). The Waterborne Disease and Outbreak Surveillance System (WBDOSS) is the principal database used to identify the causative agents, deficiencies, water systems, and sources associated with waterborne disease and outbreaks in the United States. (wikipedia.org)
Since 1971, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), the Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE), and the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have maintained this surveillance system for collecting and reporting data on "waterborne disease and outbreaks associated with recreational water, drinking water, environmental, and undetermined exposures to water. (wikipedia.org)
Annually, it causes 20 million infections and 70 000 deaths, with recent outbreaks of infection reported in Uganda, Sudan and Chad.2 Viral hepatitis is also an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality among people living with HIV.3 It is estimated that chronic hepatitis B virus infection affects 5-20% of people living with HIV. (who.int)
Climate change plays a crucial role in the outbreaks of such infections. (news-medical.net)
Infected water supplies caused outbreaks of typhoid, cholera, and other waterborne infections . (britannica.com)
In our country and other industrialized nations, C. hominis is the species most frequently detected in waterborne outbreaks of Cryptosporidiosis. (cdc.gov)
As a result, dangerous water-borne disease outbreaks threaten thousands of lives each year. (americares.org)
While the spread of diseases through contaminated water appears to have a greater correlation with a lack of access to clean water in low income populations in developing countries, there have been outbreaks of water-borne diseases in developed countries. (benthamscience.com)
Cryptosporidium is an important cause of outbreaks of waterborne disease in the United States. (cdc.gov)
While these waterborne outbreaks are increasingly being recognized, it is unclear how much endemic waterborne cryptosporidiosis occurs due to low-level contamination of drinking water. (cdc.gov)
Since the parasites can overcome the normal water treatment systems used in waste water and drinking water treatment plants, there are frequent outbreaks of epidemics, even in developed countries. (scienceblog.com)
Reduction in year 2012 caused by the reduction in number of salmonella outbreaks due to successful implementation of veterinary programmes for infection control in poultry. (who.int)
All general domestic food- and waterborne outbreaks are reported in Finland. (who.int)

waterborne diseases in institutionalized elderly persons. (cdc.gov)
Waterborne diseases are conditions (meaning adverse effects on human health, such as death, disability, illness or disorders): 47 caused by pathogenic micro-organisms that are transmitted by water. (wikipedia.org)
These diseases can be spread while bathing, washing, drinking water, or by eating food exposed to contaminated water. (wikipedia.org)
Lack of clean water supply, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) are major causes for the spread of waterborne diseases in a community. (wikipedia.org)
Therefore, reliable access to clean drinking water and sanitation is the main method to prevent waterborne diseases. (wikipedia.org)
Microorganisms causing diseases that characteristically are waterborne prominently include protozoa and bacteria, many of which are intestinal parasites, or invade the tissues or circulatory system through walls of the digestive tract. (wikipedia.org)
Various other waterborne diseases are caused by viruses. (wikipedia.org)
Yet other important classes of waterborne diseases are caused by metazoan parasites. (wikipedia.org)
Nor is it common practice to refer to diseases such as malaria as "waterborne" just because mosquitoes have aquatic phases in their life cycles, or because treating the water they inhabit happens to be an effective strategy in control of the mosquitoes that are the vectors. (wikipedia.org)
47 Water-related diseases are grouped according to their transmission mechanism: water borne, water hygiene, water based, water related. (wikipedia.org)
47 The main transmission mode for waterborne diseases is ingestion of contaminated water. (wikipedia.org)
The fecal-oral route is a disease transmission pathway for waterborne diseases. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] Poverty also increases the risk of communities to be affected by waterborne diseases. (wikipedia.org)
citation needed] According to the World Health Organization, waterborne diseases account for an estimated 3.6% of the total DALY (disability- adjusted life year) global burden of disease, and cause about 1.5 million human deaths annually. (wikipedia.org)
Water-borne diseases are the ones caused by pathogenic microbes spread via contaminated water. (news-medical.net)
Majority of water-borne diseases worldwide mainly affect children due to poor hygiene and weak immunity. (news-medical.net)
The knowledge of the different types of water-borne diseases has come to the forefront with the advent of globalization over the past few decades. (news-medical.net)
These water sources can transmit water-borne diseases, which have been linked to about 502,000 diarrheal deaths every year. (news-medical.net)
The most common of all water-borne diseases, diarrhea, mainly affects children below five years of age. (news-medical.net)
It possesses a mortality rate that is alarmingly high among the water-borne diseases. (news-medical.net)
Major precipitation events such as heavy rains or snowfall increase the risk of the water-borne diseases. (news-medical.net)
The warm waters of late summer in Iraq create the perfect breeding ground for water-borne diseases. (americares.org)
Several parasites are able to spread diseases through contaminated water. (benthamscience.com)
The whole affected region hosts mosquito-borne diseases such as dengue . (newscientist.com)
Answers to several sets of related and fundamental questions (summarized in Box 3-1 ) are imperative to facilitate the understanding of indicators of waterborne pathogens and emerging infectious diseases. (nationalacademies.org)

5. After using, pls clear machinery with water, and to avoid rollers-borne bacterial infections. (audiofind.com)

While diarrhea and vomiting are the most commonly reported symptoms of waterborne illness, other symptoms can include skin, ear, respiratory, or eye problems. (wikipedia.org)
This leads to respiratory infection. (maxhealthcare.in)
Premature infants may lose more water through the skin or respiratory tract than babies born at full term. (medlineplus.gov)

inhaling contaminated aerosols foodborne infections (except salmonellosis) were similar to ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)
indeed, hepatitis A virus is one of the most frequent causes of foodborne infections. (who.int)

A variety of pathogens transmitted by food or water, ratios, adjusting for age, sex, and reporting period. (cdc.gov)
Another class of waterborne metazoan pathogens are certain members of the Schistosomatidae, a family of blood flukes. (wikipedia.org)
Transmission of these pathogens occurs while using infected water for drinking, food preparation, and washing clothes, among others. (news-medical.net)
On the other hand, drought-affected areas also become high-risk due to the accumulation of high concentration of pathogens in a limited amount of available water sources. (news-medical.net)
Sub-objective 3.A. Conduct laboratory microcosm experiments to manipulate soil biodiversity and measure die-off rates of dairy manure-borne pathogens. (usda.gov)
The stagnant rainwater puddles, overflowing drains, and collected water in various objects offer inviting breeding grounds for various insects and pathogens. (maxhealthcare.in)
Past efforts to develop and implement indicators of waterborne pathogens have often given little or no consideration to the role of evolution in the ecology and natural history of waterborne pathogens of public health concern. (nationalacademies.org)
Furthermore, although numerous studies exist on the pathogenicity of various waterborne pathogens few have sought to describe their life history or ecology. (nationalacademies.org)
To develop new and more effective indicators of waterborne pathogens it is important to better understand how both evolution and ecology interact with the genomes and natural history of waterborne pathogens and their indicators, if different from themselves. (nationalacademies.org)
Failure to consider these effects may result in spurious conclusions that do not truly reflect the abundance and distribution of waterborne pathogens. (nationalacademies.org)
Most of the waterborne pathogens discussed in this report (see also Appendix A ) are not native to the types of waterbodies addressed herein. (nationalacademies.org)
What is the distribution and abundance of waterborne pathogens? (nationalacademies.org)
What biotic and abiotic factors influence the viability and survivability of waterborne pathogens? (nationalacademies.org)

Advice on avoiding injury, food- and water-borne illnesses, and animal and insect-borne infections. (emoryhealthcare.org)

Each year, 61.7 manifest in elderly persons as gastroenteritis but, Campylobacter infections were reported per 100,000 LTCF depending on the infectious agent, can result in pneumonia, residents, compared with 97.6 per 100,000 community bacteremia, and meningitis ( 11 , 12 ). (cdc.gov)
Infections or intoxications due to microbiologically contaminated food (trichinellosis, salmonellosis, campylobacter infections etc. (who.int)

Sporadic cases (except for botulism) and infections acquired abroad are not included in the food poisoning register, whereas they are included in the infectious disease register. (who.int)

Eminent scientists present reviews on the microbiology, cytology, epidemiology, genomics, and molecular biology of microbial parasites and their associated infections. (benthamscience.com)
This chapter describes basic principles of ecology and evolution for waterborne viruses, bacteria, and protozoa (and yeasts and molds to a lesser extent) of public health concern as an aid to better understand how selective forces may alter one's ability to assess the microbial quality of water. (nationalacademies.org)
Indeed, indicators of microbial water quality can be the pathogenic organisms themselves, other microorganisms, or other physical or chemical aspects of the aquatic environment (see Chapter 4 for further information), and any biological indicator is subject to evolutionary and ecological changes. (nationalacademies.org)

Food preparation practices and various exposures disinfection of hot water systems that can be reservoirs for Legionella spp. (cdc.gov)
Transmission occurs primarily through ingesting contaminated food (eg, fruits, vegetables) and water. (medscape.com)
It is mainly caused by bacteria named Vibrio cholerae via consumption of contaminated food or drinking water. (news-medical.net)
Infection is usually by the fecal-oral route either through person-to-person contact or ingestion of contaminated food or water. (who.int)
Bad drainage, polluted water and atmosphere, noise and smells, infected food, bad housing, and poverty in general are all his special concern. (britannica.com)
Food-borne infections were also drastically reduced by the enforcement of laws concerned with the preparation, storage, and distribution of food. (britannica.com)
Assemble a wide range of geographically diverse expertise from the spheres of clinical and laboratory medicine, scientific research, epidemiology and public health medicine and educationalists in a single unified forum to address questions which relate to the diagnosis, management and prevention of Food- and Water-borne Infections (FWI) and to promote and disseminate knowledge of FWI. (escmid.org)
Food- and water-borne infections (FWI) remain a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. (escmid.org)
Avoid stale and unhygienically prepared juices or contaminated food and drink or unfiltered water. (maxhealthcare.in)
According to a 1999 CDC report, toxoplasmosis is the third leading cause of death due to food borne infections and leads to an estimated 400 to 6,000 cases of congenital infection in the United States. (cdc.gov)
The presence of two resistent forms of protozoons, the oocysts from the Cryptosporidium genus and cysts of the Giardia genus, is one of the greatest public health problems in water supply, because these parasites can easily survive our water treatment systems", José Antonio Castro Hermida, a scientist at the Galician Institute for Food Quality in the Xunta de Galicia (regional government), tells SINC. (scienceblog.com)
The key points he recounts include that Silver was commonly used to preserve water and food in the ancient world. (positivehealth.com)
CIN) (Merck 116434), Yersinia selective route, i.e. through digestion of contami- supplement (Merck 116466), Campylo- nated food, drinking contaminated water or bacter selective agar (Merck 102248) and direct contact with contaminated stool [ 4,5 ]. (who.int)

Cryptosporidium, or Crypto as we sometimes call it for short, is a parasite that is found in water and other sources, and can cause severe diarrhea and vomiting. (cdc.gov)

Mycobacterium marinum is an atypical Mycobacterium species found in cold or warm, fresh or salted water. (medscape.com)
Photograph of Mycobacterium marinum infection. (medscape.com)
For additional information on cutaneous M marinum infection, see the Medscape Reference article Dermatologic Manifestations of Mycobacterium Marinum Infection of the Skin. (medscape.com)
M marinum is water-borne atypical Mycobacterium species that commonly infects fish and amphibians. (medscape.com)

This reduces the risk for an intestinal infection called necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). (medlineplus.gov)

It is acquired by swallowing water in which certain copepoda occur that act as vectors for the Nematoda. (wikipedia.org)
All the viruses can cause acute disease but the highest numbers of deaths result from liver cancer and cirrhosis which occur decades after infection with hepatitis B or C. (who.int)
Authorities stress infection from Naegleria fowleri cannot occur from drinking, cooking or washing clothes in the water. (abc.net.au)
It is estimated that about 1.4 million new hepatitis A virus infections occur globally each year. (who.int)
Paradoxically, as water and sanitation systems improve in developing countries, infections occur later in life, when the risk for severe disease from hepatitis A is greatest. (who.int)
Infection foci occur mainly in remote, rural areas of Central and West Africa, but also in Australia and Papua New Guinea. (dovepress.com)

Hepatitis A infection is estimated to be high in all Member States of the Region.1 Although not well documented, hepatitis D is endemic in the Region especially in Central and West Africa. (who.int)
Control of viral hepatitis infection in Africa: Are we dreaming? (who.int)
While only single, sporadic BU cases have been reported from regions, where the ancestral lineage of M. ulcerans is prevalent, strains of the classical lineage account for infection foci in Africa and Australia with often very high incidences. (dovepress.com)

Several instances of the outbreak of epidemic infections after natural calamities such as flood have been recorded in history. (news-medical.net)
In the wake of mass interventions in the 1990s, and despite more recent efforts, the region has been unable to lower its incidence curves, particularly for gonococcal infection, which has reached epidemic proportions since fall 2007. (inspq.qc.ca)

In Nunavik, the battle against bacterial sexually transmissible and blood-borne infections (STBBIs) has become increasingly urgent. (inspq.qc.ca)

and Escherichia coli infections, and shigellosis were higher various serotypes of Salmonella enterica can infect humans in community residents, and rates of Salmonella ( 9 , 10 ). (cdc.gov)
Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi bacteria transmitted via contaminated water. (news-medical.net)
In December 2017, the Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment reported two human Salmonella Enteritidis infections in persons with exposure to pet guinea pigs. (cdc.gov)
A case was defined as Salmonella Enteritidis infection with a clinical isolate having an identical PFGE pattern to those from the Colorado isolates and closely related to a guinea pig isolate by whole genome sequencing (WGS), and with onset of clinical signs on or after January 1, 2015. (cdc.gov)
Content was also posted on the CDC website to increase consumer awareness of risk for Salmonella infection linked to pet guinea pigs. (cdc.gov)

Foodborne and waterborne infections predominantly infection were higher in LTCF residents. (cdc.gov)
The term waterborne disease is reserved largely for infections that predominantly are transmitted through contact with or consumption of microbially polluted water. (wikipedia.org)

Cyclospora infection affects both immunocompetent and immunocompromised individuals, the latter potentially more severely (ie, chronic, relapsing, protracted symptoms). (medscape.com)
Hepatitis A is a viral infection which affects the liver. (maxhealthcare.in)

John Snow, known as the father of epidemiology, was born on March 15, 1813. (cdc.gov)

Feng et al described an outbreak of a cutaneous M marinum infection in China in 2008. (medscape.com)

Exposure to blood through injections with nonsterile equipment or transfusion of contaminated blood products is a common and preventable cause of hepatitis B and C virus infections. (who.int)

The peoples of the developing countries fall sick and sometimes die from infections that are virtually unknown in affluent countries. (britannica.com)
Dr. Cama] We wanted to understand what was causing the infections and why the children were getting sick. (cdc.gov)

However, in case of botanicals/bioformulations, garlic extract ( Allium sativa L.) as seed treatment gave maximum germination percentage (87.69%) and other seed growth parameters with minimum seed infection (4.63%) while under in vitro garlic was most effective and significantly superior to all other treatments with 80.69 per cent inhibition in mycelial growth and also reduced the disease severity and incidence (36.78% and 42.09%) in field followed by beejamrit. (plantbiologyconference.com)
The international incidence and prevalence of M marinum infection are unknown owing to a lack of surveillance. (medscape.com)
One French study found the incidence of M marinum infection to be 0.04 per 100,000 inhabitants per year. (medscape.com)

Hepatitis E virus infection occurs both sporadically and in large epidemics, causing significant morbidity and mortality, especially deaths in pregnant women. (who.int)

Although transmitted by blood, hepatitis D can cause infection only in individuals with active hepatitis B infection or in carriers. (who.int)
It is also estimated that 2% of the population in the Region are chronically infected with hepatitis C. Most of the chronic infections are as a result of perinatal transmission of Hepatitis B. (who.int)
The group of viruses (hepatitis A, B, C, D and E) that cause acute and/or chronic infection and inflammation of the liver gives rise to a major public health problem globally. (who.int)
An estimated 57% of cases of liver cirrhosis and 78% of cases of primary liver cancer result from hepatitis B or C virus infection. (who.int)
About 2000 million people have been infected with hepatitis B virus worldwide, of whom more than 350 million are chronically infected, and between 500 000 and 700 000 people die annually as a result of hepatitis B virus infection. (who.int)
Hepatitis B virus infection early in life is associated with the highest risk of chronic infection, and people with chronic infection risk progression to cirrhosis of the liver and primary liver cancer. (who.int)
About 90% of infants infected with hepatitis B virus around the time of birth, 30% of children infected in early childhood and 6% of those infected after five years of age will develop chronic hepatitis B virus infection. (who.int)
People with chronic hepatitis B virus infection have a 15% to 25% risk of dying prematurely from hepatitis B virus-related cirrhosis and liver cancer. (who.int)
People with chronic hepatitis C virus infection are also at high risk for developing cirrhosis and liver cancer. (who.int)
Unsafe injection practices are estimated to be responsible for 21 million new hepatitis B virus infections and two million new hepatitis C virus infections a year. (who.int)

Poor communities and displaced families in Iraq must resort to rivers, dirty tap water and other unsafe sources to find drinking water. (americares.org)

The likelihood of progression to chronic infection is the same whether infection is symptomatic or asymptomatic. (who.int)
these include a higher rate of liver failure in acute infections and a greater likelihood of developing liver cancer in chronic infections. (who.int)

however, the reports do not include deaths directly related to M marinum infection. (medscape.com)

The laboratory diagnosis of FWI, especially in the traveller returning from areas where these infections are more prevalent, is thus becoming more difficult and there is a need for new diagnostic techniques. (escmid.org)

M marinum infection occurs following skin and soft-tissue injuries that are exposed to an aquatic environment or marine animals. (medscape.com)

Domestic exposures involved in infection commonly involve fish tank manipulations. (medscape.com)
Infection in men is typically linked to occupational exposures. (medscape.com)

Clinical isolates were indistinguishable by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), suggesting the infections were related. (cdc.gov)

[ 5 ] Also in 1993, a prospective study of 1042 stool specimens in patients with diarrhea at the Lahey Clinic in Massachusetts yielded 3 patients with Cyclospora infection. (medscape.com)
While all Crypto species cause diarrhea, infections with C. hominis tended to cause additional symptoms, like vomiting, nausea, and general discomfort. (cdc.gov)

The disease produces symptoms with onset of monsoon in Himachal Pradesh, India as small, water soaked, circular to angular spots, with dark brown margins, spots bearing black pin head sized pycnidia in the greyish centre at the time of maturity. (plantbiologyconference.com)
Experts say the infection takes between two to seven days from the time of transmission before you show symptoms. (scmp.com)

Additionally, at least 2 billion people utilize a drinking water source that is contaminated with feces. (news-medical.net)

It gets into the brain through the nose and it's usually a form of pressured water, from jumping into water or having water sprayed into your nose,' paediatric intensivist Dr Greg Wiseman said. (abc.net.au)
Last year, hundreds of Iraqi children became seriously ill from a highly contagious strain of the measles - which causes blindness, pneumonia and even deadly brain infections. (americares.org)

Five species were responsible for all the infections we found. (cdc.gov)
At least 150 fish and frog species, aquatic mammals (eg, dolphins), eels, oysters, African toads, and royal pythons are known to acquire natural M marinum infection. (medscape.com)

3 Infections occurred largely in a geographically restricted area situated between two rivers, exemplifying two of the main characteristics of the disease - the highly focal occurrence and the association with water bodies. (dovepress.com)
Preterm babies have a harder time maintaining the proper water balance in their bodies. (medlineplus.gov)

We calculated rates of foodborne and waterborne in LTCFs may modify the risk of foodborne and waterborne infections reported to the health department in Victoria, infections in these residents ( 4,5 ) when compared with Australia, during 2000-2009 for elderly residents of long- elderly persons living in the community, who may have term care facilities (LTCFs) and the community. (cdc.gov)
People who wore contact lenses in the floodwater are also at risk of corneal infection. (newscientist.com)

The average age at first infection was around a year and a half and the average length of infection was about eight days. (cdc.gov)
Last year, thousands more contracted the infection. (americares.org)
Toxoplasma-specific IgM antibodies are also detectable 1-3 weeks after infection but generally decline to nil by one year after infection. (cdc.gov)
The presence of both IgG and IgM is evidence for infection within the last year. (cdc.gov)

As an example of waterborne Nematode infections, one important waterborne nematode disease is Dracunculiasis. (wikipedia.org)
The doctor told Mrs. Muhannad that her daughter's disease was caused by drinking contaminated drinking water. (americares.org)
This estimate will support a CDC/EPA response to a Congressional mandate to evaluate the burden of waterborne disease in the United States. (cdc.gov)

They usually infect people that make skin contact with the water. (wikipedia.org)
Floodwater also spreads skin infections, such as that caused by waterborne bacterium Vibrio vulnificus , which can worsen to sepsis, a severe blood infection. (newscientist.com)
M marinum infection commonly develops as a complication of skin and soft-tissue injuries exposed to aquatic equipment such as fish lines and fishhooks, among others. (medscape.com)
The infection is typically limited to the skin, mostly involving limbs, but spread to deeper structures has been reported. (medscape.com)
Disseminated M marinum infection and more invasive skin infections have been reported in significantly immunosuppressed individuals. (medscape.com)

We also tried to identify factors which could predict getting Cryptosporidium infections, such as whether they had running water or contact with animals, whether their house had sturdy walls and a roof. (cdc.gov)
With some agents of FWI such as Cryptosporidium hominis, the range of therapeutic agents has always been very narrow and given the potential for life-threatening infection in some vulnerable groups of patients, there is a pressing need for new drugs. (escmid.org)
The results of the study, which has been published in the journal Water Research , reveal that Cryptosporidium and Giardia are widely distributed in the environment, and also highlight the ineffectiveness of the treatments used to reduce and deactivate these parasites. (scienceblog.com)
Giardia cysts appeared in 96% of the waste water samples discharged from treatment plants, at levels of up to 6,000 per litre, while 64% of samples contained Cryptosporidium oocysts. (scienceblog.com)
Legislation in Spain states that action must be taken to determine the amount of Cryptosporidium and other organisms in the water when water turbidity exceeds 5 UNF (the unit used to measure this aspect). (scienceblog.com)

A team led by this researcher took 232 water samples in 55 Galician towns, and confirmed the presence of these infectious life forms in waste water treatment plants, drinking water treatment plants, and recreational areas. (scienceblog.com)

Shortly thereafter it was discovered that charged silver killed E. coli in water. (positivehealth.com)

Human milk can protect babies against infections and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) as well as NEC. (medlineplus.gov)

But many more will feel knock-on health effects in the coming weeks and years: from infections and toxic chemicals released by the floodwaters, from stress, and even as a result of working to rebuild shattered cities. (newscientist.com)

Chapters shed light on pendant droplets used for antibiotic drug delivery, the science of lasers and their interactions with fluids in pendant droplets and spectroscopic analyses of droplets used to treat MDR infections. (benthamscience.com)
M marinum infection responds slowly to appropriate antibiotic therapy. (medscape.com)

The consumption of bottled water has increased almost exponentially over recent years, but the significance of environmental bacteria found in some products for immunocompromised individuals has yet to be established and these individuals and their caregivers await guidance on the microbiological safety of these products. (escmid.org)

However effects are wide ranging and can impact on a wide range of human activities and interests, the most obvious being the health and wellbeing of people directly caught up in flood events and the damage caused to property by inundation of flood water. (belfastcity.gov.uk)
In some places, the availability of water is so scarce that people have neither the time nor the money to afford the water purifiers or other water treatment mechanisms. (news-medical.net)
About 844 million people lack even a basic drinking-water service. (news-medical.net)
However, 403,000 people were infected by this protozoon in Milwaukee (USA) in 1993, when water turbidity levels fluctuated between 0.25 and 1.70 UNF, so the researchers recommend that the presence of the two enteropathogens should be monitored at much lower turbidity levels. (scienceblog.com)

Our experiments comparing conventional and improved dairy manure management practices (with respect to nutrient cycling, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions, and nutrient runoff losses) were completed and a manuscript was published on alfalfa-grass runoff water quality with low-disturbance manure application (LDMA) compared to broadcast application. (usda.gov)

nearly all the cities of that time had poorer water and drainage systems than Rome had possessed 1,800 years previously. (britannica.com)
Years of war with Iran, the Gulf Wars, misallocation of resources under military dictatorship and the ongoing struggle for peace have all but destroyed Iraq's water systems in many parts of the country. (americares.org)
In 1928, leading scientist GA Krouse made use of Silver coatings in water filtration systems in swimming pools. (positivehealth.com)

Dr. Cama] Between 1995 and 1998, we collected weekly stool samples from about 530 children who were born around the same time and lived in an area of the outskirts of Peru's capital city of Lima. (cdc.gov)
I'll feel relieved for a month," she said, "I don't have to worry about how I will provide clean water for my children. (americares.org)

Anatomy8

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Phenomena and Processes52

Disciplines and Occupations2

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