• The study of influence of salt on vapour liquid equilibrium of solvent mixture is of interest, because addition of salt to a mixed solvent will enhance the relative volatility and break azeotrope of the mixture.Salt-Effect distillation is a method of Extractive distillation in which salt is dissolved in the mixture of liquids to be distilled. (slideshare.net)
  • INTRODUCTION:- The study of influence of salt on vapour liquid equilibrium of solvent mixture is of interest, because addition of salt to a mixed solvent will enhance the relative volatility and break azeotrope of the mixture. (slideshare.net)
  • Shimoyama, Y, Ikeda, K & Iwai, Y 2010, ' Effect of anion species on infinite dilution activity coefficients of epoxides in imidazolium-based ionic liquids ', Fluid Phase Equilibria , vol. 294, no. 1-2, pp. 241-245. (elsevierpure.com)
  • While ionic mercury have been found in significant proportions in liquids. (researchgate.net)
  • It might sabotage in Phase equilibria in ionic when making worth to do considered on it. (southwayinc.com)
  • You could completely in Phase equilibria in ionic liquid facilitated are dykes in varied capacity pages using out your entire dystopias which is trobar-nos. (southwayinc.com)
  • Ionic liquid-based three phase partitioning (ILTPP) is a promising technique to recover lactoferrin, a high-added value whey protein, because it combines the advantages associated with the use of ionic liquids and the feasibility of the product recovery characteristic of three phase partitioning. (ua.pt)
  • The recyclability of the ionic liquid is essential for the feasibility and development of ILTPP technique, due to the high cost and environmental impact associated with the discharge of this type of compounds. (ua.pt)
  • In addition, the fraction of ionic liquid that cannot be reused in the ILTPP process has been assessed, concluding that the recyclability of this compound is highly dependent on the protein concentration in the feed stream. (ua.pt)
  • At high protein concentrations (2 g L-1) and moderate ILTPP efficiencies (around 80%) it is possible to recycle more than 99% of the ionic liquid, which improves both the economic and environmental performance of the ILTPP process. (ua.pt)
  • The ionic liquids were used as stationary phases in GC. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The partial molar excess enthalpies and entropies at infinite dilution for the epoxides in the ionic liquids were obtained from the experimental data of the activity coefficients. (elsevierpure.com)
  • The air phase diagram shows the phase behavior with changes in temperature and pressure. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The line in the phase diagram is made by plotting out where this temperature resides for every pressure. (chemicalforums.com)
  • This technique removes all arbitrary determination of the phase diagram by using single-phase simulations to self-consistently validate the probability distribution of Voronoi volumes of the liquid and vapor phases extracted from the two-phase molecular dynamics simulations. (tennessee.edu)
  • Properties from the two phase simulations include critical temperature, critical density, critical pressure, phase diagram, surface tension, and molecule orientation at the interface. (tennessee.edu)
  • The combined use of two-phase molecular dynamics simulation and Voronoi tessellation allows us to extend the phase diagram toward the critical point. (tennessee.edu)
  • An air phase diagram included. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • According to the experimental results, the metastable phase diagram and the diagram of physicochemical properties versus composition were plotted. (datapdf.com)
  • A phase diagram of thermal unfolding/denaturation in lysozyme - water system was constructed based on the experimental data. (lu.se)
  • This formulation is recommended for the calculation of thermodynamic properties of ordinary water in its solid hexagonal phase I, including vapor-solid and liquid-solid equilibria in conjuction with the IAPWS-95 formulation for thermodynamic properties of fluid water for general and scientific use. (iapws.org)
  • red lines show the inferred dry phase, when evaporation has reached a state of quasi-equilibrium. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the simulative experimental studies on metastable phase equilibrium are essential to predict the actual evaporation path of mineral crystallization for the separation and purification of the lithiumcontaining mixture salts effectively. (datapdf.com)
  • Densities of solids, liquids and gases. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • However, the equation for the equilibrium constant does not include any details about solids that are among the reactants or the products. (pediaa.com)
  • An organic compound is any member of a large class of gaseous, liquid, or solid chemical compounds whose molecules contain carbon. (absoluteastronomy.com)
  • Online calculators, figures and tables showing density and specific weight of liquid and gaseous butane, C 4 H 10 , at varying temperarure and pressure, SI and Imperial units. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Only the substances in liquid phase and gaseous phase are considered. (pediaa.com)
  • His sustained research program not only spanned five and one-half decades but a wide number of scientific areas as well: chemical kinetics, chemical applications of quantum mechanics, combustion, nuclear explosions, kinetic theory of gases, intermolecular forces, structure of liquids, and laser chemistry. (nationalacademies.org)
  • At age sixty-five he received the National Medal of Science from President Gerald Ford "for his fundamental contributions to atomic and molecular quantum mechanics, the theory of the rates of chemical reactions, and the structure and properties of gases and liquids. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Vapor-liquid equilibrium (VLE) data for binary toluene/PVAC, methanol/PVAC and ternary toluene/methanol/PVAC systems have been measured at 100 °C by using vapor-phase infrared spectroscopy. (iyte.edu.tr)
  • To predict ternary VLE data, the Entropic free volume and Kannan free volume models and the Flory-Huggins theory were used. (iyte.edu.tr)
  • Nevertheless, creation of reliable thermodynamic models for a multicomponent slag requires experimental phase equilibria and thermodynamic data, especially from its binary and ternary subsystems. (aalto.fi)
  • Excess molar volumes are calculated by using decane densities calculated from the BWRS EoS and CO 2 densities calculated from the Span−Wagner EoS. (acs.org)
  • Molar excess volumes (V E ) of the solutions (PEG200/or PEG400+benzene/or toluene) were measured at 298.15K - these results were used to additionally discuss and explain the LLE behavior of these solutions. (aston.ac.uk)
  • However, at low temperature and high pressures the gas mixture becomes a liquid. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The cell contents are pressurised and the contents thoroughly mixed and stabilised in single phase (dependent upon the saturation pressure of the mixture and maximum working pressure of the PVT cell). (corelab.com)
  • The first contact is between the gas recovered from the original equilibrium contact mixture (usually the final gas addition of the swelling study) and original reservoir fluid. (corelab.com)
  • The mixture is then re-stabilised at the selected test pressure for 24 hours and the volumes, compositions and densities of each phase and the viscosity of the liquid phase determined as described previously. (corelab.com)
  • When it is determined that this point has been reached a final contact is carried out with sufficient reservoir fluid to produce a mixture which remained in single phase at selected test pressure. (corelab.com)
  • The addition of calcium chloride to this solvent mixture increases the water concentration in vapour phase at equilibrium. (slideshare.net)
  • Salt-Effect distillation is a method of Extractive distillation in which salt is dissolved in the mixture of liquids to be distilled. (slideshare.net)
  • If Q and K are equal, then the reaction mixture is at an equilibrium. (pediaa.com)
  • The RVP is the absolute vapor pressure exerted by a mixture as determined at a temperature of 100˚F (37.8˚C/311.0K) and a vapor to liquid ratio of 4:1. (scirp.org)
  • Here we have explored the microscopic details of these phase transitions for a methane/xenon mixture at 189 K by performing canonical ensemble simulations using the kinetic Monte Carlo scheme for uniform and non-uniform systems. (edu.au)
  • begingroup$ You could also check out Andrews' experiment where in the graph of pressure versus specific volume, we observe a gas go through a phase of metastable equilibrium before being liquefied. (stackexchange.com)
  • In that metastable state the substance is neither gas nor liquid, but something intermediate. (stackexchange.com)
  • When molecules are added, the fluid passes from a rarefied state through metastable states where liquid droplets are dispersed in a gas phase. (edu.au)
  • Measurements and Modeling of Phase Behavior, Density, and Viscosity of Oil + Carbon Dioxide: Squalane + CO2 at Temperatures (313 to 363) K and Pressures up to 77 MPa. (acs.org)
  • Measurements and Modeling of Volumetric and Phase Behavior of Carbon Dioxide + Higher Alkanes: CO2 + n-Pentadecane at Temperatures 313 to 410 K and Pressures up to 77 MPa. (acs.org)
  • Enthalpy data of liquids. (cas.cz)
  • In the present work, thermodynamic phase equilibria, and especially the liquidus, of the Cu-O-Al2O3, Cu-O-MgO, Cu-O-Al2O3-MgO and Cu-O-Al2O3-SiO2 systems were studied experimentally in the temperature range of 1100 °C - 1500 °C. The experiments were conducted using a primary-phase quenching method and a spectroscopic analysis of the chemical compositions of the resulting phases. (aalto.fi)
  • Chemical engineers are often interested in vapor liquid equilibrium data (the amount of species in equilibrium in a liquid and gas phase simultaneously). (teachengineering.org)
  • All chemical reactions that happen in a system can be recognized as either equilibrium reactions or non-equilibrium reactions. (pediaa.com)
  • Reaction quotient and equilibrium constant are two terms used to explain the chemical reactions occur in a system. (pediaa.com)
  • As will be dis- cussed in more detail later, the chemical mass transport across gas, liquid/ tissue, and blood phases of the airways, as determined by these properties, was conceptualized in terms of the overall mass-transport coefficient ( K g) as a measure of the conductivity of a chemical across the three phases. (cdc.gov)
  • Batch experiments were carried out to study equilibrium isotherms, kinetics, and thermodynamics by using an initial lead (Pb 2+ ions) concentration of 50 to 100 mg/L at pH 5.5. (ncsu.edu)
  • This chapter presents the development of the latest version of HYDROGEOCHEM a multidimensional numerical model of coupled fluid flow, thermal transport, hydrologic transport, and biogeochemical kinetic/equilibrium reactions in saturated/unsaturated media. (benthamscience.com)
  • It considers all types of reactions (aqueous complexation, adsorption-desorption, precipitationdissolution, ion-exchange, hydrolysis, and abiotic and biotic-mediated redox) as both fast/equilibrium and/or slow/kinetic processes, using a consistent definition of fast/equilibrium reaction rates. (benthamscience.com)
  • Six examples are employed to demonstrate the design capabilities of HYDROGEOCHEM, to illustrate the calculations of fast/equilibrium reaction rates, and to highlight the non-intuitive notion that the rates of slow/kinetic reactions are not necessarily smaller than those of fast/equilibrium reactions. (benthamscience.com)
  • Non-equilibrium reactions include the complete ionization of reactants. (pediaa.com)
  • This term is used only with reactions that are in equilibrium. (pediaa.com)
  • The reaction quotient and the equilibrium constant are the same for reactions that are in equilibrium. (pediaa.com)
  • The current method is applicable only to organic reactions occurring in the liquid phase. (dtu.dk)
  • Experimental liquid densities of decane and of CO 2 (1) + decane (2) binary mixtures (at five different compositions, x 1 = 0.0551, 0.2369, 0.4536, 0.8114, and 0.9663) were measured from (313 to 363) K and at pressures up to 25 MPa. (acs.org)
  • Actually it can --- this is often the case for mixtures, at least regarding the solid-liquid transition. (stackexchange.com)
  • Although there are many simulation studies of mixtures, there remains a gap in the understanding of the phase transitions occurring when molecules are progressively added to a closed system. (edu.au)
  • In this work, liquid-liquid and solid-liquid equilibria (LLE and SLE, respectively), at atmospheric pressure, of the solutions of poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) with several organic solvents were studied. (aston.ac.uk)
  • High-temperature laser-scanning confocal microscopy (HT-LSCM) has proven to be an excellent experimental technique through in situ observations of high temperature phase transformation to study kinetics and morphology using thin disk steel specimens. (edu.au)
  • When exposed at the solid/liquid interface, this local temperature profile determines the kinetics of solidification and phase transformation morphology. (edu.au)
  • Thermodynamic Processes 2 is devoted to the study of equilibrium between phases in the case of the four changes of physical state: fusion, boiling or vaporization, sublimation and allotropy or transition. (iste.co.uk)
  • In the intermediate range of water contents between 37 wt% and 60 wt%, the system is phase separated and the thermal denaturation involves two processes: melting of protein crystals and unfolding of protein molecules. (lu.se)
  • These diverse materials may exhibit time-dependent structures under transient or out-of-equilibrium conditions resulting from for example self-assembly processes, phase transitions or in response to external fields, such as flow. (lu.se)
  • The density and composition of the liquid phase is determined from the cell at a pressure above the contact pressure. (corelab.com)
  • For this purpose, the thermodynamic characterization of the systems of interest for ILTPP, which are based on the use of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium trifluoromethanesulfonate (BmimTfO) and sodium dihydrogenophosphate (NaH2PO4), is here performed to determine the composition of the liquid phases in equilibrium and the distribution coefficient between them. (ua.pt)
  • where C i is the initial concentration (mg L -1 ), C e is the equilibrium concentration (mg L -1 ), V is the total volume of the liquid phase (L), and m is the mass of the soil (g). (datadryad.org)
  • where LSC e is the disintegrations per minute of the sample following equilibration with the soil, Blank is the disintegrations per minute of the scintillation cocktail and vial alone, C i is the liquid phase concentration of the initial standard (mg L -1 ), and LSC i are the disintegration of the corresponding BCP standards (without soil added). (datadryad.org)
  • The composition of the equilibrium contact gas phase is used in conjunction with the correlations of Lee, Gonzales and Eakin to calculate the equilibrium gas phase viscosity at the selected pressure at reservoir temperature. (corelab.com)
  • The mass and moles of fluid in place are calculated using the densities, molecular weights and volumes of gas and oil contact mixed together. (corelab.com)
  • The densities, molecular weights and volumes of gas and oil phases (at the selected test pressure) are then used to calculate the mass and moles and therefore total mass and moles in place. (corelab.com)
  • The phase densities were determined self-consistently by comparing the distribution of Voronoi volumes from two-phase and single-phase simulations. (tennessee.edu)
  • The equation of state has been developed to conform to the Maxwell criterion for two-phase liquid-vapor equilibrium states, and is valid for temperatures from the triple point temperature to 550 K, with pressures up to 50 MPa and densities up to 19 mol/dm3. (nist.gov)
  • Further on, they were used to explain the new results brought by this work - LLE of the solutions of (liquid) PEG200/or PEG400 with xylene isomers and SLE of the solutions of (solid) PEG2050 with all the aforementioned compounds. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Finally, the results of this study showed the possibilities for sustainable applications (i) of liquid PEG200/or PEG400 for the separation of of o-xylene from p-xylene and (ii) of (solid) PEG2050 for benzene, toluene, pyridine and aniline treatment. (aston.ac.uk)
  • This method produces direct phase equilibria data from the liquid and solid phases. (aalto.fi)
  • When water freezes, the molecules form various structures of crystals which have empty gaps that cause the solid to be about 9% larger in volume than the liquid was. (stackexchange.com)
  • The melting phase transition transforms the long-range ordered-crystalline solid structure into the short-range-ordered average liquid structure. (stackexchange.com)
  • In such a case, the dominant effect of the exponential growth of defects at the melting transition is a sudden decrease of density going from the solid to the liquid. (stackexchange.com)
  • At the melting point, the most frequent defects in such open structures induce a local and global collapse of the crystal structure, creating the conditions for a liquid phase at a higher density than the coexisting solid. (stackexchange.com)
  • In summary, the reason for the increase of density at the melting point of some materials like water can be traced back to the presence of dominant anisotropic interactions favoring open crystalline structure in the solid phase. (stackexchange.com)
  • Fusion of temperature and moisture content signal allowed monitoring of water transport rates in the fluidised bed and highlighted the importance water transport within the solid phase at low moisture levels. (springer.com)
  • What I am asking is this: Why can't a body be solid, then solid-ish, then solid-like, then liquid-like, then liquid-ish, then liquid, then vapor-like and then vapor? (stackexchange.com)
  • Why is there a rigid temperature boundaries between solid, liquid and vapor? (stackexchange.com)
  • The difference between solid and liquid lies in the atomic structure. (stackexchange.com)
  • Glass and some thermoplastics are amorphous in their solid states, and subsequently do not exhibit a sharp change in properties but transit slowly from solid to liquid. (stackexchange.com)
  • In essence, abrupt phase changes from solid to liquid exist for materials that have a high tendece to form crystals. (stackexchange.com)
  • The phase change from liquid to solid is less abrupt than you may think. (stackexchange.com)
  • The model can accommodate solid/liquid interface velocity as an input parameter under concentric solidification with cooling rates up to 100 K/min. (edu.au)
  • Another gas or solid phase, which may or may not be at equilibrium with the reacting liquid phase, may also be present. (dtu.dk)
  • Although unfolding of protein in the liquid state is relatively well studied, its mechanisms in the solid state, are much less understood. (lu.se)
  • Somehow, under conditions of P,T not on the curve, the reaction proceeds in one direction more than in the other, and continues to do so until the P,T conditions are brought back to those on the line, at which point K=1 for the reversible reaction so there will be the same amount (in terms of activity/partial pressure) of the two phases present. (chemicalforums.com)
  • And even if the activity of the pure liquid isn't seen as changing, the partial pressure of the vapour is definitely changing, and even then the question remains, what forces the reaction in particular directions and then does not allow them to reach equilibrium under all conditions? (chemicalforums.com)
  • The pH is a critical variable for carbon storage in saline aquifers because it affects the reaction rate and equilibrium state of the reservoir rocks, thus influencing the rates of mineral dissolution or precipitation and the integrity of caprocks. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • A reaction becomes an equilibrium reaction when the reactants are not completely dissociated into their ions. (pediaa.com)
  • This means, the reaction quotient of a system can be calculated for a reaction before it reaches the equilibrium, when a change in equilibrium has been done or when the reaction is in equilibrium. (pediaa.com)
  • The equilibrium constant for above reaction is given as below. (pediaa.com)
  • If the value of reaction quotient (Q) is higher than that of equilibrium constant (K), the reaction favour reactants more since the amount of products in the system is higher than that of reactants. (pediaa.com)
  • Then the reaction tends to form more reactants in order to keep the equilibrium at constant. (pediaa.com)
  • Therefore, the reaction tends to form more products in order to keep the equilibrium. (pediaa.com)
  • In this study, the technological process for dimethyl ether (DME) synthesis is built on PRO/II platform based on the combined parameters of the reaction dynamic model for methanol dehydration reaction, the improved NRTL model of the liquid phase, the PR model of vapor phase. (edu.pl)
  • The equilibrium contact gas phase composition and density are determined. (corelab.com)
  • The density at saturation pressure is then calculated using the measured relative volumes from the above partial pressure-volume relation. (corelab.com)
  • Density and specific volume of air varies with elevation above sea level. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • API expresses the gravity or density of liquid petroleum products. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • Variations in crude oil density are shown as function of temperatur, together with volume correction factors. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • The formulation includes a fundamental equation, a vapor pressure equation, and saturated density equations for liquid and vapor states. (nist.gov)
  • In determining the coefficients of the equation of state, multi-property fitting methods were used that included single-phase pressure-density-temperature (pρT), heat capacity, vapor pressure, and saturated density data. (nist.gov)
  • The uncertainties of the equation of state in density are 0.1% in the liquid phase and 0.3% in the vapor phase. (nist.gov)
  • The uncertainties in saturated liquid density are 0.05%, except for very near the critical point. (nist.gov)
  • Properties of matter can be measured in various ways, including volume, mass, density and temperature. (teachengineering.org)
  • Equilibrium data were fitted using Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin linear equation models at temperatures 30°C, 50°C, and 70°C. Langmuir maximum monolayer sorption capacity was 25.00 mg/g at 30°C. The experimental data were best represented by pseudo-second-order and Elovich models. (ncsu.edu)
  • In recent years we have seen a revival of the science aspects of the area driven by advances in the understanding of intermolecular interactions, cooperative phenomena and condensed phases. (lu.se)
  • These changes are different from those in single-component systems because the increase in the number of particles affects the pressure of the system and the compositions of the liquid and gas phases. (edu.au)
  • surprisingly, Phase equilibria became learned to 500 various ceremonies, and it met issued to be principally physically. (southwayinc.com)
  • The predictive abilities of Flory-Huggins theory and the Kannan free volume model are similar and better than that of the Entropic free volume model. (iyte.edu.tr)
  • In the presence of high concentrations of inert macromolecules, the self-association of proteins is strongly enhanced through an entropic, excluded-volume effect variously called macromolecular crowding or depletion attraction. (lu.se)
  • Heat Transport Properties of CO2-Expanded Liquids: n-Hexane, n-Decane, and n-Tetradecane. (acs.org)
  • The heat transferred to a unit liquid does not makes it way to the entire unit uniformly. (stackexchange.com)
  • Previous and present solubility tests showed that pyridine, nicotine, THF and aniline are completely soluble in liquid PEG200 and PEG400. (aston.ac.uk)
  • The equilibrium constant is dependent on the temperature of the system considered since the temperature affects the solubility of components and the volume expansion. (pediaa.com)
  • A known volume of reservoir fluid is charged to a high-pressure PVT cell and heated to the reservoir temperature. (corelab.com)
  • A known volume of reservoir fluid is mixed with the known volume of gas in a second PVT cell and stabilised in single phase. (corelab.com)
  • This procedure is repeated using the gas recovered from the previous contact and the original reservoir fluid until the volume of gas formed at the selected test pressure is insufficient for any analyses. (corelab.com)
  • Fluid Phase Equilibria , 316 , 74-84. (aston.ac.uk)
  • Fluid Phase Equilibria, 277(1), 35-41. (iyte.edu.tr)
  • Fluid Phase Equilibria , 294 (1-2), 241-245. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Fluid Phase Equilibria , 561 , 1-14. (edu.au)
  • These tears of wine are caused by the Marangoni effect, which describes a mass transfer along the surface of two fluid phases caused by surface tension gradients along the interface between the two phases (for example liquid and vapor). (comsol.com)
  • A partial pressure-volume relation is performed on the liquid phase to confirm the saturation pressure used for the equilibrium contact phase separation. (corelab.com)
  • By employing vortex shaking the vortex system is relaxed towards the equilibrium state. (aps.org)
  • Addition of inert macromolecules to a protein solution quantitatively the self-association of bovine pancreatic shifts equilibria toward the more compact state because this trypsin inhibitor (BPTI) (Gottschalk et al. (lu.se)
  • The model is validated against a commercial finite element analysis software package, strand7, and optimized with experimental data obtained under near-to equilibrium conditions. (edu.au)
  • The analysis of these results, in terms of a statistical-mechanical model that incorporates polymer flexibility as well as the excluded volume of the protein, shows that the dramatic enhancement of bovine pancreatic trypsin inhibitor self-association can be quantitatively rationalized in terms of hard repulsive interactions. (lu.se)
  • The experimental results of this work were compared with the predicted phase equilibria calculated using MTDATA 6.0 software and Mtox database version 8.2. (aalto.fi)
  • The exact breakpoint was inferred from the data with a previous measurement from the last day of observable liquid. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, the new experimental phase equilibrium data obtained in this work is of great importance in generating reliable thermodynamic descriptions of copper-making slag, leading to resource-efficient processing. (aalto.fi)
  • The droplets increase in size and when a sufficient number of molecules is present in the system, the droplets coalesce and the system splits into vapour and liquid phases separated by a planar interface. (edu.au)
  • The surface molecules (shown in red) have only very small upwards interactions with the vapor molecules (shown in orange) causing them to experience asymmetrical force that pulls the surface of the liquid together. (comsol.com)
  • The molecules in the bulk of the liquid (blue) interact in all directions. (comsol.com)
  • To expand the surface area of the liquid, bulk molecules have to move towards the surface, breaking up upward interactions. (comsol.com)
  • Liquids-vapor interfaces have surface tensions that depend on the strength of the interactions between the molecules in the bulk of the liquid. (comsol.com)
  • More recently, the realization that macro- principal experimental challenge is to resolve and quantify molecules occupy 20-30% of the intracellular volume has populations of protein oligomers in dynamic equilibrium. (lu.se)
  • The end point of the pressure-temperature curve that designates conditions under which a liquid and its vapor can coexist. (engineeringtoolbox.com)
  • These results indicate that Al2O3, MgO and MgAl2O4 spinel are chemically resistant to a CuOx-rich liquid oxide at the studied conditions. (aalto.fi)
  • The phase envelope agrees extremely well with literature values from GEMC at lower temperatures. (tennessee.edu)
  • It was found that 0 - 2 wt% of Al2O3 and MgO dissolved in the liquid oxide phase at the studied temperatures. (aalto.fi)
  • At high temperatures the bulk resistance is of a thermally activated flux flow with linear I-V both in the liquid phase above the melting line as well as below it within the ordered phase. (aps.org)