SubunitAntibodiesModulationGlutamic acid decarboxIntracellular calciumCACNA1DCurrentsVGCCsPotassium channelsMechanismExcitable cellsIonsInfluxPermeableMolecularNeuronsMediateNeurotransmitter releaseProstate cancerConcentrationMembrane potentialsCellularRolesVariantsSelectiveCACNA1SNMDAUptakeContractionRolePositivelyCellsGeneTypeCellStructuralActivityActivation
Subunit9
- The α1 subunit forms the ion-conducting pore while the associated subunits have several functions including modulation of gating. (wikipedia.org)
- The α1 subunit forms the Ca2+ selective pore, which contains voltage-sensing machinery and the drug/toxin-binding sites. (wikipedia.org)
- Co-expression of the α2δ enhances the level of expression of the α1 subunit and causes an increase in current amplitude, faster activation and inactivation kinetics and a hyperpolarizing shift in the voltage dependence of inactivation. (wikipedia.org)
- á2ä-1 is an auxiliary subunit of the voltage-gated calcium channels, and it regulates the trafficking and functions of the channel complex. (ucl.ac.uk)
- The α2δ-3 subunit was first discovered as an auxiliary subunit of voltage gated calcium channels. (uni-tuebingen.de)
- Altogether these data show a contribution of the α2δ-3 subunit of voltage gated calcium channels in the somatosensory system, in acute and chronic pain. (uni-tuebingen.de)
- The CACNA1S gene provides instructions for making the main piece (subunit) of a structure called a calcium channel. (medlineplus.gov)
- Calcium channels made with the CACNA1S subunit are located in the outer membrane of muscle cells, so they can transmit electrical signals from the cell surface to inside the cell. (medlineplus.gov)
- Correlations of Calcium Voltage-Gated Channel Subunit Alpha1 A (CACNA1A) Gene Polymorphisms with Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo. (cdc.gov)
Antibodies6
- Antibodies to voltage-gated calcium channels in children with falciparum malaria. (ox.ac.uk)
- Here, we show that, in a cohort of Kenyan children, levels of antibodies to the voltage-gated calcium channels, but not to other ion channels, increased with the severity of malaria infection. (ox.ac.uk)
- Seven cases were positive for anti voltage-gated calcium channel antibodies. (go.jp)
- Antibodies to voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) have been reported in 75-100% of LEMS patients who have small cell lung cancer (SCLC) and in 50-90% of LEMS patients who do not have underlying cancer. (medscape.com)
- In patients with LEMS and in mice injected with LEMS immunoglobulin G (IgG), divalent antibodies against the VGCC cross-link the calcium channels, disrupting the parallel arrays. (medscape.com)
- Laboratory testing should include tests for antibodies to contactin-associated protein-like 2 (Caspr2), the striational voltage-gated calcium channel, gliadin, glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD), muscle acetylcholine receptor (AChR), and the voltage-gated potassium channel. (msdmanuals.com)
Modulation3
- NMDA channels were activated in voltage-clamped cells incubated in low-calcium saline or dialyzed with the calcium chelator BAPTA to determine that calcium influx through NMDA channels is required for sodium channel modulation. (nih.gov)
- These results support the hypothesis that NMDA modulation of voltage-gated sodium channels in horizontal cells requires CICR and activation of a calmodulin-dependent signaling pathway. (nih.gov)
- Note that inhibition of K V 7 channels is a downstream consequence of Ca V 3.2 modulation due to changes in intracellular calcium concentration. (frontiersin.org)
Glutamic acid decarbox1
- The autoantigens include glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 (GAD65), voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel (VGCC), metabotropic glutamate receptor type 1 (mGluR1), and glutamate receptor delta (GluRdelta). (springer.com)
Intracellular calcium1
- Excessive activation of VGCCs is a major component of excitotoxicity, as severely elevated levels of intracellular calcium activates enzymes which, at high enough levels, can degrade essential cellular structures. (wikipedia.org)
CACNA1D1
- CACNA1D overexpression and voltage-gated calcium channels in prostate cancer during androgen deprivation. (ox.ac.uk)
Currents4
- The first aim of this thesis was to determine whether important functional properties of á2ä-1, such as the ability to regulate calcium currents and binding to GBP, were altered by alternative splicing events on á2ä-1. (ucl.ac.uk)
- Interestingly, the data from whole cell patch experiments show that the voltage gated calcium currents are not affected in the deficient mice. (uni-tuebingen.de)
- At this location, synaptic currents are converted from a graded voltage signal into a train of APs. (frontiersin.org)
- The isoform alpha-1F gives rise to L-type calcium currents. (hmdb.ca)
VGCCs7
- Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), also known as voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs), are a group of voltage-gated ion channels found in the membrane of excitable cells (e.g., muscle, glial cells, neurons, etc.) with a permeability to the calcium ion Ca2+. (wikipedia.org)
- Activation of particular VGCCs allows a Ca2+ influx into the cell, which, depending on the cell type, results in activation of calcium-sensitive potassium channels, muscular contraction, excitation of neurons, up-regulation of gene expression, or release of hormones or neurotransmitters. (wikipedia.org)
- The 4-domain architecture (and several key regulatory sites, such as the EF hand and IQ domain at the C-terminus) is also shared by the voltage gated sodium channels, which are thought to be evolutionarily related to VGCCs. (wikipedia.org)
- VGCCs are subject to rapid inactivation, which is thought to consist of 2 components: voltage-gated (VGI) and calcium-gated (CGI). (wikipedia.org)
- Voltage-gated Calcium channels (VGCCs) play important roles in neurotransmitter release, excitationcontraction coupling, hormone secretion, and a variety of other physiological processes. (amrita.edu)
- The present review mainly focuses on calcium channel blockers (CCBs), especially for L-type channels and T-type channels, and therein lie some of the opportunities and advantages associated with VGCCs as drug targets. (amrita.edu)
- An autoimmune attack directed against the voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) on the presynaptic motor nerve terminal results in a loss of functional VGCCs at the motor nerve terminals. (medscape.com)
Potassium channels3
- This arrangement is analogous to a homo-tetramer formed by single-domain subunits of voltage-gated potassium channels (that also each contain 6 TM helices). (wikipedia.org)
- The ability of voltage-gated potassium channel α-subunits to form heteromultimers has complicated efforts to use toxins to characterize potassium channels in native cells. (aspetjournals.org)
- Two types are especially important in transmitting action potentials along axons: voltage-gated sodium channels and voltage-gated potassium channels. (encyclopedia.com)
Mechanism4
- Novel mechanism of voltage-gated N-type (Cav2.2) calcium channel inhib" by Thuan G. Huynh, Hartmut Cuny et al. (edu.au)
- In this study, we investigated the mechanism that links activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptors to inhibition of voltage-gated sodium channels in isolated catfish cone horizontal cells. (nih.gov)
- Electrosensory cells within these ampullae can discriminate and respond to minute changes in environmental voltage gradients through an unknown mechanism. (nature.com)
- The first is that the uptake mechanism, and therefore the resulting bactericidal activity, is voltage dependent ( Damper and Epstein, 1981 ). (elifesciences.org)
Excitable cells2
- Voltage-gated calcium (Ca 2+ ) channels are ubiquitous in excitable cells, and intracellular Ca 2+ transients, in which the channels play key roles, trigger many physiological events. (eurekaselect.com)
- Voltage-sensitive calcium channels (VSCC) mediate the entry of calcium ions into excitable cells and are also involved in a variety of calcium-dependent processes, including muscle contraction, hormone or neurotransmitter release, gene expression, cell motility, cell division and cell death. (hmdb.ca)
Ions8
- These channels are slightly permeable to sodium ions, so they are also called Ca2+-Na+ channels, but their permeability to calcium is about 1000-fold greater than to sodium under normal physiological conditions. (wikipedia.org)
- The concentration of calcium (Ca2+ ions) is normally several thousand times higher outside the cell than inside. (wikipedia.org)
- RYR1 channels are located in the membrane of a structure inside the cell that stores calcium ions. (medlineplus.gov)
- Signals transmitted by CACNA1S-containing channels turn on (activate) RYR1 channels, which then release calcium ions inside the cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- As a result, large amounts of calcium ions are released from storage within muscle cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- An overabundance of calcium ions activates processes that generate heat (leading to increased body temperature) and produce excess acid (leading to acidosis). (medlineplus.gov)
- The altered channels open more slowly than usual, reducing the flow of calcium ions into these cells. (medlineplus.gov)
- This means that ions like sodium, potassium, calcium, and chloride cannot cross membranes to any significant degree by simple diffusion, and must instead be transported by specialized proteins (which we'll discuss later). (khanacademy.org)
Influx5
- To determine whether calcium influx through NMDA channels triggers calcium-induced calcium release (CICR), cells were loaded with the calcium-sensitive dye calcium green 2 and changes in relative fluorescence were measured in response to NMDA. (nih.gov)
- In calcium imaging experiments a reduced calcium influx upon heat stimulation was found. (uni-tuebingen.de)
- Previous studies have shown that calcium influx is primarily dependent on L-type CaV channels, while the function of T-type calcium is unclear. (lu.se)
- In this study, we confirm that T-type CaV3.2 contributes to calcium influx by initiating membrane depolarization and activating L-type CaV. (lu.se)
- Calcium influx into these cells is inhibited by LEMS IgG. (medscape.com)
Permeable1
- Sodium (Na V ), potassium (K V ), and calcium (Ca V ) permeable voltage-gated ion channels are shown in red, blue, and green, respectively. (frontiersin.org)
Molecular1
- Our results are fully supportive in favor of the crucial role of calcium signaling deregulation in the HD pathogenesis and indicate that the cornerstone of excessive calcium uptake in HD-specific neurons is a calcium sensor and store-operated calcium channels activator STIM2, which should become a molecular target for medical treatment and novel neuroprotective drug development. (frontiersin.org)
Neurons3
- We have shown that calcium signaling is dramatically disturbed in HD76 neurons, specifically demonstrating higher levels of store-operated and voltage-gated calcium uptakes. (frontiersin.org)
- However, comparing the HD76 neurons with the previously described low-repeat HD models, we have demonstrated that the severity of calcium signaling alterations does not depend on the length of the polyglutamine tract of the mutant huntingtin. (frontiersin.org)
- Here we have also observed greater expression of huntingtin and an activator of store-operated calcium channels STIM2 in HD76 neurons. (frontiersin.org)
Mediate3
- Here we show that the voltage-gated calcium channel Ca V 1.3 and the big conductance calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel are preferentially expressed by electrosensory cells in little skate ( Leucoraja erinacea ) and functionally couple to mediate electrosensory cell membrane voltage oscillations, which are important for the detection of specific, weak electrical signals. (nature.com)
- Both channels exhibit unique properties compared with their mammalian orthologues that support electrosensory functions: structural adaptations in Ca V 1.3 mediate a low-voltage threshold for activation, and alterations in BK support specifically tuned voltage oscillations. (nature.com)
- Voltage sensitive sodium channels mediate the conducted potential in myelinated and unmyelinated axons. (asra.com)
Neurotransmitter release1
- Neuronal voltage-gated N-type (Cav2.2) calcium channels are expressed throughout the nervous system and regulate neurotransmitter release and hence synaptic transmission. (edu.au)
Prostate cancer1
Concentration2
- The resulting increase in calcium ion concentration within muscle cells stimulates muscles to contract, allowing the body to move. (medlineplus.gov)
- An increase in calcium ion concentration also causes skeletal muscles to contract abnormally, which leads to muscle rigidity. (medlineplus.gov)
Membrane potentials1
- They are activated (i.e.: opened) at depolarized membrane potentials and this is the source of the "voltage-gated" epithet. (wikipedia.org)
Cellular1
- APs are initiated in the axon initial segment (AIS), a cellular compartment enriched with voltage-gated ion channels and GPCRs ( Figure 1B ). (frontiersin.org)
Roles2
- S5 and S6 helices are thought to line the inner pore surface, while S1-4 helices have roles in gating and voltage sensing (S4 in particular). (wikipedia.org)
- At this time, 10 members of the voltage-gated Ca 2+ channel family in mammals are recognized, and they play diverse roles in the signal transduction system. (eurekaselect.com)
Variants2
- F1 contains pathogenic variants used in training, 518 lof and 309 gof variants in voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. (lu.se)
- H Heyne, D Baez-Nieto et al, Predicting functional effects of missense variants in voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels, Sci Transl Med;12(556):eaay6848. (lu.se)
Selective1
- There are several types of voltage-gated channel, each allowing the selective passage of a particular ion. (encyclopedia.com)
CACNA1S1
- Mutations in the CACNA1S gene change single protein building blocks (amino acids) used to make the CACNA1S protein, which alters the structure and function of calcium channels in skeletal muscle cells. (medlineplus.gov)
NMDA1
Uptake3
- Since shRNA-mediated suppression of STIM2 decreased store-operated calcium uptake, we have speculated that high expression of STIM2 underlies the excessive entry through store-operated calcium channels in HD pathology. (frontiersin.org)
- It is widely accepted that membrane voltage potentiates aminoglycoside activity, which is ascribed to voltage-dependent drug uptake. (elifesciences.org)
- In this paper, we measured the response of Escherichia coli treated with aminoglycosides and discovered that the bactericidal action arises not from the downstream effects of voltage-dependent drug uptake, but rather directly from dysregulated membrane potential. (elifesciences.org)
Contraction1
- These skeletal muscle calcium channels play a key role in a process called excitation-contraction coupling, by which electrical signals (excitation) trigger muscle tensing (contraction). (medlineplus.gov)
Role1
Positively2
- Figure 3: Positively charged motif confers skate Ca V voltage threshold. (nature.com)
- The sodium channel protein has positively charged voltage-sensing regions, which move towards negative charges on the outer surface of the membrane when the latter becomes depolarized. (encyclopedia.com)
Cells3
- Voltage-dependent calcium channels also carry some of the depolarizing current in some cells. (encyclopedia.com)
- In the absence of voltage, aminoglycosides are taken into cells and exert bacteriostatic effects by inhibiting translation. (elifesciences.org)
- In contrast to nonpacemaker cells, SA and AV nodal cells predominantly use calcium channels for the initial upstroke in phase 0 (Fig. 1) and lack sodium ion channels for the rapid initial upstroke in phase 1 of their action potentials. (medscape.com)
Gene2
- This gene encodes a member of the potassium channel, voltage-gated, shab-related subfamily. (nih.gov)
- The channels interact with another type of calcium channel called ryanodine receptor 1 (RYR1) channels (produced from the RYR1 gene). (medlineplus.gov)
Type1
- Long-lasting (L-type) calcium channels belong to the 'high-voltage activated' (HVA) group. (hmdb.ca)
Cell2
- voltage-gated ion channel Any ion channel that opens and closes in response to changes in electrical potential across the cell membrane in which the channel is situated. (encyclopedia.com)
- Cell Calcium. (lu.se)
Structural1
- Voltage-gated potassium (Kv) channels represent the most complex class of voltage-gated ion channels from both functional and structural standpoints. (nih.gov)
Activity1
- This process is mediated by a rich assortment of voltage-gated ion channels whose function can be affected on short and long time scales by activity. (frontiersin.org)