MicroelectrodesMembrane PotentialsIon-Selective ElectrodesElectrophysiologyAction PotentialsPotassiumElectric ConductivityPatch-Clamp TechniquesElectrochemistryIon Channel GatingSodiumIon ChannelsElectric StimulationExtracellular SpaceCalciumPotassium ChannelsHydrogen-Ion ConcentrationElectrodes, ImplantedChloridesMicrochip Analytical ProceduresFluorocarbon PolymersElectrochemical TechniquesNeuronsElectrodesGuinea PigsBariumPurkinje FibersPeyer's PatchesHelix (Snails)BicarbonatesOocytesIon TransportXenopus laevisNecturus maculosusTetrodotoxinStrophanthidinConductometryKineticsNecturusTime FactorsEquipment Failure AnalysisElectric ImpedanceMicromanipulationCalcium ChannelsTetraethylammoniumIntracellular FluidEquipment DesignTetraethylammonium CompoundsRana pipiensPatch TestsPotentiometryGlassLeechesTransdermal PatchQuaternary Ammonium CompoundsModels, BiologicalPotassium Channel BlockersDielectric SpectroscopyCats4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic AcidCell MembraneBiosensing TechniquesRana esculentaMiniaturizationIon ExchangeRabbitsAmilorideHeart Conduction SystemCell Membrane Permeability4-Acetamido-4'-isothiocyanatostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic AcidCarbonMusclesRats, Sprague-DawleyDiamondRana temporariaOxygenShaker Superfamily of Potassium ChannelsPotassium Channels, Voltage-GatedPartial PressureDimethadioneOuabainRana catesbeianaHeartElectricitySynaptic TransmissionMathematicsVentricular FunctionPolarographyAnuraElectroplatingPapillary MusclesCalcium Channel BlockersPhotoreceptor CellsSinoatrial NodeBiological Transport, ActiveMyocardiumDose-Response Relationship, DrugLacquerBuffersXenopus