• The scientific consensus is that the main cause of extinction was the flood basalt volcanic eruptions that created the Siberian Traps, which released sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide, resulting in euxinia and anoxia, elevating global temperatures, and acidifying the oceans. (wikipedia.org)
  • Additionally, each of the these eruptions had a high VEI (Volcanic Explosivity Index) and high sulphur dioxide amounts in the ejecta. (realclimate.org)
  • This can happen equally well in the mid and high latitudes, but the key factor in tropical eruptions is that the circulation of the stratosphere (rising in the tropics, subsidence in the high latitudes) favors the worldwide dispersion of tropical sulphates, but pushes high-latitude sulphates right back down again. (realclimate.org)
  • The researchers studied the impact of sulphur aerosol release from two volcanic eruptions at El Chichón in Mexico in 1982 and at Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines in 1991. (ieaghg.org)
  • Both eruptions caused large quantities of sulphate particles to enter the stratosphere. (ieaghg.org)
  • Aerosols can be natural or anthropogenic (the result of human activities), and include substances such as mineral dust (blown from deserts or bare soil by the wind), smoke (from wildfires as well as intentional burning), ash and sulphate from volcanic eruptions and degassing, sea spray, haze from industrial activities or vegetation emissions, and more. (databasefootball.com)
  • These models generally simulate natural variability - including that associated with the El Niño-Southern Oscillation and explosive volcanic eruptions - as well as estimate the combined response of climate to changes in greenhouse gas concentrations, aerosol abundance (of sulphate, black carbon and organic carbon, for example), ozone concentrations (tropospheric and stratospheric), land use (for example, deforestation) and solar variability. (blogspot.com)
  • It includes modulations of the solar cycles, volcanic eruptions and persistent anthropogenic changes in the composition of the atmosphere or in land use. (yonature.com)
  • Basically, the natural causes of climate change are changes in the Earth's orbit, solar variations, volcanic eruptions, ocean currents and internal climate variability. (yonature.com)
  • Volcanic eruptions can cause short term (few months to few years) cooling of the Earth's climate. (yonature.com)
  • Furthermore, ice core ages on 14 C-dated volcanic eruptions provide key information on the agreement of ice core and radiocarbon time scales. (cambridge.org)
  • Using data from satellite observations, CAMS can assess many aspects of global air quality, including the impact of natural phenomena such as volcanic eruptions, wildfires and desert dust. (copernicus.eu)
  • Volcanic eruptions are also considered to be significant in affecting Earth's climate, especially those which emit large quantities of SO 2 into the stratosphere. (ncertbooks.guru)
  • The link I provided will raise questions on the input of volcanoes I am sure, but remember that this can be incuded in modelling as cycles are pretty well known and volcanoes do expel aerosols constantly, not just during eruptions. (livescience.com)
  • Carbonaceous aerosol from fires is shown in green, and sulphate from industry and volcanic eruptions is shown in white. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Stratospheric aerosols originate for the most part from volcanic eruptions and have a large influence on the Earth's atmosphere and climate. (bira.be)
  • In fact, volcanic eruptions, because of their violent power, are a very effective way of providing the necessary ingredients for the formation of aerosols in the stratosphere, a very stable and difficult layer to penetrate. (bira.be)
  • The series of extremely long waves, Tsunami are very long wavelengths of water caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean due to earthquakes, volcanic eruptions etc. (sleepyclasses.com)
  • Significant volumes of gases are emitted during volcanic eruptions, and some of these can have climate effects if the eruption is large. (tru.ca)
  • On the other hand, sulphur emissions from volcanic eruptions are typically large compared with the atmospheric reservoir of sulphur, and that's why a major volcanic eruption can have a rapid and significant climate effect. (tru.ca)
  • The atmospheric effects of some recent volcanic eruptions are shown on Figure 3.3.1. (tru.ca)
  • There have been numerous large volcanic eruptions in recent millennia, but none has affected the Earth's climate by more than a few degrees C, nor for more than several years. (tru.ca)
  • In his paper, 'Massive Volcanic SO2 Oxidation and Sulphate Aerosol Deposition in Cenozoic North America,' Bao explains how a breakthrough understanding of a new type of stable isotope geochemical signature preserved in the rock record shows just how different eruptions were more than 20 million years ago. (activeboard.com)
  • Volcanic eruptions have periodically cooled the tropics over at least the last 450 years by spewing out particles that girdle the world at high altitude and reflect sunlight, according to a study released Sunday. (activeboard.com)
  • The worst years to live since the time of Jesus were 535-550 AD because massive volcanic eruptions, perhaps Kamchatka or Alaska in 535-536 AD and Ilopango in El Salvador from 539-540 AD. (apreat.ovh)
  • These volcanic eruptions were coincidental with extraterrestrial impacts in March 536 AD in the Gulf of Carpentaria and elsewhere in August 536 AD. (apreat.ovh)
  • Bits of wood stuck onto pumice discovered in the GISP2 Greenland ice core came from numerous volcanic eruptions at Rabaul (Papua New Guinea) around 667 to 699 AD which led to another few bleak years. (apreat.ovh)
  • How will the climate moaners survive the next Grand Solar Minimum (2020 to 2053) if there are coincidental natural events such as large volcanic eruptions and small extraterrestrial impacts? (apreat.ovh)
  • In each case, the eruption was so strong that significant amounts of sulphur dioxide (which gets converted to sulphate aerosols) were carried up into the stratosphere (12 to 15 km above the ground). (realclimate.org)
  • The principle impact is a couple of years of cooling (since sulphates are reflective), but related changes in dynamics can cause 'winter warming' in Europe, and there are hints in the paleo-record of an impact on El Nino events - the probability of one may double after a big tropical eruption ( Adams et al, 2003 ). (realclimate.org)
  • The crucial factor was that the eruption was almost continuous for over 8 months which lead to significantly elevated sulphate concentrations for that whole time over much of the Atlantic and European regions, even though stratospheric concentrations were likely not particularly exceptional. (realclimate.org)
  • La Palma's volcanic eruption has also affected the island's economy. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • Despite the eruption displacing island residents, tourists are flocking to La Palma to capture a glimpse of the volcanic fury. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • The eruption injected a huge amount of sulphur dioxide (SO 2 ) into the stratosphere, which would have quickly spread across the world, oxidising to form sulphate aerosols. (asiaresearchnews.com)
  • Although the observed sea-level pressure pattern can account for much of the observed anomalously wet conditions, even without volcanic forcing, there is strong evidence in the model simulations that the volcanic eruption increases the chance of such a wet summer over Central Europe, by about 1.5 to three times. (asiaresearchnews.com)
  • The Met Office NAME dispersion model is initialised with both meteorological and volcanic eruption data. (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • In addition, two shorter range (but more sensitive) mobile dual-polarised X-band radars are available for the purpose of detecting volcanic ash plumes in close proximity to the eruption itself. (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • The most recent large volcanic event was the Pinatubo (Philippines) eruption in 1991. (tru.ca)
  • Assuming that the volcanic eruption proceeded episodically (which is typical), there would have been short periods of cooling caused by sulphate aerosol pulses, and increasingly intense warming caused by the progressive buildup of atmospheric carbon dioxide. (tru.ca)
  • Ash from the Laki volcanic eruption in Iceland reached Le Havre in France on the 22nd June, 1783. (activeboard.com)
  • Observations of clouds interacting with aerosols from a volcanic eruption suggest that the effect is much smaller than was once feared. (klimanachrichten.de)
  • A spectacular six-month Icelandic lava field eruption could provide the crucial key for scientists to unlock the role aerosols play in climate change, through their interactions with clouds. (klimanachrichten.de)
  • They found that the 2014-15 Holuhraun fissure eruption, the largest since Laki which erupted for eight months in 1783-4, emitted sulphur dioxide at a higher rate than all 28 European countries added together causing a massive plume of sulphate aerosol particles over the North Atlantic. (klimanachrichten.de)
  • This allows them to be clearly distinguished from other particles such as volcanic particles or Sahara dust. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • These aerosol particles can not only be distributed in the troposphere, but can even reach the stratosphere above and influence the Earth's radiation budget and cloud cover over long periods and large areas. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • If SRM involved deliberately sending sulphate,particles into the stratosphere, then the impacts on crop yield would probably be similar. (ieaghg.org)
  • While the word 'aerosol' conjures up images of spray cans, to atmospheric scientists the term refers to something different: small particles suspended in the atmosphere, often many times smaller than the width of a human hair. (databasefootball.com)
  • One significant factor behind this is the recent reduction of atmospheric particles known as aerosols. (bylinetimes.com)
  • Aerosols are small particles in the air that can either cool or warm the climate, depending on the type and colour of the particle. (bylinetimes.com)
  • An aerosol is a collection of particles suspended in a gas . (academickids.com)
  • Aerosols are tiny particles or liquid droplets suspended in the atmosphere. (reading.ac.uk)
  • According to the model proposed here, the processes of electrochemical oxidation within separate aerosol particles are the basis for this phenomenon, and ball lightning is a cloud of composite nano or submicron particles, where each particle is a spontaneously formed nanobattery which is short-circuited by the surface discharge because it is of such a small size. (springer.com)
  • Discharge currents in the range of several amperes to several thousand amperes as well as the pre-explosive mega ampere currents, generated in the reduction-oxidation reactions and distributed between all the aerosol particles, explain both the magnetic attraction between the elements of the ball lightning substance and the impressive electromagnetic effects of ball lightning. (springer.com)
  • Ashes emitted during volcanic explosive activity present peculiar surface chemical and mineralogical features related in literature to the interaction in the plume of solid particles with gases and aerosols. (unict.it)
  • In general, the sulphates from volcanic ash (or from wildfires) would help promote cloud development in convective systems, such as hurricanes, as they serve as seeds for cloud droplets," Dustin Grogan and environmental sciences expert at the University of Albany told Gizmodo. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • A lidar measures backscattered light from atmospheric targets e.g. aerosols including volcanic ash and Saharan dust, water droplets and ice crystals, using laser pulses transmitted at one or more given wavelengths (UV, visible or IR). (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • The extra water vapour allowed the SO 2 to oxidise into sulphuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) , and to form condensation nuclei for sulphate aerosols (fine droplets in suspension in the air) within weeks. (bira.be)
  • In this case the effect is cooling, not warming, because sulphur gases get quickly converted to sulphate aerosols, tiny droplets or crystals that block incoming sunlight. (tru.ca)
  • As would be expected, these aerosols reduced the size of cloud droplets, but contrary to expectations did not increase the amount of water in the clouds. (klimanachrichten.de)
  • Such processes include Ultra Violet (UV) radiative changes due to the presence of volcanic sulfur dioxide (SO 2 ) and sulphate aerosols in the stratosphere, and due to stratospheric ozone depletion. (copernicus.org)
  • Industrial activities add aerosols of all kinds to the atmosphere, but do not add aerosols to the stratosphere. (livescience.com)
  • The stratospheric aerosol layer that Mt. Pinatubo created was able to block substantial amounts of solar radiation from reaching Earth's surface, resulting in a heating of the stratosphere by 3.5°C, and a cooling of the troposphere of the northern hemisphere by 0.2 to 0.7°C . These may seem like small numbers, but in the atmospheric system, small changes have big consequences. (bira.be)
  • Global temperatures may be cooled by volcanic emissions that reach the stratosphere. (sleepyclasses.com)
  • The transformation of Sulphur dioxide into Sulphuric acid , which condenses quickly in the stratosphere to generate fine sulphate aerosols , is what has the biggest effects on climate from volcanic injections into the stratosphere. (sleepyclasses.com)
  • the injection of sulphate aerosol into stratosphere? (sleepyclasses.com)
  • One thing I regularly see from skeptics is exactly the opposite-that anthropgenic emissions are completely negligable compared to volcanic emissions. (realclimate.org)
  • Although aerosols tend to stay close to their source, their influence on atmospheric circulation means that a change in aerosol emissions in one region can result in impacts around the world. (reading.ac.uk)
  • The short atmospheric lifetime of anthropogenic aerosols means that changes in emissions are quickly translated into changes in atmospheric concentrations, and changes in impacts on air quality and climate. (reading.ac.uk)
  • In recent decades, China has dramatically reduced its aerosol emissions in an attempt to improve air quality, and other countries are expected to follow suit. (reading.ac.uk)
  • However, the timing and rate of reductions of aerosol emissions are dependent on a complex combination of political motivation and technological ability. (reading.ac.uk)
  • As a result, our projections of aerosol emissions over the next few decades are highly uncertain. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Some scenarios see global aerosol returning to pre-industrial levels by 2050, while different priorities mean that emissions continue to increase in other scenarios. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Global emissions of black carbon and sulphur dioxide (a precursor of sulphate aerosol) from 1850 to 2100, as used in the sixth Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). (reading.ac.uk)
  • Volcanic ash and sulphur dioxide products are being developed from hyper-spectral sensors on polar orbiting satellites to improve the sensitivity to volcanic emissions and coverage in polar regions. (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • Aerosol emissions have decreased, particularly in Europe and the US over the 1990s, largely due to clean air legislation. (realclimate.org)
  • Averaged over the globe, anthropogenic aerosols-those made by human activities-currently account for about 10 percent of the total amount of aerosols in our atmosphere. (academickids.com)
  • Aerosols, natural and anthropogenic, can affect the climate by changing the way radiation is transmitted through the atmosphere. (academickids.com)
  • While greenhouse gases can remain in the atmosphere for hundreds of years, most anthropogenic aerosols are lucky to last two weeks being deposited at the surface. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Meanwhile, the rate of increase of European temperatures accelerated as the cooling influence of anthropogenic aerosol was lost. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Due to climate change, the number and intensity of wildfires are increasing, and with it the amounts of aerosol that are released into the atmosphere when biomass is burned. (leibniz-gemeinschaft.de)
  • There, because this is well above the clouds and rain of the troposphere, the sulphates can hang around for a long time (a few years) while sulphates in the lower atmosphere get quickly washed out and don't generally have a long term impact (but there can be exceptions - see below). (realclimate.org)
  • Algorithms have been developed using a variety of satellite instruments to use these measurements to quantify the amount and sometimes the type of aerosols in the atmosphere. (databasefootball.com)
  • Additionally, sulphur dioxide can combine with water vapour in the atmosphere to form sulphate aerosols. (yonature.com)
  • This volcano ejected some 60 Tg of sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere which converted into sulphate aerosol. (yonature.com)
  • While the forecasts can show SO 2 in the atmosphere, CAMS does not use or provide information on volcanic ash, which is the responsibility of the Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs). (copernicus.eu)
  • In addition to SO 2 , CAMS provides information on particulate matter in the atmosphere, both in terms of the concentration and in Aerosol Optical Depth (AOD). (copernicus.eu)
  • The mid-century cooling appears to have been largely due to a high concentration of sulphate aerosols in the atmosphere, emitted by industrial activities. (livescience.com)
  • I located (and subsequently lost) links identifying the WW II effort and mass use of coal and industry to increased aerosols in the atmosphere which were a temperature reducing mechanism. (livescience.com)
  • Overall, increases in aerosol concentrations in the atmosphere act to cool the Earth's surface. (reading.ac.uk)
  • This is a marked contrast to greenhouse gases, which are evenly distributed in the atmosphere, and makes aerosols very efficient at changing circulation patterns such as the monsoons and the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. (reading.ac.uk)
  • In addition to this direct impact, which resulted in a cooling of the atmosphere by about 0.2 to 0.7°C (for the global troposphere ), the volcanic cloud had multiple secondary effects. (bira.be)
  • The aerosols increase the amount of solar radiation that is reflected back into space, cooling the troposphere, or lower atmosphere, of the Earth. (sleepyclasses.com)
  • Sulphate aerosols do not stay in the atmosphere for more than a few years in most cases, so the climate effect tends to be quite short. (tru.ca)
  • Sulphur dioxide often indicates volcanic ash, and the presence of ash in the atmosphere can endanger jet engines. (activeboard.com)
  • Cloud systems "well buffered" against aerosol changes in the atmosphere, research shows. (klimanachrichten.de)
  • The Northern Hemisphere atmosphere with filled with dust and acid sulphate clouds. (apreat.ovh)
  • No. The difference is that this is talking about the sunlight reaching the ground which is much more affected by what's in the atmosphere (clouds, aerosols etc.) than it is affected by the relatively small changes in the sun's output. (realclimate.org)
  • They now plan to apply their new algorithms to the full AVHRR records and merge them with MODIS and other advanced sensor records, more than doubling the available length of Deep Blue data sets and improving our understanding of how and where the Earth's aerosol burden has been changing. (databasefootball.com)
  • Depending on their composition, aerosols can either absorb or scatter radiation. (reading.ac.uk)
  • There are, however, several studies that have investigated aerosol effects on hurricanes associated with dust, originating from the Saharan Desert. (smithsonianmag.com)
  • Examples of aerosols can be natural like dust and volcanic ash or created through air pollution like sulphates. (bylinetimes.com)
  • Volcanic ash and dust can hang in the air for a few months and block sunlight from reaching the Earth. (yonature.com)
  • Some aerosols occur naturally, originating from volcanoes , dust storms , forest and grassland fires, living vegetation, and sea spray. (academickids.com)
  • Transport of Saharan dust across the Atlantic coincident with the volcanic plume resulted in reports of haze and poor air quality in Puerto Rico and other parts of the Caribbean between 8th and 10th October with visibility being down to five miles or less. (copernicus.eu)
  • Dust is not unknown there, in facts those volcanic islands thanks to Sahara sand for their awesome beaches. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Direct observations of the effects of aerosols are quite limited so any attempt to estimate their global effect necessarily involves the use of computer models. (academickids.com)
  • The London VAAC has specialist forecasters who produce volcanic ash advisories and guidance products using a combination of data from observations and models. (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • Loyola, D. , Three-Dimensional Distribution of Biomass Burning Aerosols from Australian Wildfires Observed by TROPOMI Satellite Observations, Remote Sens. (u-pec.fr)
  • Never could we see the effects of aerosols more clearly than in the COVID-19 pandemic. (bylinetimes.com)
  • The short atmospheric lifetime of aerosols means they typically stay close to their source so that aerosol concentrations and composition varies dramatically with location. (reading.ac.uk)
  • There has been a lot in the news recently about current volcanic activity - Merapi in Indonesia and Bezymianny in the Kamchatka peninsula in Russia, but while most reports have focussed on the very real dangers to the local populace and air traffic, volcanoes can have important impacts on climate as well. (realclimate.org)
  • A second is the presence of clouds, which must be distinguished from aerosols, and block the view of aerosols and the surface below them. (databasefootball.com)
  • This can be the result of the aerosols themselves reflecting radiation back to space ( aerosol-radiation interactions ), or due to aerosols modifying the properties of clouds so that they reflect more solar radiation ( aerosol-cloud interactions ). (reading.ac.uk)
  • Aerosols have a potentially large effect on climate, particularly through their interactions with clouds, but the magnitude of this effect is highly uncertain. (klimanachrichten.de)
  • Diatoms do not produce di-methyl sulphide, the precursors of sulphate aerosols which aid the formation of stratocumulus clouds. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • The most important recent volcanic impact on climate was that of Mt. Pinatubo in the Phillipines which erupted in June 1991. (realclimate.org)
  • The indirect effect (via the aerosol acting as cloud condensation nuclei, CCN , and thereby modifying the cloud properties) is more uncertain but is believed to be a cooling. (academickids.com)
  • Changes in cloud amount or cloud liquid water path, however, were undetectable, indicating that these indirect effects, and cloud systems in general, are well buffered against aerosol changes. (klimanachrichten.de)
  • The Sun was dimmed for 18 months, a white sulphuric acid aerosol cloud enveloped Europe, global temperature dropped by 1.5 to 2.5°C producing worldwide crop failures and death by starvation. (apreat.ovh)
  • There are multiple potential approaches, with stratospheric aerosol injection (SAI) being the most-studied method, followed by marine cloud brightening (MCB). (wikipedia.org)
  • It is estimated that the cooling impact from SAI would cease 1-3 years after the last aerosol injection, while the impact from marine cloud brightening would disappear in just 10 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • By comparing the aerosol levels, solar radiation and crop yields, they concluded that the deflection of sunlight had a negative effect on the yields of many staple crops, including rice, wheat and maize. (ieaghg.org)
  • While aerosols from greenhouse gases cooling the planet at high altitudes is understandably confusing, their terrible health impacts at low altitudes are obvious. (bylinetimes.com)
  • It is combination of black volcanic rock and yellow, probably Saharan sand. (wattsupwiththat.com)
  • Modern climate models attempting to deal with the attribution of recent climate change need to include sulphate forcing, which appears to account (at least partly) for the slight drop in global temperature in the middle of the 20th century. (academickids.com)
  • The cooling effect of aerosols means they have played an important role in climate change over the last 200 years, masking some of the warming caused by increases in greenhouse gases. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Unfortunately, large differences in emission scenarios aren't the only uncertainty associated with the role of aerosol in near-future climate change. (reading.ac.uk)
  • 2010. Massive volcanic SO(2) oxidation and sulphate aerosol deposition in Cenozoic North America. (paperpile.com)
  • Sulphates actually cool the planet at high altitudes by reflecting sunlight like a layer of dirty insulation. (bylinetimes.com)
  • One shortcoming to date has been that the types of instrument which can quantify aerosol loading over land robustly have only been flying since around the start of the 21st century. (databasefootball.com)
  • Let's dive deeper than this banality and shed light on a complex subject that potentially lies behind the increase in ocean temperatures and subsequent storms: the reduction of cooling aerosols found in greenhouse gases. (bylinetimes.com)
  • However, the climate impact of aerosols is much more interesting than a simple offsetting of the effects of greenhouse gases. (reading.ac.uk)
  • Human activities, such as the burning of fossil fuels and the alteration of natural surface cover, also generate aerosols. (academickids.com)
  • Using the real-time aerosol measurements, we investigate how the composition of Antarctic submicron aerosol changes as a function of meteorological parameters such as wind speed. (copernicus.org)
  • Dr Schurer said: "Including volcanic forcing in climate models can account for the cooling, and we estimate it increases the likelihood of the extremely cold temperatures by up to 100 times. (asiaresearchnews.com)
  • A daily forecast for Organic Matter Aerosol Optical Depth, which indicates the light extinction by organic particulate matter in wildfire smoke, can be found on the CAMS website . (copernicus.eu)
  • Also, the Czech app and contractor to CAMS, Windy.com, provides a visualisation of the latest CAMS total aerosol optical depth forecast and global active fires . (copernicus.eu)
  • To understand how aerosols have changed, it is desirable to have a much longer time series, particularly for developing countries which often saw large industrialization and growth during the late 20th century. (databasefootball.com)
  • Visible and infrared images are used to monitor the location of volcanic ash over large geographical areas. (metoffice.gov.uk)
  • We observe blowing snow and increasing aerosol concentration and changing composition, in particular halogens, as the wind increases beyond 8 m s −1 . (copernicus.org)
  • Increases in European aerosols through the 1970s were one of the main drivers of drought in the Sahel in the 1970s and 80s. (reading.ac.uk)
  • While I expect that some scenarios are more likely than others, this means that for near-future climate projections aerosol may not change very much in the early twenty-first century, or may be reduced so quickly that we see the emission increases that took place over the last 200 years reversed in just 20-30 years. (reading.ac.uk)
  • They are distinct from the plate-boundary volcanic system of the mid-ocean ridges, because seamounts tend to be circular or conical. (sleepyclasses.com)
  • U-Pb zircon dates from five volcanic ash beds from the Global Stratotype Section and Point for the Permian-Triassic boundary at Meishan, China, establish a high-resolution age model for the extinction - allowing exploration of the links between global environmental perturbation, carbon cycle disruption, mass extinction, and recovery at millennial timescales. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heavy rains that created destructive flows of volcanic debris (called Lahars ) continued to plague the surrounding population in the ensuing years, adding up to a total death toll estimated between 750 and 850. (bira.be)
  • High levels of aerosols near ground level cause poor air quality - particularly prominent in the news these days in megacities such as Beijing and New Delhi, but by no means restricted to them - which can cause health problems in humans (as well as other animals, and damage to plants). (databasefootball.com)
  • BIRA-IASB is involved in the monitoring of these aerosols, delivering high quality data to centralised databases like the Copernicus programme, to be integrated in climatological models, among other things. (bira.be)
  • Size distributions and emission factors of submicron aerosol were quantified using online techniques for a variety of common but under-sampled combustion sources in South Asia: wood and dung cooking fires, groundwater pumps, brick kilns, trash burning, and open burning of crop residues. (copernicus.org)