• Essentially, miRNAs specifically target certain messenger RNAs (mRNAs) to prevent them from coding for a specific protein. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is predicted that there are several hundred target mRNAs for each miRNA, and therefore likely many additional targets for the OncomiR-1 line There are a few online resources and databases for collecting and annotating the oncogenic and tumor-suppressive miRNAs: OncoMir Cancer Database Online database to access TCGA miRNA sequencing based expression data from over 10,000 tumor and normal tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • A total of 309 target genes were predicted in sugarcane, corresponding to 97 known miRNAs and 112 novel miRNAs, and 337 degradation sites, suggesting that miRNAs can efficiently direct cleavage at multiple sites in the predicted target mRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 1 , 2 Most miRNAs are predicted to regulate several hundred mRNAs, and many mRNAs are regulated by multiple miRNAs. (nature.com)
  • miRNAs regulate proteins expressions by arresting or degrading the mRNAs. (cancerindex.org)
  • miRNAs are transcribed as ~70 nucleotide stem-loop precursors and subsequently processed by the cytoplasmic RNase-III type enzyme Dicer to generate ~22 nucleotide mature products which can target and modulate gene expression by inhibiting translation and/or inducing degradation of target mRNAs [ 4 , 6 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The mature miRNA is incorporated into a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC), which recognizes target mRNAs through imperfect base pairing with the miRNA. (hindawi.com)
  • miRNAs act as adaptors that employ a silencing complex to target mRNAs by selective base pairing, primarily in the 3′-untranslated region (3′-UTR). (hindawi.com)
  • MiRNAs, short (18-24 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs, are derived from long transcripts pri-miRNAs and pre-miRNAs [ 26 - 30 ].By targeting 3' untranslated regions (3'UTRs) of cognate mRNAs, miRNAs post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression and induce translational repression [ 29 , 30 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • Metazoan miRNAs guide the miRISC to partially complementary sites in the 3' UTRs of target mRNAs to promote their translational repression or deadenylation and degradation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chemically modified antimiR oligonucleotides sequester the mature miRNA in competition with cellular target mRNAs leading to functional inhibition of the miRNA and derepression of the direct targets. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNAi is mediated by small (21- to 24-nucleotide [nt]) antisense RNAs that induce gene-specific silencing by virtue of complete or partial complementarity with their respective target mRNAs (2, 13, 72, 73, 75). (moam.info)
  • They include coding mRNAs and non-coding (nc) RNAs among them antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), micro-RNAs (miRNAs), small activating RNAs (saRNAs), RNA aptamers and RNA guides. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although RNA editing has long been considered a relatively rare processing event, more recent research suggests that the vast majority of pre-mRNAs are edited [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since miRNAs have potency in the management of diseases by regulating the expression level of target mRNAs in eukaryotic cells, targeting PMP22 with its specific miRNA might be a therapeutic option for controlling disease caused by PMP22 overexpression. (en-journal.org)
  • Results: Using the Target Scan Vert algorithm, we identified several integrin subunit-encoding mRNAs as potential targets of miR-103b. (eurekaselect.com)
  • These down-regulated genes may code for proteins that regulate the cell's life cycle. (wikipedia.org)
  • The work supports the idea that cancer-causing proteins like cyclin D1 may drive cancer progression in part via miRNA biogenesis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • CircRNAs exert their biological effects by 4 different mechanisms: serving as sponges of microRNAs (miRNAs), serving as sponges of RNA binding proteins (RBPs), modulating parental gene transcription, and encoding functional proteins. (techscience.com)
  • 1) Characterize novel families of oncoproteins (Pbx and Meis) that dimerize with and regulate the DNA binding properties of Hox proteins. (stanford.edu)
  • Our studies have demonstrated that several of the proteins encoded by cellular oncogenes function in fundamental aspects of gene regulation. (stanford.edu)
  • Recently, we have found that a number of microRNAs (miRNAs) and proteins are involved in the response to acupuncture therapy in hypertensive rats. (hindawi.com)
  • Our bioinformatics study suggests an association between these miRNAs and proteins, which include miR-339 and sirtuin 2 (Sirt2). (hindawi.com)
  • This study aimed to evaluate the expression levels of miR-34a and 11 of its bioinformatically selected target genes and proteins to test their potential dysregulation in RCC. (hindawi.com)
  • This silencing response leads to reduced levels of viral proteins, and in the case of cells infected with an RNA virus, viral sense or antisense genomes can also be targeted for degradation by siRNA. (moam.info)
  • Genes encoding proteins involved in cell growth, metabolism, ribosome biogenesis, protein synthesis and mitochondrial function have all be defined as potential MYC targets. (oncotarget.com)
  • Previously, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including micro-RNAs (miRNAs) and other long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), have been generally considered unable to encode proteins both in plants and animals [1-9]. (fortunepublish.com)
  • Although multiple RNA binding proteins and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to promote EMT progression in solid tumors [ 22 , 23 ], the roles and the underlying mechanisms of these post-transcriptional regulators have not been intensively investigated in mediating extramedullary metastasis of AML. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Mechanistically, PTTG3P upregulated the expression of miR-383 targets Cyclin D1 (CCND1) and poly ADP-ribose polymerase 2 (PARP2) by sponging miR-383, acting as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A series of studies indicate that lncRNAs serve as competing endogenous RNAs (ceRNA) by sponging miRNAs, and modulate the targets of miRNAs [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) is a large family of endogenous, small noncoding RNAs with 20-25 nucleotides that have emerged as key posttranscriptional regulators of gene expression in mammals, bacteria, and plants [ 1 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are an abundant class of small (approximately 22 nt) endogenous non-coding RNAs that direct post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A wide variety of species utilize their miRNAs to target and regulate endogenous pathways (Figure 1a ) [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There are known instances of viruses using their endogenous miRNAs to target their own genes to evade host immune system's surveillance and maintain latency (Figure 1c ) [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • a) Endogenous host miRNAs target specific host genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we describe how microRNA-regulated lentiviral vectors can be used to visualize specific cell populations by exploiting endogenous microRNA expression patterns. (lu.se)
  • MicroRNAs are short RNA molecules about 22 nucleotides in length. (wikipedia.org)
  • 3 These molecules play a crucial role in development, particularly in the brain, where they are believed to be particularly important for stabilizing gene-regulatory networks during the transition between developmental states. (nature.com)
  • 4 , 5 , 6 The idea, however, that miRNAs may play an important role in some human disease/disorders is gaining momentum, and as these molecules have the ability to silence many genes simultaneously, dysregulation of even a single miRNA can have a significant polygenic effect. (nature.com)
  • In the case of RNA molecules that bind target RNA segments, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), the altered base pairing can change binding specificities. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNA) are regulatory genes that target and repress other RNA molecules via sequence-specific binding. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNA) are ~22nt non-coding regulatory genes that target other RNA molecules via sequence-specific hybridization, which results either in translation inhibition (an imperfect target miRNA sequence match) or in cleavage and degradation of the targeted RNA (a perfect target miRNA sequence match) [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • miRNA genes are transcribed by RNA polymerase II into long primary miRNA transcripts, termed pri-miRNAs that are usually several kilobases long and possess a 5' CAP and a poly(A) tail. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ability of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to suppress silencing was examined in a transient expression system that employed an imperfect hairpin to target degradation of transcripts encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). (moam.info)
  • A-to-I RNA editing is a post-transcriptional modification that converts adenosines to inosines in both coding and noncoding RNA transcripts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Eukaryotic RNA transcripts can undergo a range of post-transcriptional modifications, which increase the diversity of the transcriptome without requiring increases in genome size. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The new class of plant small peptide regulators was recently shown to be encoded by primiRNA transcripts which can be transported to cytoplasm in unprocessed mRNA-like form. (fortunepublish.com)
  • Some oncomir genes are oncogenes, in that overexpression of the gene leads to cancerous growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • While miR-137 overexpression was not associated with an observable specific phenotype, downregulation by antisense morpholino and/or transgenic expression of miR-sponge RNA induced significant impairment of both embryonic and larval touch-sensitivity without compromising overall anatomical development. (nature.com)
  • Overexpression of Rtl1 in the livers of adult mice using a hydrodynamic gene delivery technique resulted in highly penetrant (86%) tumor formation. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Overexpression of miR-488 and miR-920 could significantly inhibit the gene and protein expression of IL-8 and TNF-α in MSU-induced THP-1 cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Charcot-Marie Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A), the major type of CMT, is caused by duplication of peripheral myelin protein 22 ( PMP22 ) gene whose overexpression causes structural and functional abnormalities in myelination. (en-journal.org)
  • miRNAs are approximately 22-nucleotide non-coding RNAs that participate in post transcriptional gene expression regulation through mRNA degradation, translational inhibition or chromatin-based silencing mechanisms. (sarcomahelp.org)
  • TaqMan qRT-PCR detection and enzyme activity determination showed that S. scitamineum rapidly proliferated and incurred significant enzyme activity changes in the reactive oxygen species metabolic pathway and phenylpropanoid metabolic pathway at 2 d and 5 d after inoculation, which was the best time points to study target gene degradation during sugarcane and S. scitamineum interaction. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upon binding, this complex translocates to the cytoplasm, where it interacts with TGF-beta receptor type-1 (TGFBR1), leading to the degradation of both the encoded protein and TGFBR1. (cancerindex.org)
  • Generally, both miRNAs and siRNAs with perfect base-pairing to mRNA target that mRNA for degradation, whereas imperfect base-pairing to mRNA targets predominantly leads to translational repression (10, 75). (moam.info)
  • These include functions that promote viral gene transcription, inhibition of host mRNA processing, increased degradation of mRNA, and a shutoff of host protein synthesis (29, 52, 58). (moam.info)
  • Viruses have also been found to have miRNA that mimic parts of natural regulatory human miRNA's. (wikipedia.org)
  • Gene Ontology (GO) annotation and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis indicated that the predicted target genes were involved in various regulatory processes, such as signal transduction mechanisms, inorganic ion transport and metabolism, defense mechanisms, translation, posttranslational modifications, energy production and conversion, and glycerolipid metabolism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • qRT-PCR analysis of the expression level of 13 predicted target genes and their corresponding miRNAs revealed that there was no obvious negative regulatory relationship between miRNAs and their target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Additionally, the two crops had different root regulatory mechanisms of microRNAs (miRNAs) to N deficiency. (frontiersin.org)
  • Few regulatory studies are available to assist in the regulatory categorization of RNA-based medicinal products. (frontiersin.org)
  • ADARs have been shown to contribute to disease pathologies by editing of glutamate receptors, editing of serotonin receptors, mutations in ADAR genes, and by other mechanisms, including recently identified regulatory roles in microRNA processing. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The miRNAs that polarize macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory M1 phenotype ( Table 1 , Figure 1 ) are important in balancing the anti-inflammatory/regulatory M2 macrophages which promote Th2 immune responses. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Based on the findings, the inhibition of miR-543 was found to play a tumor suppressive role in PA through the down-regulation of Wnt/β-catenin pathway by negatively regulating Smad7. (cancerindex.org)
  • This may include oncomir (oncogenic miRNA) inhibition, or tumor suppressor-miRNA replacement therapies [ 6 , 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • In this review, we focus on the use of antisense oligonucleotides (antimiRs) in miRNA inhibition for loss-of-function studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, we describe the most commonly used in vivo delivery strategies and discuss different approaches for assessment of miRNA inhibition and potential off-target effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Finally, we summarize recent progress in antimiR mediated pharmacological inhibition of disease-associated miRNAs, which shows great promise in the development of novel miRNA-based therapeutics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • What may perhaps the long term of SP hold Despite the apparent successes of SP, and its repeated use in the two in vitro and in vivo techniques, some scepticism surrounds its continued use, particularly when its specificity for JNK inhibition is a lot more closely evaluated. (mi-rna.com)
  • AntagomiRNA-mediated inhibition of miRNA-9 increased both PP2A activity and GR nuclear translocation in macrophages, and restored steroid sensitivity in isolated macrophages and in several mouse models of steroid-resistant AHR [ 2 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Modulating miR-320d function by transfection of miR-320 mimics or inhibitor led to inhibition or promotion of GCA cell proliferation and invasion, thus regulating tumor progression in GCA-tumor bearing mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • there is increasing data to suggest that miRNAs may act as either tumor suppressors or oncogenes. (sarcomahelp.org)
  • The OncomiR-1 cluster of miRNA's is one of the best characterized set of mammalian miRNA oncogenes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dysregulation of miRNA could possibly be an important contributing factor to LPS sarcomagenesis, especially to the process of dedifferentiation. (sarcomahelp.org)
  • The dysregulation of certain microRNAs (oncomirs) has been associated with specific cancer forming (oncogenic) events. (wikipedia.org)
  • miRCancer: microRNA Cancer Association Database HMDD: Human microRNA Disease Database PhenomiR: a knowledgebase for microRNA expression in diseases and biological processes Oncomir A collection of microRNA expression databases MicroRNA-17, or miR-17, is a member of the OncomiR-1 family and one of the first miRNA to be identified as an oncogene. (wikipedia.org)
  • 8 The results demonstrated that miRNA expression signatures were clearly distinct among the tumor types studied, suggesting their possible role in sarcomagenesis, and their potential as diagnostic markers or even therapeutic targets. (sarcomahelp.org)
  • Since Sirt2 plays a critical role in multiple important cellular functions, our data imply that acupuncture may act through epigenetic changes and subsequent action on their targets, such as miRNA-339/Sirt2/NF- B/FOXO1 axis. (hindawi.com)
  • However, the targets of acupuncture-regulated miRNAs are not fully identified and validated and it is unknown whether this is involved in acupuncture's effects. (hindawi.com)
  • Recent studies reported microRNAs as promising biomarkers for early cancer detection, accurate prognosis, and molecular targets for future treatment. (hindawi.com)
  • Indeed, disease-associated miRNAs represent a new class of targets for the development of miRNA-based therapeutic modalities, which may yield patient benefits unobtainable by other therapeutic approaches. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study demonstrates the roles of miR-488 and miR-920 in regulating the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the pathogenesis of GA. These findings suggest that miR-488 and miR-920 could serve as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of GA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • TIME-related RNA or RNA regulators could be promising targets for anticancer immunotherapy. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, it is not clear whether there are general patterns underlying cellular targets of viral miRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study suggested that the number of viral miRNA targets in the host may be much greater than previously assumed and are specific to host pathways. (biomedcentral.com)
  • miRNAs, via their targets, influence pro-inflammatory M1-macrophage polarization. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • The EBV genome encodes more than 40 mature miRNAs identified to date. (tufts.edu)
  • The neurodevelopmentally regulated microRNA miR-137 was strongly implicated as risk locus for schizophrenia in the most recent genome wide association study coordinated by the Psychiatric Genome Consortium (PGC). (nature.com)
  • In prior work, they showed that cyclin D1 regulates the non coding genome, and that the non-coding genome, in turn, regulates expression of cyclin D1. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Furthermore, the group showed that many cancer patients encode a form of cyclin D1 that evades negative feedback from the non coding genome. (sciencedaily.com)
  • share genome-wide CRISPR screens for factors that alter the levels of two dual-genome-encoded Complex IV subunits, COX1 and COX4. (nature.com)
  • Until now, more than 1000 miRNAs are reported in encoding in the human genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In participating UK research institutions, investigators can publish open access in Genome Research, Genes & Development, RNA, and Learning & Memory without article publication charges and all staff can read the entire renowned Cold Spring Harbor journal collection. (cshlpress.com)
  • MiRNAs are reported to involved in multiple cellular processes [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, post-transcriptional gene expression regulation by cellular and/or EBV-derived microRNAs has attracted considerable attention. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Furthermore, we discuss recent findings on EBV associated gastric carcinogenesis by focusing on the roles of latent genes, epigenetic abnormalities, genomic alterations, and post-transcriptional regulation by cellular and viral microRNAs (miRNAs). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as important post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression in many developmental and cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More importantly, these target genes were enriched for cellular processes that facilitated the viral infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cellular miR-103 downregulates certain genes in other cell types and promotes apoptosis. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Oncomirs cause cancer by down-regulating genes by both translational repression and mRNA destabilization mechanisms. (wikipedia.org)
  • Based on miRBase version 21 released in June 2014 ( http://www.mirbase.org/ ), there are 1,881 miRNA precursors and 2,588 mature miRNAs in humans. (hindawi.com)
  • Several biological processes are regulated across many organisms by evolutionarily conserved miRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNA-543 promotes cell invasion and impedes apoptosis in pituitary adenoma via activating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway by negative regulation of Smad7. (cancerindex.org)
  • Gain and loss of function studies have indicated that miRNAs play a critical role in the regulation of all key biological functions such as development, cell proliferation, cell differentiation, and apoptosis [ 3 , 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • An aberrant miRNA expression could contribute to cancer development and progression [ 6 , 7 ] and could affect their target genes that are involved in many biological processes, such as cell differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism, and development [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • These abnormalities result in significant alterations in gene expression related to cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and immune signaling pathways. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In ex vivo storage, platelets undergo apoptosis and it is highly desirable to prevent this process to preserve platelet quality. (eurekaselect.com)
  • However, whether miR-103b can target and downregulate ITGB3 in stored platelets and such miRNA regulation promotes apoptosis is not known. (eurekaselect.com)
  • The term is a portmanteau, derived from "oncogenic" + "miRNA", coined by Scott M. Hammond in a 2006 paper characterizing OncomiR-1. (wikipedia.org)
  • OncomiRDB: a database for the experimentally verified oncogenic and tumor-suppressive microRNAs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Previous studies have shown that some EBV latent genes have oncogenic properties. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Based on the consistent expression patterns associated with patient survival outcomes and in tumors vs. normal lung tissues, 10 miRNAs were considered to be putatively tumor suppressive and 4 miRNAs were deemed as oncogenic in lung cancer. (cdc.gov)
  • miRNA deregulation has been identified in a variety of epithelial origin cancers, where changes in specific miRNAs expression possibly contribute to tumor growth, progression, metastasis, and chemoresistance. (sarcomahelp.org)
  • PKM2 knockdown inhibited cell migration and invasion, reduced SOD2 (manganese superoxide dismutase) activity and the intracellular H 2 O 2 level, and inhibited tumour growth and lung metastasis in vivo . (oncotarget.com)
  • In recent years, emerging studies have highlighted the critical role of these pathways and their regulation by microRNAs (miRNAs) in cancer invasion and metastasis. (intechopen.com)
  • Other oncomir genes are tumor suppressors in a normal cell, so that underexpression of the gene leads to cancerous growth. (wikipedia.org)
  • The RNA silencing response to viral infection is so robust that all major groups of plant viruses examined to date, including those with DNA genomes, have been shown to encode one or more RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) which act as pathogenicity determinants (4, 34). (moam.info)
  • Among the 4 mechanisms, sponging miRNAs is predominant. (techscience.com)
  • In conclusion, N deficiency significantly affected the morpho-physiological characteristics of roots that were regulated by miRNAs, but the miRNA-mediated mechanisms were different in wheat and cotton. (frontiersin.org)
  • However, the molecular mechanisms of miRNAs in GA are still unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, HSV-1 encodes functions that interfere with host defense mechanisms, including innate and adaptive immune responses (47). (moam.info)
  • The previous studies have revealed that abnormal RNA-binding protein Musashi-2 (MSI2) expression is associated with cancer progression through post-transcriptional mechanisms, however mechanistic details of this regulation in acute myeloid leukemia (AML) still remain unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs that can post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. (tufts.edu)
  • Small non-coding RNAs in particular have emerged as potential candidates as they can exert a broad influence on functional networks and have been found to be dysregulated in SCZ postmortem brains. (nature.com)
  • For the current study, we performed transcriptome and small RNA sequencing to profile gene expression in SB-induced HCCs in an attempt to clarify the genetic element(s) contributing to tumorigenesis. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • This class of noncoding RNAs is small, single stranded, and 19-25 nucleotide long that act as negative regulators involved in posttranscriptional silencing of the gene expression [ 5 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • EBVaGC is defined by monoclonal proliferation of carcinoma cells with latent EBV infection, as demonstrated by EBV-encoded small RNA (EBER) in situ hybridization. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Subsequent development of in situ hybridization (ISH) techniques to detect EBV-encoded small RNAs (EBERs) facilitated the detection of EBV in cancer tissues ( 4 , 5 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • The importance of RNA silencing to HSV-1 replication was confirmed by a significantly enhanced virus burst size in cells in which silencing was knocked down with small inhibitory RNAs directed to Argonaute 2, an integral component of the silencing complex. (moam.info)
  • The best characterized of these small RNAs are small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs). (moam.info)
  • There are currently several products containing RNA on the market, and many are under development, among them mRNA, antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs), small interfering RNAs (siRNAs), small activating RNAs (saRNAs), micro-RNAs (mi-RNAs), RNA aptamers and RNA guides. (frontiersin.org)
  • A universal method for the rapid isolation of all known classes of functional silencing small RNAs. (oeaw.ac.at)
  • For example, a small peptide that is encoded by lncRNA HOXB-AS3 inhibits oncogenesis by regulating alternative splicing and metabolic reprogramming of colon cancer cells [5-7, 17]. (fortunepublish.com)
  • Bioinformatics algorithms including miRCODE ( http://www.mircode.org/ ) suggest that miRNAs can interact with lncRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Functional roles of MSI2 and miR-143 on AML cell proliferation and migration were determined by CCK-8 assay, colony formation, and transwell assays in vitro and in mouse subcutaneous xenograft and orthotopic transplantation models in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is catalyzed by ADAR (adenosine deaminase acting on RNA) enzymes, which exist throughout the body but are most prevalent in the central nervous system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A-to-I editing, which is catalyzed by enzymes of the adenosine deaminase acting on RNA (ADAR) family, is most prevalent in the central nervous system (CNS) but occurs in many tissues [ 1 - 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • miRNAs are either expressed from independent transcriptional units or derive from introns of protein-coding genes or exons or introns of long ncRNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA editing refers to post-transcriptional processes that alter the nucleotide sequence of an RNA transcript by insertion, deletion or nucleotide conversion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Transcriptional silencing of transposons by Piwi and maelstrom and its impact on chromatin state and gene expression. (oeaw.ac.at)
  • Although inherently unstable, growth factor signaling leads to increased MYC levels and its association with MAX forming a transcriptional heterodimer complex that binds to conserved E-box elements (consensus CACGTG) in the promoters of target genes leading to gene activation [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • In addition, a number of putative resistance-related target genes regulated by miRNA-mediated cleavage were accumulated in sugarcane during S. scitamineum infection, suggesting that feedback regulation of miRNAs may be involved in the response of sugarcane to S. scitamineum infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These findings indicate miR-34a along with its putative target genes could play a role in RCC tumorigenesis and progression. (hindawi.com)
  • Given that viral miRNAs continue to be discovered as technologies evolve, we extended the investigation to 6809 putative miRNAs encoded by 23 human viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First, with a profiling study, I identified a unique pattern of viral miRNA expression by normal persistently infected primary B cells in vivo and a subset of miRNAs that might be associated with cell growth and are deregulated in tumors. (tufts.edu)
  • Here we show that for several of the 135 known viral miRNAs in human viruses, the human genes targeted by the viral miRNA are enriched for specific host pathways whose targeting is likely beneficial to the virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The only earlier investigation relating to this matter was performed by our research group, which involved the identification of differentially expressed miRNAs in sugarcane challenged with S. scitamineum by using high-throughput sequencing [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the current study, the group sought to investigate the mechanism by which cyclin D1 regulates the biogenesis of non coding miRNA. (sciencedaily.com)
  • The MYC proto-oncogene serves as a rheostat coupling mitogenic signaling with the activation of genes regulating growth, metabolism and mitochondrial biogenesis. (oncotarget.com)
  • The proto-oncogene c- MYC (referred to as MYC ) represents a master regulator via integration of external mitogenic signaling with the activation of genes required for cell cycle progression [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • What pathways are this gene/protein implicaed in? (cancerindex.org)
  • Our research focuses on developmental pathways that regulate hematopoietic cell growth and differentiation and are disrupted in the course of neoplastic transformation, particularly in leukemias and lymphomas. (stanford.edu)
  • Viruses also encode miRNAs and there is evidence to suggest that virus-encoded miRNAs target specific host genes and pathways that may be beneficial for their infectivity and/or proliferation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our analysis further suggests that human viruses have evolved their miRNA repertoire to target specific human pathways, such as cell growth, axon guidance, and cell differentiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Interestingly, many of the same pathways are also targeted in mice by miRNAs encoded by murine viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Furthermore, Human Cytomegalovirus (CMV) miRNAs that target specific human pathways exhibit increased conservation across CMV strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Overall, our results suggest that viruses may have evolved their miRNA repertoire to target specific host pathways as a means for their survival. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) integrated with PCR array data showed that the JAK1/STAT3 pathway was significantly altered in cells overexpressing DEFB1, suggesting this to be one of the pathways by which defensin regulates IAV replication in HBEpCs. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result, ADAR-mediated editing can post-transcriptionally alter codons, introduce or remove splice sites, or affect the base pairing of the RNA molecule with itself or with other RNAs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MicroRNAs (miRNAs or miRs) play an active role in the regulation of gene expression by modifying mRNA stability and translation, usually through specific albeit partial complementary binding to the 3′ untranslated region. (nature.com)
  • Recently, much attention has focused on the impact of microRNAs (miRNAs) on tumorigenesis and cancer progression. (sarcomahelp.org)
  • Because the cyclin D1 gene has been implicated in a variety of other human cancers these findings may have broad implications for processing of non coding RNA in human tumorigenesis. (sciencedaily.com)
  • By linking the decrease in miRNA levels to Dicer, we show that a global decrease in miRNA processing may be important in the initiation and progression of certain cancers," says first author, Zuoren Yu, Ph.D., who holds a joint appointment at Jefferson's Kimmel Cancer Center and Tongji University School of Medicine in Shanghai, China. (sciencedaily.com)
  • Emerging evidence indicates that Long non-coding RNAs (LncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in tumor progression, including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recent evidences demonstrate that dysregulated expression of microRNA-320d (miR-320d) has been associated with several cancer development and progression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Lastly, by focusing on miRNA target identification, I demonstrated that a miRNA BART18-5p facilitates the maintenance of latency in B cells by inhibiting viral replication by suppressing MAP3K2. (tufts.edu)
  • c) Virus encoded miRNAs target viral genes to mediate immune evasion or maintenance of latency. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Luciferase reporter assay and RNA pull-down assay were carried out to detect the interaction between miR-383 and LncRNA PTTG3P. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In human SH-SY5Y cells, the luciferase assay implied that Sirt2 was likely a target of miRNA-339. (hindawi.com)
  • A luciferase reporter assay was conducted to confirm the interaction of miRNA and IL-1β 3′-untranslated regions (UTRs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Effects of miR-143 on regulating MSI2 expression were investigated using luciferase reporter assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • HBEpCs overexpressing DEFB1 caused a significant reduction in IAV, that was confirmed by IAV matrix gene analysis, plaque assay, and confocal microscopy. (cdc.gov)
  • A-to-I editing is a mechanism that regulates and diversifies the transcriptome, but the full biological significance of ADARs is not understood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Take control of microRNA expression for powerful functional screening of hundreds or thousands of microRNAs. (horizondiscovery.com)
  • Since then, many studies have been conducted to identify potential candidates among lncRNAs that can encode functional peptides (in a number of papers they are called microproteins, or sPEPs) [4, 5, 12]. (fortunepublish.com)
  • Researchers now consider the peptides encoded by lncRNAs as a new functional type because of their role in many biological processes [2-9, 12]. (fortunepublish.com)
  • However, to date, there is no report on the identification of microRNA (miRNA) target genes of sugarcane in response to smut pathogen infection by degradome technology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This study elucidates the underlying response of sugarcane to S. scitamineum infection, and also provides a resource for miRNAs and their predicted target genes for smut resistance improvement in sugarcane. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The understanding of how miRNAs regulate the expression of their target genes in response to S. scitamineum infection is limited. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A novel construct for inducible expression of a mature microRNA, shMIMIC Inducible Lentiviral microRNA pooled libraries are available to target every human and mouse microRNA within in the miRBase database ( www.mirbase.org ). (horizondiscovery.com)
  • Smad7 was confirmed as a target gene of miR-543. (cancerindex.org)
  • This mechanism also applies to hematopoietic cells transformed by other HOX genes, including CDX2, which is highly expressed in a majority of acute myeloid leukemias, thus providing a molecular approach based on GSK-3 inhibitory strategies to target HOX-associated transcription in a broad spectrum of leukemias. (stanford.edu)
  • PKM2, a miR-138 target gene, enhances the metastatic potential of TSCC through the SOD2-H 2 O 2 pathway. (oncotarget.com)
  • qPCR and Western blot were used to analyze LncRNA PTTG3P, miR-383 and other target genes' expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Combining bioinformatics and miRNA expression profiles, we found five miRNAs (hsa-miR-30c-1-3p, hsa-miR-488-3p, hsa-miR-550a-3p, hsa-miR-663a, and hsa-miR-920) that possibly target IL-1β. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Though the means by which they are formed differ, both are incorporated into ribonucleoprotein complexes termed RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) and unwound, and the guide strand (complementary to an mRNA target) is selected to form the active or holo-RISC complex. (moam.info)
  • Possible interactions between miRNA and target genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • b) Host miRNAs target viral genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However the effect of miR-320d on gastric cardiac adenocarcinoma (GCA) and the association of miR-320d with its potential gene target FoxM1 remain unclear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In conclusion, the reduction in IAV copy number in DEFB1 overexpressing cells suggests that beta-defensin-1 plays a key role in regulating IAV survival through STAT3 and is a potential target for antiviral drug development. (cdc.gov)
  • Experimentally confirmed target genes were identified for the 73 diagnostic miRNAs, from which proliferation genes were selected from CRISPR-Cas9/RNA interference (RNAi) screening assays. (cdc.gov)
  • When a microRNA is present in the cell, it binds to the target sites and downregulates GFP expression, while in cells that do not express the microRNA GFP, it is expressed. (lu.se)
  • The double-stranded (ds)RNA-binding domains, shown in purple, determine substrate specificity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • IL-17A is associated with severe asthma and requires IL-23R signaling, which is negatively regulated by let-7f miRNA in CD4+ lymphocytes [ 14 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Let-7f was negatively regulated by estrogen receptor signaling in the MCF-7 breast cancer cell line [ 15 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • As to reveal the relationship between FoxM1 and miR-320d, we evaluated the FoxM1 expression either after inhibiting or enhancing of miR-320d function both in vitro and in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DEFB1 expression after transfection with two micro RNAs (miRNAs), hsa-miR-186-5p and hsa-miR-340-5p, provided evidence that DEFB1 expression could be modulated by these miRNAs and hsa-miR-186-5p had a higher binding efficiency with DEFB1. (cdc.gov)
  • Upregulation of miR-488 and miR-920 could suppress MSU-induced IL-1β protein expression in THP-1 cells, but no significant difference in IL-1β messenger RNA levels was observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The miRNA and messenger RNA interactions were confirmed using different biochemical approaches such as qRT-PCR, western blotting and, suppression of luciferase reporter gene expression by ectopic expression of miR-103b in HeLa cells. (eurekaselect.com)
  • Let-7f miRNAs belong to a highly conserved let-7 (lethal-7) microRNA family consisting of 12 genes encoding for nine different miRNAs (let-7a to let-7i). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • microRNA (miRNA) expression level alterations between endometrial tissue and endometriotic lesions indicate their involvement in endometriosis pathogenesis. (mdpi.com)
  • Moreover, there is now ample evidence that perturbations in the levels of individual or entire families of miRNAs are strongly associated with the pathogenesis of a wide range of human diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More importantly, we summarize the potential of various RNA-based therapeutics clinically available for cancer treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RNA-dependent targeting of the TIME, as monotherapy or combined with other evolving therapeutics, might be beneficial for cancer patients' treatment in the near future. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To date, 1527 human miRNAs have been identified (Sanger miRBase 18 http://www.miRbase.org/index.shtml), forming less than 1% of all human genes, potentially regulating more than 10% of all protein coding genes [ 1 ]. (intechopen.com)
  • This thesis work aimed to elucidate the roles of EBV miRNAs in establishing latency and tumor development from three scientific perspectives. (tufts.edu)
  • Recent studies have revealed that a group of miRNAs are involved in the neural mechanism of acupuncture treatment in hypertensive rats [ 30 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The discovery of miRNAs has revolutionized our comprehension of the regulation of gene expression. (hindawi.com)
  • Despite the well-known fact that primiRNAs are acting as non-protein-coding RNAs, the published data suggest that, in the plant genomes, some pri-miRNAs can also be found in polysomes, and the expression of these miRNA precursors may results in formation of micropeptides which may be involved in regulation of gene expression. (fortunepublish.com)
  • DNA methylation and histone modifications play a central role in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression and cell differentiation. (cipsm.de)