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Peptide Chain Termination, TranslationalPeptide Termination FactorsCodon, TerminatorProtein BiosynthesisCodon, NonsenseRNA, MessengerBase SequenceRibosomesMolecular Sequence DataAmino Acid SequenceCodonSaccharomyces cerevisiaeNonsense Mediated mRNA DecayPoly(A)-Binding ProteinsSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsTerminator Regions, GeneticRNA StabilityTranscription, GeneticEuplotesCell-Free SystemMutationRNA HelicasesCloning, MolecularCodon, InitiatorPolyribosomesPrionsRNA, Transfer, Amino AcylPoly(A)-Binding Protein IOpen Reading FramesEscherichia coliSuppression, GeneticRNA-Binding ProteinsRNA, TransferRNA, FungalRNA, ViralReticulocytesNucleic Acid Conformation3' Untranslated RegionsPlasmidsRNA5' Untranslated RegionsPoly AParomomycinFungal ProteinsGuanosine TriphosphateSequence Homology, Amino AcidCiliophoraGenesCell LineProtein BindingDNAViral ProteinsRNA CapsRibosomal ProteinsHeLa CellsRNA, BacterialPeptide Initiation FactorsTranscription Termination, GeneticEukaryotic CellsFrameshifting, RibosomalExonsRibonucleoproteinsMolecular WeightRestriction MappingGenes, FungalRNA SplicingFrameshift MutationGene Expression RegulationBinding SitesPeptide BiosynthesisTranslationsBlotting, NorthernEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4GtRNA MethyltransferasesKineticsProtein Structure, TertiaryRho FactorDNA PrimersGuanosine DiphosphateEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4ERabbitsGenes, ViralSequence DeletionIntronsPeptide Elongation FactorsNucleic Acid HybridizationEndoribonucleasesGenetic Complementation TestGene Expression Regulation, FungalSelenocysteineGTP PhosphohydrolasesMutagenesis, Site-DirectedEukaryotic Initiation Factor-4FModels, GeneticModels, BiologicalRecombinant Fusion ProteinsGenes, ReporterRNA, Ribosomal, 23STriticumModels, Molecular
ElongationRibosomeRibosomesMRNAVivoCodonProteinProkaryotic and eukaryoticCanonicalPolyA signalPost-terminationTranscriptionInducesTranscriptionalMutationsERF1MRNAsEukaryotic translation initiationInhibitionAbstractPregnancyRibosomalReactionsEfficiencyCellsStructuralClinicalProteinsNaturalComplexModelSystemExpression
Elongation4
  • Termination of protein synthesis occurs when the ribosome elongation machinery encounters an in-frame termination (stop) codon, either UAG, UGA or UAA, in the mRNA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • the process of initiation elongation and termination that occur in the production of a protein are all associated with? (easynotecards.com)
  • The process of Translation is divided into four steps - Initiation, Elongation, Termination and Recycling in prokaryotes. (upes.ac.in)
  • They showed that post-transcriptional modifications of rRNA i.e. the methylations of G966 and C967 near the vicinity of initiator tRNA binding site and the conserved residues of tail of S9 protein (SKR) of the ribosome are involved in fidelity of translation at the step of initiation as well as elongation. (upes.ac.in)
Ribosome5
  • Plasmids used for protein expression, called expression vectors, would include elements for translation of protein, such as a ribosome binding site, start and stop codons. (wikipedia.org)
  • Termination of protein synthesis occurs when a translating ribosome encounters one of three universally conserved stop codons: UAA, UAG or UGA. (nature.com)
  • Franckenberg, S., Becker, T. & Beckmann, R. Structural view on recycling of archaeal and eukaryotic ribosomes after canonical termination and ribosome rescue. (nature.com)
  • According to the canonical model of eukaryotic translation, the ribosome dissociates from the mRNA for good as soon as it has terminated translation at a stop codon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, eIF3 may help with dissociating post-termination ribosomes into their large and small subunits and thereby facilitate ribosome recycling [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Ribosomes5
  • According to the current model, scanning ribosomes translate the 5′-most uORF (uORF1) and, under non-starvation conditions, reinitiate translation at downstream uORFs 2, 3, or 4 and subsequently dissociate from the mRNA, keeping GCN4 translation repressed. (nih.gov)
  • The essential ATP-binding cassette protein ABCE1 splits 80S ribosomes into 60S and 40S subunits after canonical termination or quality-control-based mRNA surveillance processes. (nature.com)
  • Each mRNA transcript can serve as template for repeated translation into protein by ribosomes. (berkeley.edu)
  • it is evident that translation occurs at ribosomes because they contain binding sites for? (easynotecards.com)
  • Two different in vitro systems, poly(U) and natural mRNA programmed ribosomes, have been used in order to determine dissociation (drop-off) rates of deacylated. (sharingpaper.com)
MRNA9
  • Early accomplishments of the SNCGE in this area include discovering the novel regulatory mechanism that induces translation of GCN4 mRNA via small upstream ORFs (uORFs) in the mRNA leader by phosphorylation and inhibition of eIF2 by the kinase Gcn2, now understood to regulate expression of key transcription factors (Atf4 and Atf5) in mammals and implicated in learning and memory. (nih.gov)
  • Here, we review the structural elements required for designing mRNA vaccine constructs for effective in vitro synthetic transcription reactions. (mdpi.com)
  • The unprecedently speedy development of mRNA vaccines against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was enabled with previous innovations in nucleoside modifications during in vitro transcription and lipid nanoparticle delivery materials of mRNA. (mdpi.com)
  • The 3' regulatory regions have a great diversity of cis -regulatory elements directly involved in polyadenylation, stability, transport and mRNA translation, essential to achieve the desired levels of gene expression. (frontiersin.org)
  • Shoemaker, C.J. & Green, R. Translation drives mRNA quality control. (nature.com)
  • The h subunit of eukaryotic initiation factor 3 (eIF3) boosts translation reinitiation on the uORF-containing mRNA coding for the Arabidopsis bZip transcription factor, AtbZip11, among others. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After mRNA processing, most transcripts are exported to the cytoplasm for translation into protein. (berkeley.edu)
  • 3. Translation is a basic process of the cell wherein the genetic code/message in form of codons of mRNA is decoded into proteins - the functional entity of the cell. (upes.ac.in)
  • Common for these viruses is that their genomes resemble mRNA and act directly as a template for translation upon infection. (fortunejournals.com)
Vivo7
  • Hence, GCN4 translation is an in vivo indicator of impaired TC loading on 40S subunits. (nih.gov)
  • The AAV non-coding RNA expression vector is a highly efficient vehicle for in vitro and in vivo delivery of non-coding RNAs of interest. (vectorbuilder.kr)
  • However, as mtDNA transcription was mostly studied in vitro, little remains known about the mode and tempo of in vivo OXPHOS genes' transcription residing on the mtDNA. (biorxiv.org)
  • Finally, mtDNA transcription termination sites have been either mapped in-vitro, or were associated with MTERF binding sites ( Christianson and Clayton 1986 ), thus, again, limiting the capability to in-vivo map transcription terminations sites in diverse organisms. (biorxiv.org)
  • Previous in vitro work has demonstrated that genotype-dependent inhibition of CYP2C9 mediated flurbiprofen metabolism, suggesting the possibility of genotype-dependent inhibition interactions in vivo. (aspetjournals.org)
  • Transient suppression or CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion of mmp21 in zebrafish embryos induced cardiac looping defects, with concomitant disruption of laterality markers in the lateral plate mesoderm and disrupted notch signalling in vitro and in vivo. (bmj.com)
  • The pattern of translation regulation of the viral proteins appeared similar to in vivo infection. (fortunejournals.com)
Codon7
  • In vitro aminoglycoside antibiotics (e.g. gentamicin) suppress nonsense mutations located in CFTR permitting translation to continue to the natural termination codon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Classically, the 3â untranslated region (3â UTR) is that region in eukaryotic protein-coding genes from the translation termination codon to the polyA signal. (omicsonline.org)
  • It has long been known that mRNAs carrying a premature termination codon are highly unstable[ 18 - 24 ]. (berkeley.edu)
  • Upon arrival at the termination codon, release factors interact with any undisplaced exon-junction complexes[ 34 ]. (berkeley.edu)
  • In vertebrates, the location of the last exon-junction complex relative to the termination codon usually determines whether the transcript will be subjected to NMD or not. (berkeley.edu)
  • If the termination codon is downstream of or within about 50 nucleotides of the final exon-junction complex then the transcript is translated normally. (berkeley.edu)
  • However, if the termination codon is further than about 50 nucleotides upstream of any exon-junction complexes, then the transcript is down regulated by NMD. (berkeley.edu)
Protein5
  • Clinical status, NPD and sweat Cl - values did not change in the Y122X patients with no protein expression, in patients with the other stop mutations investigated in vitro and those without stop mutations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The availability of multiple PAS in the same 3' regulatory region enables the inclusion or exclusion of 3' untranslated region (3'UTR) sequences, resulting in transcripts that may differ in particularities involving post-transcriptional processes such as stability, transport and translation ( Mayr, 2016 ), and even protein localization ( Berkovits and Mayr, 2015 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The RPL24B protein of the large ribosomal subunit, which is encoded by SHORT VALVE1 , likewise fosters translation of uORF-containing mRNAs, for example mRNAs for auxin response transcription factors (ARFs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Aside from eIF3h, another plant-encoded protein that fosters translation of uORF-containing mRNAs is the large ribosomal protein, RPL24B. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Termination of protein synthesis in eukaryotes involves at least two polypeptide release factors (eRFs) - eRF1 and eRF3. (biomedcentral.com)
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic1
Canonical1
PolyA signal1
  • For RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription, the start site is typically in the 3' region of the promoter while the termination site is within the polyA signal sequence. (vectorbuilder.kr)
Post-termination1
  • Jackson, R. J., Hellen, C. U. T. & Pestova, T. V. Termination and post-termination events in eukaryotic translation. (nature.com)
Transcription3
  • 2014 Within our extract system no constant transcription or translation confounds our outcomes. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
  • Analysis of non-human organisms enabled de novo mtDNA sequence assembly, as well as detection of previously unknown mtDNA TIS, pausing, and transcription termination sites with unprecedented accuracy. (biorxiv.org)
  • The stem cell field witnessed a genuine breakthrough when a combination of solely four transcription factors ( Oct3 / 4 , Sox2 , Klf4 and c-Myc, OSKM ) proved enough to revert, in vitro, the differentiated status of a variety of cell types back to pluripotency, giving rise to so-called induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells. (springer.com)
Induces1
  • We could previously show that lentiviral overexpression of D1R in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) of male adult rats and its termination induces bipolar disorder-like behavior. (springeropen.com)
Transcriptional1
  • In the existing model transcriptional termination Hs.76067 is definitely mediated simply by the E3 ubiquitin ligase complex SCFFbxw7 which helps bring about ubiquitin-mediated destruction of NICD in a INFESTATION domain-dependent method (Moretti and Brou 2013 Herein all of us identify a hNICD1-specific degron within the N-terminal region specific from its C-terminal PEST area. (healthyconnectionsinc.com)
Mutations3
  • Suppression of stop mutations in the CFTR gene with parenteral gentamicin can be predicted in vitro and is associated with clinical benefit and significant modification of the CFTR-mediated Cl - transport in nasal and sweat gland epithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We then focused on the mutations with the best in vitro response. (biomedcentral.com)
  • All mutations are situated in a weak termination context. (biomedcentral.com)
ERF12
  • Cryo-EM structure of the mammalian eukaryotic release factor eRF1-eRF3-associated termination complex. (nature.com)
  • The highly conserved translation termination factor eRF1 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is encoded by the essential gene SUP45 . (biomedcentral.com)
MRNAs1
  • Coordination between eIF3 and the large ribosomal subunit helps to fine-tune translation of uORF-containing mRNAs and, in turn, to orchestrate plant development. (biomedcentral.com)
Eukaryotic translation initiation1
  • Among the eukaryotic translation initiation factors, eIF3 is by far the most complex. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibition1
  • In vitro experiments demonstrate that Zn2+ possesses antiviral activity through inhibition of SARS‑CoV RNA polymerase. (spandidos-publications.com)
Abstract1
  • article{, title = {Comprehensive features of natural and in vitro selected GNRA tetraloop-binding receptors}, author = { C. Geary and S. Baudrey and L. Jaeger}, year = {2008}, date = {2008-01-01}, journal = {Nucleic Acids Res}, volume = {36}, number = {4}, pages = {1138-52}, abstract = {Specific recognitions of GNRA tetraloops by small helical receptors are among the most widespread long-range packing interactions in large ribozymes. (cnrs.fr)
Pregnancy1
  • Our OB-GYNs treat an array of conditions, including infertility, menopause, hormonal disorders, sterilization or termination of pregnancy, reproductive-related cancers and incontinence. (hawaiipacifichealth.org)
Ribosomal1
  • Cryo-EM of ribosomal 80S complexes with termination factors reveals the translocated cricket paralysis virus IRES. (nature.com)
Reactions1
  • The oligomerization of vinyl monomers has been studied to understand the stereochemistry of polymerization and termination reactions. (baumaschinen-knell.de)
Efficiency1
  • After in vitro gentamicin incubation, the readthrough efficiency for the Y122X mutation was at least five times higher than that for G542X, R1162X, and W1282X. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells4
  • In vitro cell killing of CD20-positive, human B-cell lymphoma Raji-Luc cells was assayed. (wustl.edu)
  • 0.05) extended median survival to 190 d and more than 200 d (median not determinable), with 5 and 9 of 10 mice, respectively, surviving at study termination with no detectable cancer cells. (wustl.edu)
  • In primary cultures of mouse embryonic day 14 (E14) striatum, maintained in vitro for 24 hr, 12% of the cells responded to FGF-2, whereas no response to EGF could be detected. (beauty104.com.tw)
  • Priming of striatal cells for 24 hr with FGF-2 but not with EGF was sufficient to induce the appearance of EGF- and FGF-2 responsive cells after only 2 d in vitro. (beauty104.com.tw)
Structural1
  • Mutational, thermodynamic and comparative structural analysis suggests that natural and in vitro selected GNRA receptors can essentially be grouped in two major classes of GNRA binders. (cnrs.fr)
Clinical1
  • 225 Ac]Ac-ofatumumab has substantial potential for clinical translation as a next-generation therapeutic for treatment of patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma. (wustl.edu)
Proteins2
  • The formylation of N-terminal Met in bacterial proteins is not strictly essential for either translation or cell viability. (microbialcell.com)
  • The replication of the viral RNA was determined by RT-PCR, while the translation of the viral proteins was examined by radiolabelling, and the production of infectious phage particles was evaluated by double-layered plaque assays. (fortunejournals.com)
Natural1
  • In recent years the fields of translation studies, natural language processing and corpus linguistics have come to share one object of study, namely parallel text corpora, and more specifically translation corpora. (sharingpaper.com)
Complex2
  • Figure 1: Overall structure of a eukaryotic translation termination complex. (nature.com)
  • Additionally, the structure of a native post-splitting complex reveals ABCE1 to be part of the 43S initiation complex, suggesting a coordination of termination, recycling, and initiation. (nature.com)
Model1
  • We prepared 225 Ac-labeled anti-CD20 ofatumumab and evaluated its in vitro characteristics and therapeutic efficacy in a murine model of disseminated human lymphoma. (wustl.edu)
System1
  • In collaboration with Jon Lorsch's group, we demonstrated that segments/residues in eIF1, eIF1A, tRNAi and 18S rRNA, which are implicated genetically in TC recruitment, also stimulate the rate of this reaction in a fully reconstituted yeast in vitro translation system. (nih.gov)
Expression1
  • Animals over-expressing the gene (mania-like state), after termination of the expression (depressive-like) and their respective control groups were investigated. (springeropen.com)