AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPsychiatry and PsychologyPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceHealth Care
Sexual MaturationAdolescent DevelopmentOocytesOogenesisIn Vitro Oocyte Maturation TechniquesCumulus CellsFertilization in VitroMeiosisOocyte RetrievalBlastocystOvarian FollicleEmbryonic DevelopmentEmbryo Culture TechniquesOocyte DonationFollicular FluidParthenogenesisSperm Injections, IntracytoplasmicMetaphaseFertilizationEmbryo TransferCryopreservationEctogenesisOvaryCattleCleavage Stage, OvumFollicle Stimulating HormoneSperm-Ovum InteractionsChorionic GonadotropinPregnancyCells, CulturedEmbryonic and Fetal DevelopmentOvulation InductionCulture MediaGranulosa CellsSuperovulationGrowth Differentiation Factor 9OvulationXenopus laevisEmbryo, MammalianMorulaProgesteroneSwineSperm MaturationInfertility, FemaleMaturation-Promoting FactorLuteinizing HormoneCell Culture TechniquesCysteamineSpermatozoaCell NucleusZygoteZona PellucidaCytoplasmVitrificationEstradiolEthylene GlycolRNA, MessengerHorsesGonadotropinsReproductive Techniques, AssistedIncubatorsOvumCell DifferentiationTime FactorsXenopusBone Morphogenetic Protein 15Microscopy, UltravioletCulture TechniquesTissue and Organ HarvestingGonadotropins, EquineNuclear Transfer Techniquesbeta-N-Acetyl-GalactosaminidaseLive BirthMicroinjectionsSus scrofaFetal ViabilityPolycystic Ovary SyndromePregnancy RateTissue Culture TechniquesHypoxanthineGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalMilrinoneCoculture TechniquesMicroscopy, ConfocalSpindle ApparatusReceptors, FSHMercaptoethanolGonadotropin-Releasing HormoneFallopian TubesFertilityMice, Inbred C57BLEpidermal Growth FactorCulture Media, Serum-FreeInhibinsMolecular Sequence DataMicroscopy, FluorescenceGlutathionePregnancy OutcomeCell CountRecombinant Proteins
Human oocytesBovine oocyte maturationBlastocystPorcine oocytesRetrievalImmatureFollicularRate of oocytesCompetenceCryopreservationNuclearEmbryo developmentEmbryonicOvariesMature oocytesOvumICSIMetaphaseFertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injIntracytoplasmic sperm injApoptosisOvulationMRNAFetal calf serumCumulus cellsMelatoninBlastocystsFertility preservationMouse oocytesFollicle-stimulaVivoSpermGranulosa cellsEstradiolOvary syndromeConclusionsSecretionAspirationFertilization rateEarly embryoMammalianSemenTissue Culture MediumMeiosisDonationGeneFolliclesConclusionCleavageDonorPolar bodyOvarian tissueMammalsSupplementationGenes
Human oocytes1
Bovine oocyte maturation2
  • It could be concluded that the presence of urea at 40 mg/dL in maturation medium reduced the percentage of bovine oocyte maturation in vitro. (sciencegate.app)
  • In the present study we investigated the effects of insulin exposure during in vitro bovine oocyte maturation on developmental rates, embryo quality and gene expression. (slu.se)
Blastocyst3
  • The blastocyst stage of oocyte developed embryos was reached by 12.43±2.15% and 22.28±4.86% of the control and treatment groups, respectively. (sciencegate.app)
  • Results: Supplementation with resveratrol (2.0 μmol/L) not only improved the nuclear maturation but also raised the blastocyst rate of porcine embryos' PA from oocytes that underwent HS by increasing their glutathione (GSH) level, reducing reactive oxygen species (ROS) and up-regulating the expression of Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1). (sagepub.com)
  • 2. Owner agrees to pay ROOD AND RIDDLE EQUINE HOSPITAL $300 for maturation of an oocytes(s) per cycle, $600 per ICSI session for fertilization and embryo culture of fertilized oocyte(s), and $1,000 for each blastocyst produced for each IVF Cycle. (jotform.com)
Porcine oocytes2
  • 7) the developmental competence of porcine oocytes was significantly affected by an interaction among the age of the donor animal, ovarian follicle size, and exogenous gonadotropic stimulation. (uconn.edu)
  • Conclusions: This study compared the efficiencies of resveratrol, melatonin and their combination for protecting porcine oocytes from heat stress. (sagepub.com)
Retrieval4
  • Without gonadotropin priming and HCG trigger, ultrasound-guided transvaginal oocyte retrieval was performed. (springer.com)
  • Aspiration of antral-stage follicles allowed the retrieval of 15 immature oocytes. (springer.com)
  • pregnancy rates with this technique are lower than those with retrieval of multiple oocytes, but costs are lower and success rates are increasing. (msdmanuals.com)
  • These data suggest that administration of silymarin in IVF patients concomitantly with gonadotropin results in reduction of granolusa cell apoptosis but does not have any effect in promotion of follicular development, oocyte retrieval or endometrial thickness. (who.int)
Immature4
  • After oocyte collection, immature oocytes were cultured in the IVM medium. (springer.com)
  • Some reports show that it is possible to isolate immature oocytes from human ovarian tissue retrieved by a cortex biopsy or ovariectomy of non-stimulated ovaries and mature them in vitro. (infertilityschool.ru)
  • Therefore, a small biopsy of ovarian cortex tissue was performed using laparoscopy to retrieve immature oocytes. (infertilityschool.ru)
  • Four immature, germinal vesicle (GV) oocytes were found and removed from tissue, denuded mechanically by a pipette, and matured in vitro in a maturation medium with added FSH and hCG as well as in co-culture with cumulus cells, which were retrieved by their denudation. (infertilityschool.ru)
Follicular6
Rate of oocytes2
  • The effect of resveratrol, melatonin and their combination on alleviating HS was compared according to the maturation rate of oocytes and the development competence of embryos after parthenogenetic activation (PA). (sagepub.com)
  • However, the improved maturation rate of oocytes with leptin supplementation at a dose of 10 ng/mL could not improve the fertilization rate of the oocytes. (ipb.ac.id)
Competence4
  • Further investigations are needed to better understand the mechanisms at play and their possible impact on the competence of IVM oocytes . (bvsalud.org)
  • 2011. Effect of leptin during in vitro maturation of prepubetal calf oocytes: embryonic development and relative mRNA abudances of genes involved in apoptosis and oocyte competence. (ipb.ac.id)
  • however, there was a significant impairment in oocyte maturation and developmental competence in cKO and cDKO oocytes beyond that observed in the cKO. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • Together, our findings suggest that EHMT1 contributes to local transcriptional repression in the oocyte, partially independent of EHMT2, and is critical for oogenesis and oocyte developmental competence. (babraham.ac.uk)
Cryopreservation5
Nuclear5
  • Afterwards, oocytes were fixed with acetic acid-ethyl alcohol and stained with aceto-orcein to determine nuclear maturation. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Next, 600 oocytes were then stained with 1% aceto-orcein to examine maturation based on changes in the configuration of chromosomes and nuclear membrane breakdown. (sciencegate.app)
  • The objective of this study was to determine the efficacy of leptin supplementation into maturation medium on nuclear maturation and fertilization rate of sheep oocytes. (ipb.ac.id)
  • At the end of maturation and fertilization processes, the oocytes were stained with 2% aceto orcein to determine nuclear maturation rate and pronuclear development. (ipb.ac.id)
  • 2004. Leptin enhances oocyte nuclear and cytoplasmic maturation via the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. (ipb.ac.id)
Embryo development2
Embryonic5
Ovaries7
  • Following ovariohysterectomy, 13 pairs of ovaries were collected from bitches in anestrus (n = 10) or diestrus (n = 3) and oocytes were harvested by slicing. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • Reasons for the delayed development of in vivo and in vitro production of equine embryos include the scarce availability of abattoir ovaries and the lack of interest from horse breeders and registries. (ivis.org)
  • Oocytes were collected from slaughterhouse-derived ovaries, matured in vitro, and injected with frozen-thawed stallion sperm. (bioone.org)
  • Said oocyte recovery from harvested ovaries will be charged at routine cost. (jotform.com)
  • Mammalian ovaries are endowed with a huge number of small oocytes (primordial oocytes) in primordial follicles. (go.jp)
  • In this review, we summarize the results regarding the activation of primordial oocytes in neonatal and adult ovaries of different species and propose a model in which ovaries of neonatal mammals contain a mixed population of both quiescent and activated primordial oocytes, while almost all primordial oocytes are quiescent in adult females. (go.jp)
  • FOXO3 is considered one of the molecules responsible for the dormancy of primordial oocytes in adult ovaries. (go.jp)
Mature oocytes2
Ovum3
ICSI3
  • Resultant matured oocytes were fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). (springer.com)
  • ICSI produced the first pregnancy derived from an in vitro matured oocyte [ 5 ], and it was successfully carried to term. (ivis.org)
  • ROOD AND RIDDLE EQUINE HOSPITAL shall mature the oocytes, evaluate them and, if presumably mature, fertilize it (them) via ICSI in an attempt to produce viable embryos (blastocysts). (jotform.com)
Metaphase3
Fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm inj1
  • This study was conducted to evaluate in vivo and in vitro development of in vitro-matured equine oocytes fertilized by intracytoplasmic sperm injection. (bioone.org)
Intracytoplasmic sperm inj1
  • At this point, intracytoplasmic sperm injection-injection of a single sperm into each oocyte-may be done, particularly if spermatogenesis is abnormal in the male partner. (msdmanuals.com)
Apoptosis3
  • In vitro studies showed that IL-7 induces oocyte maturation and inhibits apoptosis in granulosa cells. (biolegend.com)
  • The number and quality of oocytes retrieved were evaluated and apoptosis of granolusa cells was studied. (who.int)
  • Therefore, apoptosis of (ER)-mediatedactivity.Silybin-Aand day)andtheothergroupgonadotropin granolusacellsseemstohaveanegative otherflavonolignansareinactive,and plusplacebo.Transvaginalultrasound effectonfolliculardevelopment,oocyte taxifolin,whichisaminorconstituent examinationwasperformedtoevaluate qualityandpregnancyrates[ 2 ]. (who.int)
Ovulation4
  • Ovulation in European eel is induced by injection of 17α,20β-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one (DHP) as the maturation-inducing hormone (MIH). (wur.nl)
  • Expression of genes involved in oocyte maturation and ovulation was similar in vitro for both DHP and P treatments. (wur.nl)
  • As follicles grow, they acquire receptors for luteinizing hormone, a pituitary hormone that reinitiates meiosis in the oocyte and causes ovulation of a fertilizable egg. (wikipedia.org)
  • These protease-induced decreases in IGFBP-4 and -5 likely cause increased levels of bioavailable (or free) IGFs that stimulate steroidogenesis and mitogenesis in developing dominant follicles, which ultimately prepare the follicle(s) and oocyte(s) for successful ovulation and fertilization. (bioone.org)
MRNA4
  • Poly(A)-binding proteins (PABPs) play roles in mRNA maturation, translational activity, and decay. (go.jp)
  • However, little is known about the roles of PABPs in oocytes because of the unique mechanisms of mRNA metabolism in oocytes. (go.jp)
  • RNA-seq analysis revealed aberrant mRNA persistence in Pabpn1l KO-MII oocytes, which indicates impaired mRNA degradation during the germinal vesicle (GV) to MII transition. (go.jp)
  • Here, we have utilized single-cell methylome and transcriptome sequencing (scM&T-seq) to quantify both mRNA expression and DNA methylation in oocytes and a developmental series of human embryos at single-cell resolution. (babraham.ac.uk)
Fetal calf serum1
  • The aims of this study were to investigate the effect of oviductal cells on in vitro maturation (IVM) of canine oocyte in Tissue Culture Medium 199 (TCM-199) or synthetic oviductal fluid (SOF) supplemented with bovine serum albumin (BSA) or fetal calf serum (FCS) and to compare the maturation rates of oocytes from the diestrus and anestrus stages. (tubitak.gov.tr)
Cumulus cells2
  • First, matured oocytes were evaluated its morphology based on the expansion of cumulus cells and PB1 extrusion. (sciencegate.app)
  • [ 14 ] In addition to its direct effect on the oocytes and/or cumulus cells, GH may also influence oocyte quality indirectly, through activation of insulin-like growth factor-I synthesis or promotion of follicle-stimulating hormone-induced ovarian steroidogenesis (reviewed in [ 15 ] ). (medscape.com)
Melatonin6
  • ABSTRACT We aimed to assess the effects of melatonin in the in vitro production of bovine embryos. (sciencegate.app)
  • The cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were distributed among treatments at concentrations of 0, 10-1, 10-3 and 10-5 µMol/L melatonin. (sciencegate.app)
  • Our experiment was further divided into two: the first was to assess the effect of different concentrations of melatonin (treatments) on the maturation rate of COCs, and the second was to assess the effects of melatonin treatments on the in vitro production of bovine embryos. (sciencegate.app)
  • It was also found −7 −7 that melatonin (10 mol/L) and the combination of resveratrol (2.0 μmol/L) plus melatonin (10 mol/L) exhibited more potent effects than resveratrol alone regarding their protective activities on oocyte maturation under HS. (sagepub.com)
  • Keywords: Combination, Maturation Melatonin, Oocyte, Porcine, Resveratrol Background secretion by luteal cells and increased the follicle-stimu- Although modern cooling systems are used for preserving lating hormone (FSH) [4]. (sagepub.com)
  • In addition, its efficiency against oocyte had an adverse effect on their developmental com- HS will be compared with melatonin, another potent anti- petence by increasing GSH content and inhibiting the pro- oxidant, and the combination of melatonin with resveratrol. (sagepub.com)
Blastocysts1
  • Genome-wide assessment of DNA methylation alterations induced by superovulation, sexual immaturity and in vitro follicle growth in mouse blastocysts. (babraham.ac.uk)
Fertility preservation2
  • Influence of breast cancer prognostic factors on oocyte in vitro maturation outcomes performed for urgent fertility preservation. (bvsalud.org)
  • STUDY QUESTION Do breast cancer (BC) characteristics influence IVM of oocytes outcomes in patients undergoing fertility preservation (FP)? (bvsalud.org)
Mouse oocytes2
  • We investigated the effects of identified mutations in vitro, in cultured cells and in mouse oocytes. (bmj.com)
  • These mutations cause a range of folding defects in vitro, different degrees of microtubule disruption upon expression in cultured cells and interfere to varying extents in the proper assembly of the meiotic spindle in mouse oocytes. (bmj.com)
Follicle-stimula2
  • Here, we report an original case of GROS, associated with compound heterozygous follicle-stimulating hormone receptor (FSHR) variants, in a woman who achieved a live birth by in vitro maturation (IVM) of her oocytes. (hal.science)
  • This 31-year-old woman consulted our assisted reproduction center for a second opinion after having been advised, because of pervasive high serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels, to pursue in vitro fertilization (IVF) with donor oocytes. (hal.science)
Vivo7
  • The purpose of this study was therefore to compare treatment of P with DHP on batch level, in vitro, to determine dose-response effects, and in vivo, at a single dose. (wur.nl)
  • Our results support the conclusion that DHP and P work equally well in vitro and in vivo. (wur.nl)
  • Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically-based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. (cdc.gov)
  • Unless otherwise stated in our catalog or other company documentation accompanying the product(s), our products are intended for research use only and are not to be used for any other purpose, which includes but is not limited to, unauthorized commercial uses, in vitro diagnostic uses, ex vivo or in vivo therapeutic uses or any type of consumption or application to humans or animals. (sigmaaldrich.com)
  • However, other procedures based on the in vivo and in vitro production of equine embryos have emerged in recent years. (ivis.org)
  • Today, the most practical use of OPU or transabdominal follicle aspiration is to recover in vivo matured oocytes [ 9 ] for oocyte transfer. (ivis.org)
  • In vivo development was assessed after transfer of injected oocytes to the oviducts of recipient mares. (bioone.org)
Sperm7
  • Genetic materials that are typically cryogenically preserved include sperm, oocytes, embryos and somatic cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • During pre-implantation stages of mammalian development, maternally stored material promotes both the erasure of the sperm and oocyte epigenetic profiles and is responsible for concomitant genome activation. (babraham.ac.uk)
  • In vitro fertilization (IVF) involves combining an egg and sperm within a laboratory setting to create an embryo. (ivf.net)
  • Assisted reproductive techniques (ARTs) involve manipulation of sperm and ova or embryos in vitro with the goal of producing a pregnancy. (msdmanuals.com)
  • For assisted reproductive techniques, oocytes and sperm are collected from the intended parents or donors, and an embryo or the gametes are transferred to the woman's reproductive tract after culture in vitro. (msdmanuals.com)
  • The semen sample is typically washed several times with tissue culture medium and is concentrated for motile sperm, which are then added to the medium containing the oocytes. (msdmanuals.com)
  • After sperm are added, the oocytes are cultured for about 2 to 5 days. (msdmanuals.com)
Granulosa cells3
Estradiol1
Ovary syndrome1
  • Galvão A, Segers I, Smitz J, Tournaye H, De Vos M. In vitro maturation (IVM) of oocytes in patients with resistant ovary syndrome and in patients with repeated deficient oocyte maturation. (springer.com)
Conclusions2
  • Moreover, as with many studies focusing on FP in oncology patients , the lack of data after reutilization of IVM oocytes prevents drawing reliable conclusions on the fate of these frozen gametes . (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusions Our data substantially expand the range of dysfunctional oocyte phenotypes incurred by mutation in TUBB8 , underscore the independent nature of human oocyte meiosis and differentiation, extend the class of genetic diseases known as the tubulinopathies and provide new criteria for the qualitative evaluation of meiosis II (MII) oocytes for in vitro fertilization (IVF). (bmj.com)
Secretion2
  • A critical issue for their mone secretion was caused by the abnormal expression of fertility failure is the poor quality of oocyte maturation. (sagepub.com)
  • 2010. Influence of leptin on in vitro maturation and steroidogenic secretion of cumulus-oocyte complexes through JAK2/STAT3 and MEK 1/2 pathways in the rabbit model. (ipb.ac.id)
Aspiration1
  • Cumulus oocyte complexes (COCs) of cows derived from follicle aspiration were divided into three groups. (sciencegate.app)
Fertilization rate2
  • In conclusion, the supplementation of leptin at a dose of 10 ng/mL could increase the number of oocytes that reached MII stage, but could not increase the fertilization rate. (ipb.ac.id)
  • [ 3-6 ] It is widely assumed that this improvement is related to the beneficial effects of GH on oocyte quality, as suggested by the observations of a higher number of oocytes collected, higher fertilization rate, and a higher number of embryos reaching the transfer stage in GH-treated patients. (medscape.com)
Early embryo2
  • The thesis investigated the various factors influencing porcine in vitro maturation of an oocyte (IVM), fertilization (IVF), and early embryo culture (IVC). (uconn.edu)
  • Background TUBB8 is a primate-specific β-tubulin isotype whose expression is confined to oocytes and the early embryo. (bmj.com)
Mammalian3
  • In a series of experiments between 1960 and 1965, Robert Geoffrey Edwards discovered how to make mammalian egg cells, or oocytes, mature outside of a female's body. (asu.edu)
  • After successfully overcoming the problem of making mammalian oocytes mature in vitro in 1965, Edwards began to experiment with fertilizing matured eggs in vitro. (asu.edu)
  • Mammalian oocytes are maintained in meiotic prophase arrest for a very long time-months in mice, years in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Semen1
  • 7. Owner understands and agrees that ROOD AND RIDDLE EQUINE HOSPITAL is not responsible for the expense of transporting semen, oocytes, embryos, or transport containers, and that Owner will pay for these expenses. (jotform.com)
Tissue Culture Medium2
  • One thousand five hundred cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured for 24 h in tissue culture medium 199 supplemented with 50 IU/L FSH or without FSH (control). (sciencegate.app)
  • The maturation process was conducted using a tissue culture medium (TCM) 199 with four supplementation treatments of leptin namely 0 (control), 10, 50, and 100 ng/mL. (ipb.ac.id)
Meiosis2
  • Oocyte meiosis, important to all animal life cycles yet unlike all other instances of animal cell division, occurs completely without the aid of spindle -coordinating centrosomes . (wikipedia.org)
  • Removal of the oocyte from the follicle causes meiosis to progress in the oocyte. (wikipedia.org)
Donation2
  • This case of discordant twins is not unique, however, and nine other twin pairs have subsequently consulted our center for ovarian transplantation in preference to conventional oocyte donation . (infertile.com)
  • Design and Study Population A total of 105 infertile women were enrolled in the randomized controlled trial: 70 women were with a history of RIF with donated oocytes, and 35 infertile women underwent the first oocyte donation attempt. (medscape.com)
Gene3
  • HS had nega- * Correspondence: [email protected] tive effects on oocyte maturation via down-regulation of Equal contributors the gene expression in steroid hormone synthesis or their National Engineering Laboratory for Animal Breeding, Key Laboratory of receptors. (sagepub.com)
  • ScholarWorks@Gyeongsang National University: Coculturing cumulus oocyte complexes with denuded oocytes during in vitro maturation affects oocyte maturation, zona hardening, polyspermy and oocyte GPX 1 gene expression. (gnu.ac.kr)
  • We examine how epigenetic states are set up in oocytes - or egg cells - and influence gene expression in the embryo. (babraham.ac.uk)
Follicles1
  • Normal maturation and growth of fullestrogenreceptoractivation.Silybin andfromthefirstdayofovarianstimula- oocytesdependsonadequatesupport B,oneofthecomponentsofsilymarin, tion,onegroupofpatientsreceivedgo- from ovarian granolusa cel s of the has(probable)weakestrogenreceptor nadotropinplussilymarin(70mg×3/ follicles [ 1 ]. (who.int)
Conclusion2
  • In conclusion, in the oocytes obtained from bitches in diestrus and anestrus supplemented with FCS or BSA in SOF medium without oviductal cells, more positive effects were seen on canine oocyte maturation than with TCM-199 medium supplemented with same protein sources and oviductal cells. (tubitak.gov.tr)
  • In conclusion, this study provided a valuable assessment of the factors involved in porcine in vitro oocyte and embryo culture system. (uconn.edu)
Cleavage1
  • Their work was published on 4 August 1944 in an issue of Science in an article entitled "In Vitro Fertilization and Cleavage of Human Ovarian Eggs. (asu.edu)
Donor1
Polar body3
  • For example, oocytes harbouring any of three missense mutations (I210V, T238M and N348S) could extrude the first polar body. (bmj.com)
  • In this work, we propose a new strategy to produce bovine parthenogenetic embryos inhibiting the emission of the first polar body during in vitro maturation, and allowing the extrusion of the second polar body during oocyte activation. (techscience.com)
  • Cytochalasin B, an inhibitor of actin microfilaments, was employed during in vitro maturation to inhibit first polar body emission or during parthenogenetic activation to block second polar body emission. (techscience.com)
Ovarian tissue2
  • For the in vitro experiment, ovarian tissue was extracted and placed in culture plates containing hormone-free medium and media supplemented with the treatment: DHP at 1, 10 and 100 ng mL−1, or P at 10, 100 and 1,000 ng mL−1. (wur.nl)
  • The devastating impact on fertility in such disorder can be successfully avoided by in vitro maturation of oocytes from excised ovarian tissue. (infertilityschool.ru)
Mammals3
  • He measured the conditions and timings for in vitro (out of the body) maturation of oocytes from diverse mammals including mice, rats, hamsters, pigs, cows, sheep, and rhesus monkeys, as well as humans. (asu.edu)
  • We think that primordial oocytes in adult mammals are different from those in neonatal mammals. (go.jp)
  • The dormancy of primordial oocytes may be required to reserve the non-growing oocyte pool for the long reproductive life in mammals. (go.jp)
Supplementation1
  • Results: The results indicated that FSH supplementation significantly increased oocyte maturation rate (65.21±7.26 vs. 43.25±6.23%) as indicated by extrusion of PB1 and homologous chromosome pairing and lined in the equator. (sciencegate.app)
Genes1
  • For example, repressive chromatin marks in oocytes lead to long-term silencing of genes inherited from the mother, particularly in cells that will form the placenta. (babraham.ac.uk)