• Biomolecules and cell structures can experience oxidative stress due to the presence and activity of reactive oxygen species (ROS). (wikipedia.org)
  • Morphological changes, increased level of intracellular level of reactive oxygen species and loss of mitochondrial transmembrane potential of keratin-forming tumor cell line cells were evidently visualized on staining. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The innate immune response by myeloid cells occurs as a succession of events starting at signaling through cytosolic or surface PRRs, followed by effector responses including the release of cytokines, reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species (RNS), antibacterial peptides and degranulation ( Figure 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Imbalanced mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics resulted in increased mitochondrial numbers and elevated levels of mitochondrial and intracellular reactive oxygen species . (fightaging.org)
  • Furthermore, the expression of the CYCA gene (involved in cell cycle and proliferation) was significantly downregulated in NAV and TDL isolates. (unav.edu)
  • Here we sought to further understand the effects of idelalisib and duvelisib in vitro, and demonstrate that both idelalisib and duvelisib can inhibit T cell proliferation as well as Th1 and Treg differentiation in vitro, while promoting Th2 and Th17 differentiation. (nature.com)
  • The role of miR‑497 in regulating the proliferation of HCC‑derived cells was also investigated in vitro and in vivo. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Many of these miRNAs act as tumor suppressors and/or oncogenes, and are involved in cell activities that include development, differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, metabolism and immunity ( 7 , 10 , 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Development of oral cancer is associated with excessive cell proliferation, deregulation in cellular differentiation, insufficient apoptosis and genomic instability. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Under experimental normoxic condition (21 % O 2 ), deferasirox (DFX) used at 10 μM for 3 days reduced proliferation, led cell cycle arrest in S and G2-M phases and induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis in U251 and U87 GBM cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Irradiation at a dose of 16 Gy repressed proliferation, cytotoxicity and apoptosis, but only in U251 cells, while no synergy with DFX was observed in either cell line. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The anticancer activities of iron depletion are based on the fact that neoplastic cells require more iron than normal cells for proliferation [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, their osteogenic differentiation potential was increased, and genes involved in cell adhesion, FGF-2 signalling, cell cycle, stemness, cell differentiation, and cell proliferation were upregulated, compared to that of the MSCs cultured on uncoated plates. (hindawi.com)
  • It is hard to preserve the important characteristics such as proliferation capacity and stemness of MSCs the inadequate cultivating microenvironment in vitro . (hindawi.com)
  • Temsirolimus binds to an intracellular protein, and the resulting protein-drug complex inhibits the activity of an intracellular target called mTOR kinase, a cellular enzyme that regulates cell proliferation, cell growth and cell survival. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • K405R mutant expressing cancer cells have reduced G1/S transition and slower proliferation compared to wildtype. (oncotarget.com)
  • Collectively, these findings suggest that SAMHD1 acetylation enhances its dNTPase activity and promotes cancer cell proliferation. (oncotarget.com)
  • Cell Proliferation , 17 (5), 437-444. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Oredsson, SM, Gray, JW & Marton, LJ 1984, ' Progressive Increase In Polyamine Levels In 9l Cells in vitro During the Cell Cycle: Comparison Between Cells Isolated By Centrifugal Elutriation and Cells Grown In Synchrony ', Cell Proliferation , vol. 17, no. 5, pp. 437-444. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Previous studies have demonstrated that glycolysis inhibitors reduce the proliferation of non‑small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells by interfering with the aerobic glycolytic pathway. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Collectively, these studies demonstrate that the rate of endothelial cell proliferation is highest during corpus luteum formation, then decreases and remains low during the mid-luteal phase and structural regression of the corpus luteum. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The regulation of endothelial cell proliferation in the corpus luteum of pregnancy is less clear. (biomedcentral.com)
  • AS1411, an aptamer of nucleolin proteins that are overexpressed by cancer cells, is introduced in the double-stranded terminal, which can endow the nanosystem with the ability to selectively recognize cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Finally, IGF‑1R protein, phosphoinositide 3‑kinase/Akt signaling pathway‑associated proteins and cyclin pathway‑associated proteins were differentially expressed between miR‑497‑overexpressing cells and miR-497-silenced cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Acetylated SAMHD1 wildtype proteins have enhanced dNTPase activity in vitro , whereas non-acetylated arginine substituted mutants (K405R) do not. (oncotarget.com)
  • Observations reported in this study suggest that these BER pathway components are microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs) themselves or utilize yet to be identified MAPs to bind microtubules in order to regulate their intracellular trafficking and activities during the cell cycle. (neb.com)
  • Animal cell technology is an area of rapid expansion and one that produces a wide range of high-value products, including vaccines, recombinant proteins, drugs for cardiovascular, respiratory and immune diseases, and monoclonal antibodies. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Yet for intrinsically disordered proteins regions (IDPs), which make up over a third of the human proteome, such physical chemical changes in the intracellular solution can dramatically affect structure and function. (condensates.com)
  • The viral particle is composed of a protein capsid that contains a positive-sense RNA molecule of about 8,500 nucleotides that is infectious and encodes a single polyprotein, which is processed in infected cells by cis - and trans -acting viral proteases ( 55 ) to yield different polypeptide precursors and the mature viral proteins ( 9 , 62 ). (asm.org)
  • NS proteins are involved in crucial aspects of the viral cycle and pathogenesis, such as rearrangements of intracellular membranes required for endomembrane recruitment and the lysis of host cells ( 1 , 12 , 14 , 18 , 73 ). (asm.org)
  • in poliovirus (PV), the interaction between the RNA replication complex and intracellular membranes appears to be accomplished by proteins 3A and 2C, which have membrane-binding properties ( 11 , 60 ). (asm.org)
  • Cyclophilins are intracellular proteins with the capacity to catalyse the cis/trans isomerization of the peptide bonds at the proline residues facilitating protein folding and conformational changes affecting the function of the targeted proteins. (lu.se)
  • Vincristine inhibits cellular mitosis by inhibition of intracellular tubulin function, binding to microtubules, and synthesis of spindle proteins in the S phase. (medscape.com)
  • The proteasome pathway is an enzyme complex existing in all cells, which degrades ubiquitinated proteins that control the cell cycle and cellular processes and maintains cellular homeostasis. (medscape.com)
  • Objective: This study evaluated the osteogenic induction of human bone marrow cells by human recombinant bone morphogenetic protein-4 (rhBMP-4) and proteins released by Saos-2 (human osteosarcoma cell line). (bvsalud.org)
  • Cells derived from bone marrow can undergo osteoinduction in vitro in the absence of osteoinductive factors such as bone morphogenetic proteins. (bvsalud.org)
  • On a more biochemical level, it was shown that topical application of myricetin to mice inhibited the binding of benzo(a)pyrenes to DNA and protein native to epidermal skin cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Immunohistochemistry using antibody binding to LINE-1 open reading frame-1 RNA-binding protein (ORFp1) on Huh7 cells treated with BNT162b2 indicated increased nucleus distribution of LINE-1. (freedomontario26.ca)
  • MDR-associated protein 1 is a protein that has a big impact on the intracellular availability of MDR-prone medicines[ 6 , 7 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • SAM domain and HD domain containing protein 1 (SAMHD1) is a deoxynucleotide triphosphohydrolase (dNTPase) that inhibits retroviruses by depleting intracellular deoxynucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) in non-cycling myeloid cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • SAMHD1 is acetylated at residue lysine 405 (K405) in vitro and in vivo by an acetylatransferase, arrest defective protein 1 (ARD1). (oncotarget.com)
  • His studies deal with areas such as In vitro, DNA repair, Okadaic acid, DUSP6 and Protein phosphatase 1 as well as Molecular biology. (research.com)
  • The DNA damage study combines topics in areas such as CHEK1, Cell cycle checkpoint, MRE11 Homologue Protein and Molecular biology. (research.com)
  • Loss of proteostasis, in itself, is traced to dysregulated mechanisms in protein folding and intracellular calcium signaling at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). (stanford.edu)
  • Here, using ex vivo and in vitro systems (including CD34+ cultures from patient bone marrow, and healthy cord/peripheral blood specimens), we extend our prior data from MPN patient platelet RNA sequencing, and discover select proteostasis-associated markers at RNA and/or protein levels in each of platelets, parent megakaryocytes, and whole blood specimens. (stanford.edu)
  • Our data reveal consistent ENKUR downregulation at both RNA and protein levels across MPN patient specimens and experimental models, with a concomitant upregulation of a cell cycle marker, CDC20. (stanford.edu)
  • NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1) links transcriptional regulation directly to intracellular energetics and participates in the coordination of several separated cellular functions such as cell cycle, repsonse to DNA damage, metabolism, apoptosis, and autophagy. (thermofisher.com)
  • It is essential in skeletal muscle cell differentiation and in response to low nutrients mediates the inhibitory effect on skeletal myoblast differentiation which also involves 5'-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase (NAMPT). (thermofisher.com)
  • The dCK activity of our cell lines varied considerably and differed up to three fold from 5 to 15 pmol/h/mg protein between the tested cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • L.T. Bemis, F.J. Geske, and R. Strange, Use of the Yeast Two-Hybrid System for Identifying the Cascade of Protein Interactions Resulting in Apoptotic Cell Death. (nhbs.com)
  • When expressed as a recombinant protein in transfected cells, PV 3A cofractionates with endoplasmic reticulum markers ( 66 ), and its single transient expression can disrupt the secretory apparatus ( 23 ) and decrease major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I expression ( 22 ). (asm.org)
  • Here, we introduce a powerful new technique, fast field-cycling magnetic relaxation dispersion, for investigating crowding effects on protein self-association equilibria. (lu.se)
  • More recently, the realization that macro- principal experimental challenge is to resolve and quantify molecules occupy 20-30% of the intracellular volume has populations of protein oligomers in dynamic equilibrium. (lu.se)
  • Prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is a protein produced by normal prostate cells. (medscape.com)
  • Compared with non-targeted nanoparticles, C@CF/CaP could specifically target tumor tissues and then enter tumor cells through folate receptor-mediated endocytosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Although clinical trials testing the effect of fasting in cancer treatment are still in the early stages, they suggest that fasting cycles may boost the efficacy of chemotherapeutic agents and could be as effective as chemotherapy drugs in the killing of specific tumor cells. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • As dependence on iron is a key feature of tumor cells, using chelators to reduce iron represents an opportunity to improve conventional GBM therapies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The product is a first-in-class aminopeptidase-targeting peptide-drug conjugate that rapidly delivers an alkylating payload into tumor cells. (oncopeptides.com)
  • Therapeutic approaches that target the metabolism of tumor cells have been a popular research topic in recent years. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • However, the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway in tumor cells has also been implicated in lung cancer metabolism. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Certain metabolic alterations, also referred to as metabolic reprogramming, are commonly observed in tumor cells and are proposed to be hallmarks of cancer ( 8 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Given the vast differences in metabolism between healthy and tumor cells, there is hope that selective targeting of tumor metabolism may be achieved while limiting toxicity to healthy tissue. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • elicits antiproliferative and proapoptotic activities in vitro in solid and hematologic tumor cells. (medscape.com)
  • In this review, we focused our attentions on carcinogenic metal-induced signal transduction pathways leading to the activation of NF-kappaB, cell apoptosis and cell cycle progression, three crucial steps or events involved in the transformation and carcinogenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • This review summarizes current knowledge and our recent studies concerning intracellular signal transduction pathways initiated by carcinogenic metals and the cross-talk that occurs among these pathways in cells in response to metals. (cdc.gov)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • However, in recent years, there has been increasing evidence that metformin exerts its anticancer effects through the inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) of tumor cell mitochondria, and metabolic pathways based on metformin targeting have only recently become the focus of intensive research. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Several pathways involved in cell cycle and DNA repair were affected upon NV651 treatment. (lu.se)
  • Reversible proteasome inhibition disrupts pathways supporting cell growth, thus decreasing cancer cell survival. (medscape.com)
  • Apoptosis induction potential of each compound determined by mitochondrial membrane potential analysis (Rho123), cleaved caspase-3 expression analysis by flow cytometry and immunofluorescent staining and cell morphology analysis by giemza, hematoxylin and eosin and Papanicolaou protocols. (ijpsonline.com)
  • We further demonstrate directly using intracellular flow cytometry that autoimmune toxicity in patients is associated with higher absolute numbers of CD4 and CD8 T cells with Th17 differentiation in peripheral blood prior to therapy, and that gastrointestinal tissues from patients with active autoimmune complications of PI3Kδ inhibitors show infiltration with Th17 + T cells. (nature.com)
  • S.W. Sherwood and R.T. Schimke, Cell Cycle Analysis of Apoptosis Using Flow Cytometry. (nhbs.com)
  • The most striking and characteristic metabolic alteration in cancer cells is anomalous glucose metabolism and cancer cells tend to utilize glycolysis to obtain energy even under aerobic conditions via a process called 'aerobic glycolysis' ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Other partners of the intracellular metabolism of gemcitabine in relation to the cell cycle effects and DNA repair could be more responsible for the radiosensitising effect than dCK activity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Two fundamentals aspects of cell behaviour any model must include are metabolism and the cell cycle. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The population balance framework is used to capture cell cycle effects while a single-cell model takes account of some features of intracellular metabolism. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Cellular signalling is the base for the extra- and intracellular communication. (mdpi.com)
  • Cellular senescence, which is morphologically characterized by an enlarged and flattened cell shape, was first described by Hayflick [ 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Cellular senescence refers to active cells that eventually enter a state of irreversible growth arrest. (hindawi.com)
  • Cell Biochemistry & Function publishes original research articles and reviews on the mechanisms whereby molecular and biochemical processes control cellular activity with a particular emphasis on the integration of molecular and cell biology, biochemistry and physiology in the regulation of tissue function in health and disease . (wiley.com)
  • Those groups are not specifically targeting cellular senescence, but can hardly avoid having senescent cells taking up their therapeutic mitochondria. (fightaging.org)
  • Exogenous mitochondrial transplantation improved mitochondrial dysfunction and alleviated cellular senescence hallmarks, such as increased cell size, increased senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity, augmented NF-κB activity, increased inflammatory cytokines , and upregulated the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21 and p16 . (fightaging.org)
  • Further, cellular senescence properties were improved by exogenous mitochondrial transplantation in oxidative stress -induced senescent ARPE-19 cells. (fightaging.org)
  • Grape-related anti-tumoral activity encompasses a wide array of biological mechanisms and cellular targets, eventually leading to inhibition of cell growth and to enhanced apoptosis in several cancer cell lines, including lung, colon, breast, bladder, leukemia and prostate tumors. (oatext.com)
  • I will tell about our lab's efforts to decipher how IDPs behave in the cellular environment using a combination of computational simulations, in vitro experiments, and live cell microscopy. (condensates.com)
  • The resulting hydroxy radicals are often linked to DNA degradation, however, there are doubts as to whether or not this damage would be significant when analyzed in vivo since in vitro studies with both bovine and human serum albumin exhibited extensive protection against it. (wikipedia.org)
  • When cells are stressed or dying, they take up calcium, which tends to excite the cells at the same time that it inhibits their energy production, intensifying their stress. (raypeat.com)
  • The differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) into multiple cell lineages can be exploited as an attractive strategy for cell-based therapy and regenerative medicine [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • The ECM provides structural and biochemical support to the cells and has various other functions including cell adhesion, cell to cell communication, and differentiation [ 17 , 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Recent advances in live imaging and genetics of mammalian division, movement and cell differentiation leading to development which integrate observations of biochemical tissue formation [14 ]. (lu.se)
  • Conclusions: This study showed that an osteoblastic cell lineage may be obtained from human bone marrow derived from adherent cells, and that the presence of the rhBMP-4 seems to have an effect during the first stages of differentiation only. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here, cycles of fasting for 2 days in the absence of other treatments are shown to delay the progression of several tumor types in mice and, in some cases, to be as effective as toxic chemotherapy drugs. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • In mice injected with human breast and ovarian cancer cells, fasting cycles promoted survival extension by protecting the mice from chemotherapy while causing a strong inhibition of tumor progression. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • Cycles of starvation were as effective as chemotherapeutic agents in delaying progression of different tumors and increased the effectiveness of these drugs against melanoma, glioma, and breast cancer cells. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • Here, we demonstrate that the dNTPase activity of SAMHD1 is regulated by acetylation, which promotes cell cycle progression in cancer cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Interestingly, the most primordial defense responses employed by myeloid cells against pathogens, such as complement activation, antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity and phagocytosis, actually seem to favor cancer progression. (frontiersin.org)
  • In this review, we discuss how rudimentary defense mechanisms deployed by myeloid cells can promote tumor progression. (frontiersin.org)
  • again, risk of progression to AIDS, as determined by HIV RNA viremia and CD4+ T cell count, should guide the decision to treat. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, the present study investigated miR‑497 expression in HCC samples and HCC‑derived cell lines using reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Investigating astrocyte maturation in a cell culture model revealed that in vitro-differentiated astrocytes lack expression of many mature astrocyte-specific genes, including genes for the transcription factors Rorb, Dbx2, Lhx2 and Fezf2. (nature.com)
  • In vitro studies show that inhibiting mTOR interferes with the translation of genes that regulate the cell cycle. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • B.A. Osborne, S.W. Smith, Z.-G. Liu, K.A. McLaughlin, and L.M. Schwartz, Transient Transfection Assays to Examine the Requirement of Putative Cell Death Genes. (nhbs.com)
  • Animal experiments have shown that implanting CCNACA scaffolds into surgical defects can inhibit postoperative residual cancer cells, reduce inflammation, promote angiogenesis, and repair tissue defects caused by surgery. (bvsalud.org)
  • In vitro and in vivo experiments demonstrate that the synergistic PDT/chemotherapy modality achieves highly efficient cancer cell killing and tumor ablation without undesirable side effects. (bvsalud.org)
  • Experiments in simple organisms, human cells, and mice indicated that these effects of fasting were caused by changes inside and outside cells that increased the death of tumor but not normal cells, a process termed differential stress sensitization. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • Results from in situ localization, microtubule co-precipitation and site-directed photochemical experiments showed that recombinant human DNA Pol beta and recombinant mNEIL2 associated with microtubules in situ and in vitro in a manner similar to that shown earlier for another BER pathway component, OGG1. (neb.com)
  • Researchers here report on in vitro experiments to show that introducing functional mitochondria into a cell culture containing senescent cells reduces markers of senescence. (fightaging.org)
  • Single cell experiments [ 11 ] could provide iterative validation of models with experimental results. (lu.se)
  • Mice lacking PI3Kγ show increased CD8 T cell activation and cytotoxicity due to transcriptional activation of NFκB and inhibition of C/EBPβ in macrophages within the microenvironment [ 9 ]. (nature.com)
  • We could confirm the increased polyploidy upon Mps1 inhibition in neuroblastoma cell lines and PDX model, leading to mitotic catastrophe activating the caspase-dependent mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. (lu.se)
  • Linalool induced the loss of cell viability or cell death by a clear dose and time dependent manner. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Linalool treatment in various concentrations in vitro in keratinforming tumor cell line cells was able to reduce cell viability as compared to its counterparts. (ijpsonline.com)
  • The most promising candidate, CYT997, was tested for its invitro effects on cell viability and cell death, colony formation, cell cycle changes, and cell migration/invasion in HCC cells. (stanford.edu)
  • Models of animal cell culture systems have a wide range of potential applications, such as analysis and prediction of experimental results, optimisation of culture conditions for prolonged viability, and perhaps most importantly, the investigation of fundamental metabolic processes and their subsequent elucidation. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Finally, although multiple amino acid substitutions of T4 abolished glycosylation at N2 but were not toxic, similar substitutions of T17 were not tolerated, suggesting that the carbohydrate moiety at N15 is critical for cell viability. (jneurosci.org)
  • The combination of NV651 and cisplatin, a DNA damage reagent, resulted in a synergistic effect in cell viability, and a significant increase on cell death in HCC cell lines. (lu.se)
  • Forced expression of these factors in vitro induces distinct sets of mature astrocyte-specific transcripts. (nature.com)
  • Important insights on the morphology and function of luteal endothelial cells have been gained from a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies on endothelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is a common mechanism that exists in the development and aging of organisms to eliminate redundant or damaged intracellular organelles. (hindawi.com)
  • They are facultative intracellular organisms that typically live within red blood cells (RBCs) and. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess great therapeutic potential. (hindawi.com)
  • Undifferentiated mesenchymal stem cells are pluripotent cells that can differentiate into various phenotypes and are a source of osteogenic Cells 1,2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, TDL and NAV are novel Leishmania isolates that might be useful for in vitro and in vivo assays that will allow a better understanding of the parasite biology in Mediterranean areas. (unav.edu)
  • In vitro, both peptides were highly active against intracellular Leishmania major in mouse macrophages without exerting toxicity in host cells. (unav.edu)
  • Leishmania parasites invade human cells and are able to escape the host's immune system. (eurekalert.org)
  • However, these immunotherapeutic approaches are hampered by the tumor-promoting nature of myeloid cells, including monocytes, macrophages, and neutrophils. (frontiersin.org)
  • Despite the arsenal of defense strategies against foreign invaders, myeloid cells succumb to the instructions of an established tumor. (frontiersin.org)
  • Hence, myeloid cells play a dual role in cancer as they can initiate antitumor responses and communicate with cells of the adaptive immune system, but also promote local inflammation leading to chronic cancer-associated inflammation ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Nevertheless, the majority of scientific discoveries points toward a more tumor-supporting role for myeloid cells in the TME. (frontiersin.org)
  • PRR on myeloid cells can be triggered by pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) or danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), but also indirectly by secondary mechanisms such as complement activation and circulating antibodies (Abs), resulting in cytolytic and phagocytic effector mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
  • The granulosa cells and theca cells of the developing antral follicle and the steroidogenic cells of the corpus luteum produce and respond to angiogenic factors and vasoactive peptides. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The contributions of vasoactive peptides generated by the luteal endothelin-1 and the renin-angiotensin systems are discussed in context with the function of endothelial cells during corpus luteum formation and regression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pathogen clearance is mediated by mechanisms such as phagocytosis, respiratory burst with the production of ROS and RNS and release of bacteriostatic peptides, but also through the cell-extrinsic initiation of inflammation via the release of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines ( 24 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor (IGF-1R) is a member of the receptor tyrosine kinase family and contains two extracellular α subunits (including the ligand-binding site) and two β subunits (with intracellular tyrosine kinase activity) ( 22 , 23 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • His Apoptosis research includes elements of In vitro, Signal transduction, Kinase and MCL1. (research.com)
  • It has been reported that lung cancer cells exhibit upregulated expression of all key glycolytic enzymes [hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase (PK)] ( 13 ), suggesting that the essential enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway have a critical role in the development of lung carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the present study, the relation between deoxycytidine kinase (dCK) activity and the radiosensitising effect of gemcitabine was investigated in eight different human tumour cell lines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • GST has been suggested to protect cells against oxidative stress by protecting cells against free-radicals. (wikipedia.org)
  • Here, we show that treatment with starvation conditions sensitized yeast cells (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) expressing the oncogene-like RAS2val19 to oxidative stress and 15 of 17 mammalian cancer cell lines to chemotherapeutic agents. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • In 4T1 breast cancer cells, short-term starvation resulted in increased phosphorylation of the stress-sensitizing Akt and S6 kinases, increased oxidative stress, caspase-3 cleavage, DNA damage, and apoptosis. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • By contrast, a limited exposure to a severely restricted diet (short-term starvation or fasting) can protect yeast, mammalian cells, mice, and possibly patients from the toxic effects of oxidative and chemotherapeutic agents without causing chronic weight loss (10-14). (kingdomfasting.com)
  • RESULTS: The results showed that DOP achieve photoaging protection by inhibiting oxidative stress, alleviating cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, and enhancing autophagy flux in photoaged HaCaT cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • This phenomenon is attributed to the fact that high SRC cells fuse mitochondria in response to glucose restriction, enhancing tolerance to energy deficiency, but undergo less mitochondrial oxidative stress compared to low SRC cells. (biomed.news)
  • Huh7 cells were exposed to BNT162b2, and quantitative PCR was performed on RNA extracted from the cells. (freedomontario26.ca)
  • Immunoassay for the in vitro quantitative determination of Sample testosterone in human serum and plasma. (cdc.gov)
  • The cyclic nature of the capillary bed in the corpus luteum offers a unique experimental model to examine the life cycle of endothelial cells, involving discrete physiologically regulated steps of angiogenesis, blood vessel maturation and blood vessel regression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Available evidence indicates that microvascular endothelial cells of the corpus luteum are not alike, and may differ during the process of angiogenesis and angioregression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, its role has not been evaluated in hypoxic choroidal endothelial cells (CECs), the precursor of VEGF-mediated choroidal angiogenesis. (molvis.org)
  • In this study, we investigated the role of SIRT1 in choroidal angiogenesis in vitro and analyzed the mechanism by which SIRT1 may regulate the initiation of neovascularization. (molvis.org)
  • The in vitro trials produced a major reduction in parasite load, meaning destruction of infected macrophages and of the parasites in the amastigote form," she said. (eurekalert.org)
  • The authors of the article note that if "the therapy eliminated only the host macrophages, there would be a risk of releasing viable parasites to infect new cells. (eurekalert.org)
  • Finally, chemokines are discussed as a vital endothelial cell secretory products that contribute to the recruitment of eosinophils and macrophages. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Myeloid innate immune cells, such as granulocytes, monocytes, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), play an important role in cancer-cell recognition, initiation of inflammation and antitumor responses ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Deoxyribonucleotide triphosphates (dNTPs) are the precursors of DNA synthesis, and their strict balance is critical for proper DNA replication and repair in cells [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • Replication of picornaviruses occurs associated to cell endomembranes that are recruited during viral infection ( 25 ). (asm.org)
  • On the other hand, 3AB presumably anchors 3B in intracellular membranes originated de novo during the early steps of RNA replication, where uridylylated 3B primes the synthesis of nascent viral RNAs ( 2 , 37 , 68 , 69 ). (asm.org)
  • Coronaviruses are enveloped, positive-stranded RNA analysis of the consequences of virus replication in Vero viruses associated with enteric and respiratory diseases in cells. (cdc.gov)
  • Cancer cells with healthy mitochondria and high SRC exhibit greater metabolic flexibility and higher resistance to GLUT1 inhibitors. (biomed.news)
  • It is an interesting question as to how this would work in living tissue, where the numbers of senescent cells are low, and mitochondria will be introduced into all cells. (fightaging.org)
  • The mitochondria can bind a certain amount of calcium during stress, but accumulating calcium can reach a point at which it inactivates the mitochondria, forcing cells to increase their inefficient glycolytic energy production, producing an excess of lactic acid. (raypeat.com)
  • Deferiprone, a bidentate iron chelator, has been shown to have antiproliferative and cytotoxicity activities in neuroblastoma cell lines [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Hypoxia of CEC was induced by exposing the cells to cobalt chloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis MO) in serum media, as described previously [ 12 , 13 ], and the induction was confirmed by cytotoxicity and cell cycle analysis. (molvis.org)
  • On the other end of the spectrum, the microvascular endothelial cells are the first cells to undergo apoptosis at the onset of corpus luteum regression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Endothelial cells communicate with cells comprising the functional unit of the corpus luteum, i.e ., other vascular cells, steroidogenic cells, and immune cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This review is designed to provide an overview of the types of endothelial cells present in the corpus luteum and their involvement in corpus luteum development and regression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The review highlights areas for future investigation of ovarian microvascular endothelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The potential clinical applications of research directed on corpus luteum endothelial cells are intriguing considering reproductive processes in which vascular dysfunctions may play a role such as ovarian failure, polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome (OHSS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Evidence of proliferating endothelial cells was determined by the presence of Ki-67 antigen-positive cells, bromodeoxyuridine-positive cells, or [ 3 H] thymidine-positive cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • E. Wells containing endothelial cells with microspheres were analyzed for fluorescence. (hsdpathway.com)
  • Choroidal endothelial cells (RF/6A) were maintained in a semiconfluent state and hypoxia was induced by exposing the cells to cobalt chloride for 24 h. (molvis.org)
  • Autophagy is a process of intracellular catabolism. (hindawi.com)
  • For autophagy flux detection, the adenovirus loaded with mRFP-GFP-LC3 was introduced into cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Unlike embryonic stem cells, adult stem cells (MSCs) have a limited lifespan and stop proliferating during in vitro culture due to replicative senescence [ 8 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • We demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction in replicative senescence -induced ARPE-19 cells after repeated passage . (fightaging.org)
  • P.J. Fraker, L.E. King, D. Lill-Elghanian, and W.G. Telford, Quantification of Apoptotic Events in Pure and Heterogeneous Populations of Cells using the Flow Cytometer. (nhbs.com)
  • 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase (OGG1), a major DNA repair enzyme in mammalian cells and a component of the base excision repair (BER) pathway, was recently shown to be associated with the microtubule network and the centriole at interphase and the spindle assembly at mitosis. (neb.com)
  • Mammalian cells are currently the preferred expression system for high-value bio-pharmaceutical products, in particular, monoclonal antibodies. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The technique, written into an algorithm, is developed through initial application to a structured model for mammalian cells. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Ultrastructural features of fetal erythroid precursors infected with parvovirus B19 in vitro: evidence of cell death by apoptosis. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this study, ultrastructural features of B19 infection were examined using haemopoietic cell suspension cultures derived from human fetal liver. (ox.ac.uk)
  • This the surface tension needed to wet lipid based cell membranes. (phisciences.com)
  • Flavonoids including myricetin are able to scavenge for ROS and can chelate intracellular transition metal ions that ultimately produce ROS. (wikipedia.org)
  • The living organism produces a stream of metabolic products, such as carbon dioxide or lactic acid, which interact specifically with each other and with the metal ions, modifying their concentrations inside cells and in the body fluids. (raypeat.com)
  • Chemical changes produced inside cells, for example by respiration, create different electrical charges in different compartments (inside and outside of capillaries, for example) which affect the movements of water and ions, by simple physical processes, not by molecular pumps. (raypeat.com)
  • Magnesium and potassium are mainly intracellular ions, sodium and calcium are mainly extracellular ions. (raypeat.com)
  • The scope of the special issue is to summarize and enlarge the knowledge in signalling processes and networks in diverse cells and tissues. (mdpi.com)
  • However, MSCs need to be expanded in vitro in order to obtain sufficient cells for clinical trials since they are extremely rare in various tissues. (hindawi.com)
  • Mitochondrial transplantation into damaged cells or injured tissues is considered a novel cell-based therapeutic strategy. (fightaging.org)
  • Cyclophilin overexpression is a common event in fibrotic tissues playing a key role in different stages of the fibrotic process, including inflammation, hepatocyte death, and activation of the hepatic stellate cells leading to increased collagen production. (lu.se)
  • Targeting the cell cycle has been proposed as a therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment with special interest in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
  • Leukemia is a blood cancer that develops in the hematopoietic system and presents in the bone marrow with or without peripheral blood cell involvement[ 1 , 2 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
  • C-rich sequences in DNA double strands form an i-motif structure under acidic conditions to promote the highly efficient release of DOX in cancer cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • In mouse models of neuroblastoma, fasting cycles plus chemotherapy drugs-but not either treatment alone-resulted in long-term cancer-free survival. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • Finally, it is not known whether DR would also protect cancer cells from chemotherapy. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • The study incorporates disciplines such as Cancer research and Topoisomerase-I Inhibitor in addition to Cell cycle checkpoint. (research.com)
  • Alan Eastman focuses on Apoptosis, Cancer research, Molecular biology, Cell biology and DNA damage. (research.com)
  • His Cancer research study combines topics in areas such as Cancer, Cell cycle, Cisplatin, Immunology and Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. (research.com)
  • Alan Eastman interconnects Cancer, Cell cycle, Gemcitabine, Immunology and DNA repair in the investigation of issues within Cancer research. (research.com)
  • Alan Eastman studied Cancer research and Cell cycle that intersect with Mitosis. (research.com)
  • There are primarily two types of lung cancer: Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and SCLC, and the former accounts for ~85% of all lung cancer cases ( 3 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • In the 1920s, Otto Heinrich Warburg discovered that cancer cells, unlike normal cells, use the glycolytic pathway to obtain energy for growth even in the presence of oxygen, which is a phenomenon known as 'aerobic glycolysis' or the Warburg effect ( 9 ), and aerobic glycolysis is a common metabolic phenotype in NSCLC ( 11 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Over the past decade, cancer immunotherapy has been steering immune responses toward cancer cell eradication. (frontiersin.org)
  • Although tumor-promoting functions have been attributed to other granulocytes, like eosinophils ( 17 ), basophils ( 18 ) and mast cells ( 19 ), further research is required to fully elucidate their role in cancer, as antitumoral roles have also been described ( 20 , 21 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Based the dual action of OA in metabolic regulation and mitochondrial dynamics, further results revealed that mitochondrial functional status and spare respiratory capacity (SRC) of cancer cells had a close correlation with mitochondrial metabolic plasticity, and played important roles in the susceptibility to cancer therapy aiming at glucose restriction. (biomed.news)
  • Thus, inhibiting mitochondrial fusion breaks mitochondrial metabolic plasticity and increases cancer cell susceptibility to glucose restriction therapy. (biomed.news)
  • The techniques described facilitate both understanding and regulation of cell death, promising to have immense value in the clinical treatment of cancer. (nhbs.com)
  • As in other head and neck cancer sites, more than 95% of hypopharyngeal malignancies arise from the epithelium of the mucosa and, therefore, are squamous cell cancers. (medscape.com)
  • Treatment with the novel cyclophilin inhibitor NV651, presented a potent antiproliferative effect in HCC cell lines via cell cycle perturbations arresting cells in the mitotic phase. (lu.se)
  • The primary remit of the journal is on mammalian biology both in vivo and in vitro but studies on the biochemistry and function of cells in situ are especially encouraged . (wiley.com)
  • Reference: The murine DNA glycosylase NEIL2 (mNEIL2) and human DNA polymerase beta bind microtubules in situ and in vitro. (neb.com)
  • In this study, we determined whether other participants in the BER pathway also bind microtubules in situ and in vitro. (neb.com)
  • S.A. Ben-Sasson, Y. Sherman, and Y. Gavrieli, Identification of Dying Cells--In Situ Staining. (nhbs.com)
  • Considering that these isolates showed different profiles, both NAV and TDL could be useful for in vitro and in vivo assays that might shed some light on the biology of the parasite. (unav.edu)
  • Plaque assays have been used to clonally segre- from the cell by lysis or exocytosis to initiate a new round gate laboratory-adapted C. trachomatis strains from mixed of infection ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • A. Eastman, Assays for DNA Fragmentation, Endonucleases, and Intracellular pH and Ca2+ Associated with Apoptosis. (nhbs.com)
  • Finally, a higher susceptibility to miltefosine treatment was observed in intracellular NAV and TDL amastigotes. (unav.edu)
  • In the cell morphology analyzes, chromatin condensation and marginalization, changes in the cell membrane, ghost cells and apoptotic bodies were observed as evidence of apoptosis formation. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Cell apoptosis and senescence-like morphology were also observed. (stanford.edu)
  • Osteoblasts were obtained from human bone marrow cells even in the absence of growth factors and showed a typical morphology. (bvsalud.org)
  • Early growth 1 phase arrest in the cell cycle of keratin-forming tumor cell line cells was confirmed on dose and time dependent manner when compared with control during linalool treatment. (ijpsonline.com)
  • Hypoxic induction was confirmed using flow cytometric analysis, which showed cell cycle arrest starting at a 200 µM concentration of cobalt chloride. (molvis.org)
  • Uni- ic, murine, and translational studies, to advance our under- versity of California, San Francisco [UCSF] Cell Culture standing of chlamydial pathogenesis. (cdc.gov)
  • In vitro studies have shown that myricetin significantly increased GST activity. (wikipedia.org)
  • These studies suggest that multiple cycles of fasting promote differential stress sensitization in a wide range of tumors and could potentially replace or augment the efficacy of certain chemotherapy drugs in the treatment of various cancers. (kingdomfasting.com)
  • In near future in vivo screening for its anticancer activity will be warranted and a linkage map will be developed between in vivo and in vitro studies. (ijpsonline.com)
  • His studies in Cell cycle integrate themes in fields like Mitosis, DNA damage and DNA synthesis. (research.com)
  • Promising results obtained in vitro as well as on animal studies suggest that GSE may have a great relevance as source of potential new pharmacological molecules,and could represent an important opportunity for clinical research. (oatext.com)
  • The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides structural and biochemical support to the surrounding cells, and it has been used as a coating substrate for cell culture. (hindawi.com)
  • His Programmed cell death research incorporates themes from Deoxyribonuclease II, Acetylation, Extracellular, Cell biology and Endonuclease. (research.com)
  • NV556 treatment in an in vitro 3D human liver Extracellular Matrix (ECM) cultured with a TGFβ1-activated human hepatic stellate cell line led to decreased collagen production. (lu.se)
  • PI3Kδ inhibitors are approved for the therapy of B cell malignancies, but their clinical use has been limited by unpredictable autoimmune toxicity, despite promising efficacy and evidence that toxicity is associated with improved clinical outcomes. (nature.com)
  • Prior phenotypic evaluation by CyTOF has identified increases in activated CD8 T cells with activation of Th17 T cells, as well as decreases in Tregs, particularly in patients with toxicity. (nature.com)
  • The aim of the present study was, therefore, to investigate the cytostatic and cytotoxic impact of the new iron chelator deferasirox (DFX) on human GBM cells in well-defined clinical situations represented by radiation therapy and mild-hypoxia. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Efficient in vitro expansion of MSCs is however necessary for their clinical application. (hindawi.com)
  • These biovars com- shotgun cell culture harvest assay for this purpose because we found that recent clinical samples do not form plaques. (cdc.gov)
  • Cory Stephanson at the University of Minnesota, discovered that NADH, and Mitochondrial ATP production doubled when Flanagan Silica Hydride was added to living human and ovarian cell cultures. (phisciences.com)
  • Study design: Osteoinduction in the presence or absence of Saos-2 and/or rhBMP-4 was evaluated in cultured human bone marrow cells. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results: Bone marrow cells were adherent since the first day of culture and were positive for osteonectin. (bvsalud.org)
  • and the amastigote, which is intracellular and immotile, and infects the human organism. (eurekalert.org)
  • In turn, they also have learned that massive cell death does not always represent pathology, but rather a normal and necessary "weeding out" in the development and life of an organism. (nhbs.com)
  • To gain insights into the mechanisms driving astrocyte maturation, we have characterised acutely isolated murine astrocytes at both postnatal and adult stages, as well as in vitro differentiated astrocytes. (nature.com)
  • Although SAMHD1 is expressed ubiquitously throughout the human body, the molecular mechanisms regulating its enzymatic activity and function in non-immune cells are relatively unexplored. (oncotarget.com)
  • of the most critical events which lead to tissue patterning involves mechanisms going beyond single cells. (lu.se)
  • However, there is no comprehensive study on the effect of DOP on skin photoaging combined with in vitro and in vivo models, and its specific mechanism is still unclear. (bvsalud.org)
  • In general, the details of the particular associations linked to the intracellular antibody production mechanism are lacking. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • The main objective of the project is to study the effects of hyperosmotic pressure on the antibody production process in the GS-NS0 cell line, with particular attention to the antibody production mechanism. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Because of breakthroughs such as the "switching" mechanism of the p53 tumor suppressor gene, as well as many technical innovations, the number of investigators of cell death has rapidly expanded over the last few years. (nhbs.com)
  • It is an alkylating agent, and its mechanism of action of active metabolites may involve cross-linking of DNA, which may interfere with growth of normal and neoplastic cells. (medscape.com)
  • All seeding densities should be based on cell counts gained by established methods. (abcam.com)
  • Cell Death provides a current and comprehensive collection of methods for the study of cell death. (nhbs.com)
  • J.F.R. Kerr, G.C. Gobe, C.M. Winterford, and B.V. Harmon, Anatomical Methods in Cell Death. (nhbs.com)
  • A.J. McGahon, S.J. Martin, R.P. Bissonnette, A. Mahboubi, Y. Shi, R.J. Mogil, W.K. Nishioka, and D.R. Green, The End of the (Cell) Line: Methods for the Study of Apoptosis In Vitro. (nhbs.com)
  • Cell survival was determined 7, 8, or 9 days after RT by the sulforhodamine B test. (biomedcentral.com)
  • however, the strength of the recommendation to treat should be based on the patient's willingness to accept therapy as well as the prognosis for AIDS-free survival as determined by the HIV RNA copy per mL of plasma and the CD4+ T cell count. (cdc.gov)
  • Cells containing viral crystalline arrays also exhibited nucleolar degeneration, extreme margination of the nuclear heterochromatin, and cytoplasmic vacuolation. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Some biologic features plaque assay, we determined that approximately 360 viral of the SARS-CoV described in vivo and in vitro differ genomes were required to generate a PFU. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral load and CD4+ T cell testing should ideally be performed twice before initiating or changing an antiretroviral treatment regimen. (cdc.gov)
  • dCK activity of the cells was determined by an enzyme activity assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cells were fixed, permeabilized, and labeled with Anti-SIRT1 Recombinant Rabbit Monoclonal Antibody (Product # 703653, 1:100 dilution), followed by Goat anti-Rabbit IgG (H+L) Superclonal™ Secondary Antibody, Alexa Fluor® 488 conjugate (Produ. (thermofisher.com)
  • Recombinant rabbit monoclonal antibodies are produced using in vitro expression systems. (thermofisher.com)
  • multicellular interactions, including intracellular and Addresses intercellular biochemical signaling. (lu.se)
  • Estimated 'true' phase‐specific polyamine levels calculated from the data obtained from cells either sorted by elutriation or obtained from synchronously growing cultures were very similar. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Current understanding of mammalian cell cultures lies in the association of their metabolic behaviour to their antibody production output. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • In addition, overexpression of miR‑497 was observed to inhibit colony formation and tumor growth in MHCC‑97H human HCC cells. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • Conversely, SMMC‑7721 human HCC cells transfected with a miR‑497 inhibitor exhibited enhanced colony formation and tumor growth. (spandidos-publications.com)
  • This study showed that linalool was a potent growth inhibitor of keratin-forming tumor cell line. (ijpsonline.com)
  • It also resulted in reduced levels of certain cell growth factors involved in the development of new blood vessels, such as vascular endothelial growth factor. (oncologynurseadvisor.com)
  • these 2 events, in turn, can inhibit growth of neoplastic cells. (medscape.com)
  • As human osteosarcoma cells are a source of additional growth they did not affect osteoinduction. (bvsalud.org)
  • 50%. Overall, the molecular and biologic characteristics of the strain HSR1 provide evidence that SARS-CoV forms a for Vero cells (a continuous cell line established from mon- fourth genetic coronavirus group with distinct genomic and key kidney epithelial cells), its capacity for growth at 37°C biologic features. (cdc.gov)
  • The concepts of his DNA damage study are interwoven with issues in CHEK1, Cell cycle checkpoint, DNA repair, Regulator and Topoisomerase-I Inhibitor. (research.com)
  • His work carried out in the field of DNA damage brings together such families of science as CHEK1, Cell cycle checkpoint, Cell killing, Cell biology and Topoisomerase-I Inhibitor. (research.com)
  • In this work, we identified oroxylin A (OA), a dual GLUT1/mitochondrial fusion inhibitor, which restricted glucose catabolism of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and simultaneously inhibited mitochondrial fusion by disturbing SIRT1/PDK2/PARL axis. (biomed.news)
  • patients with type E (AD) tumor had higher incidence of nodal metastasis at MGCD0103 cell line TGF-beta inhibitor mediastinal lymph node than did patients in tumor groups, and all mediastinal positive nodes existed in lower mediastinal area. (hsdpathway.com)
  • We investigated the antifibrotic effect of NV556, a novel potent sanglifehrin-based cyclophilin inhibitor in vitro and in vivo. (lu.se)
  • Alan Eastman mostly deals with Apoptosis, Molecular biology, Cell cycle, Programmed cell death and Biochemistry. (research.com)
  • His Molecular biology study incorporates themes from Cell culture, Chinese hamster ovary cell and Deoxyribonuclease II, Biochemistry, DNA. (research.com)
  • In-depth models can be utilised as tools in predictive cell biology. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • It is clear that the biological behaviour of cells is of such complexity that any model, to be robustly predictive, must be sufficiently structured and detailed in terms of the captured biology. (imperial.ac.uk)
  • Based on cell count, seed cells in an appropriate cell culture flask at a density of 2x10 4 cells/cm 2 . (abcam.com)
  • American Type Culture Collection [ATCC], Manassas, VA) were cultured in minimal essential medium (Thermoscientific, Logan, UT) and the media was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Invitrogen Corp., Carlsbad, CA), 100 U/ml penicillin, and 100 µg/ml of streptomycin (Invitrogen Corp.). Cells were maintained at 37 °C in logarithmic scale in a 75 cm 2 cell culture flask. (molvis.org)