Vitro exposure systems vitro cell. Medical search. Frequent questions

Assessment of pulmonary toxicity of functionalized multiwall carbon nanotube s in vitro. (cdc.gov)
Based on the results of the preliminary toxicity test, the doses chosen for treatment of the extended treatment assay ranged from 0.31 to 15 µg/mL for non-activated cultures with a 24-hour exposure. (europa.eu)
This review focuses on the differential responses of cell types to ATZ toxicity, testicular effects of ATZ in both in vitro and in vivo models and chemopreventive strategies, so as to highlight the current state of the art on the toxicological outcomes of ATZ exposure in several experimental model systems. (frontiersin.org)
During this period, health care providers lack key information on human placental transfer, fetal exposure, optimal maternal dosing in pregnancy, and maternal and fetal drug toxicity, including teratogenicity risk. (springer.com)
Even for ARVs commonly used during pregnancy and lactation, data on toxicity, pharmacokinetics (PK), and neonatal exposure during breastfeeding are collected sporadically, mainly through postmarketing surveillance and opportunistic studies of women who become pregnant while receiving ARVs. (springer.com)

Eleven to 14 days after the final carcinogen treatment, the cells were removed from the collagen gels and injected into the cleared mammary fat pads of syngeneic hosts to assay for transformed cell populations. (eurekamag.com)
Changes in density of viable cells after exposure were measured using the MTT assay. (niom.no)
HPMA exposure resulted in reduced SDH activity (MTT assay), altered cell growth pattern and increased cell death in a dose dependent manner in all investigated cell lines. (niom.no)
This results in differing cytotoxic responses that are influenced by the nature of target cells, assay types and concentrations of ATZ. (frontiersin.org)
We determined in six neuroblastoma cell lines the cytotoxicity of TPZ using DIMSCAN, a digital imaging fluorescence assay, apoptosis and mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨ m ) by flow cytometry, and protein expression by immunoblotting. (aacrjournals.org)
Here we describe a medium throughput in vitro assay providing kinetic measurements of neurite dynamics in a co-culture model of neurons and astrocytes. (genengnews.com)
Figure 2 shows data from a 96-well assay measuring neurite length over twelve days using NeuroLight Red labeled rat forebrain neurons with rat cortical astrocytes (NeuroPrime™ Cell Kit). (genengnews.com)
The cytotoxic effect of the exposure was analyzed in both cell types by ultrastructural morphology, Trypan Blue exclusion test and LDH assay. (nih.gov)

VITROCELL® is specialised in the development of advanced in vitro exposure systems for inhalation toxicology: mammalian cells can be exposed to gases, environmental atmospheres, nano particles and complex mixtures at the air/liquid interface. (a2zinc.net)
In vitro methods, based on human primary cells, cell lines, and genetically modified reporter cell lines, have greatly expanded the scope of in vitro toxicology. (brill.com)
This rejuvenated toxicology in modern terms is referred to as systems toxicology (see Figure 25.1 ). (brill.com)
The term systems toxicology is derived from systems biology and could be defined as the study of biological systems, using omics technologies, with a focus on the mechanisms underlying complex biological processes, their interactions and perturbations in response to a toxin combined with mathematical data integration and modeling. (brill.com)
Systems toxicology, therefore, aims at understanding and exploring the way that different biological components are orchestrated as an ensemble in cells, tissues, and organisms. (brill.com)

In addition, using submersed cell culture systems to test the effect of CS fractions, do not resemble the conditions under which cells are exposed to CS in the human lung. (pmiscience.com)
Previous studies have reported that MWCNT exposure in mice caused rapid and progressive interstitial lung fibrosis within a few weeks. (cdc.gov)
Cultured human bronchial epithelial cell and lung fibroblast cells were exposed to p-MWCNT or f-MWCNT. (cdc.gov)
1997. Lung function and long term exposure to air pollutants in Switzerland. (cdc.gov)
This exposure results in a regulated, dose-dependent loss of epithelial barrier function in the lung epithelial monolayers. (nih.gov)
However, the long-term exposure-response relationship between endotoxin and change in lung function and respiratory symptoms is not well understood. (nih.gov)
Whether the excessive decline in lung function and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms are influenced differently by more recent or more remote exposure to endotoxin is unknown. (nih.gov)
The timing of exposure is not the only potential influence on the long-term effects of endotoxin on changes in lung function. (nih.gov)
Nearly three decades have also passed since the US Surgeon General and other scientific authorities concluded that exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) causes disease in nonsmokers, including lung cancer in adults [ 2 - 4 ]. (springer.com)
Models of human lung air-liquid interface have been recently explored to simulate effects of exposure to the whole exhaust. (sae.org)
In this study, a compact exposure system, utilizing commercially available inserts with 3D in-vitro model of human lung cells, has been designed and fabricated in-house with the vision of mobile use, minimizing size and power consumption. (sae.org)
If cannabinoid exposure affects the genetic material of a user's somatic or bodily cells (such as those of the lung, for example) then chronic cannabis use may cause cancer. (druglibrary.org)
If it is the non-cannabinoid components of cannabis smoke that are mutagenic, then any cancers caused by cannabis smoking are most likely to develop after long-term exposure to cannabis smoke, and they are most likely to develop at sites which have had the maximum exposure to that smoke, namely, the upper aerodigestive tract and lung. (druglibrary.org)
Until now this platform is mainly used for laboratory studies (generation and exposure of pollutants, e.g. nano and ultrafine particles, and effect measurements in human lung cell models), but current developments are pointing towards the use of the ALI systems in real-life settings. (nanotechia.org)
Skin (HaCaT) and lung (A549) cells, the main targets of cigarette smoke (CS), were exposed to e-CIG vapor and CS using an in vitro system. (nih.gov)

Although the expression of MHC class I and II molecules can be upregulated by MSC exposure to inflammatory cytokines interferon-gamma (IFN- γ ) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF- α ), they are still unable to induce an immunological response [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
These drugs, called GGTIs, inhibit proliferation of various human cancer cells and inhibit tumor growth in animal model systems. (uclahealth.org)
Tamanoi and his researchers were the first to show that these nanoparticles can deliver anticancer drugs and inhibit tumor growth in vitro and in vivo. (uclahealth.org)
Bioreductive agents, such as Tirapazamine (TPZ), are preferentially cytotoxic in hypoxia and show activity against a variety of tumor cell lines ( 1 - 4 ). (aacrjournals.org)
Angiogenic and lymphangiogenic effect of the drugs assessed pathologically through counting of the newly formed capillaries and lymphatics that immunohistochemically expressed by vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF), CD34 and D2-40 in liver sections using Cell Image Analyzer and serologically by evaluation of serum level of Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α). (degruyter.com)

Gaithersburg, MD - October 9, 2018 - U.S. based Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS) has been invited by China's National Institute for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) to join their working group on alternatives for cosmetics. (iivs.org)
GAITHERSBURG, MD - March 1, 2018 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS) announced that it has appointed Frank Gerberick, PhD as its Chief Scientific Advisor. (iivs.org)
GAITHERSBURG, MD - January 9, 2018 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS) today announced a collaboration with BASF to import a non-animal, cell based, safety test into China. (iivs.org)

High-efficiency neoplastic transformation of mouse mammary epithelial cells in primary collagen gel culture was induced by N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU). (eurekamag.com)
Mammary epithelial cells, isolated from virgin BALB/c mice, were embedded within collagen gels and grown in a serum-free medium containing prolactin, progesterone, and linoleic acid. (eurekamag.com)
Tight junctions between adjacent epithelial cells constitute the physiological barrier to fluid and macromolecules in epithelium. (nih.gov)
Using a physiologically relevant air-liquid interface exposure system, electrically tight monolayers of the human bronchial epithelial cell-line Calu-3 were exposed to fresh, whole mainstream cigarette smoke. (nih.gov)
Of note, although lithium stimulates thyrocyte proliferation via activation of assorted pro-proliferative tyrosine kinase cascades and the Wnt/beta-catenin signaling pathway, the aggregate in vitro evidence suggest that this drug is not a bona fide thyroid epithelial carcinogen. (medscape.com)
Evidence that long-term exposure to atmospheric particulates decreases the body's defences against bacterial and viral pathogens appear sufficient, particularly by altering the response of bronchial epithelial cells via inflammatory processes and endothelial dysfunction, and exacerbating the conditions of chronically ill patients, particularly those with COPD and asthma [8-14], and children with acute respiratory infections [15]. (bmj.com)
2021). Metabolomic Analysis Evidences That Uterine Epithelial Cells Enhance Blastocyst Development in a Microfluidic Device. (nc3rs.org.uk)
The manuscript demonstrates that a mechanical stretch down-regulates cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide expression and activates a pro-inflammatory response in the human bronchial epithelial cell line model VA10. (peerj.com)
Zasloff M ( 2015 ) Peer Review #3 of 'Cyclic mechanical stretch down-regulates cathelicidin antimicrobial peptide expression and activates a pro-inflammatory response in human bronchial epithelial cells (v0.2)' . (peerj.com)

1975. Long-term exposure to sulfur dioxide, sulfuric acid mist, fly ash, and their mixtures. (cdc.gov)
all are characterized by acute interstitial inflammation and development of granulomas and fibrosis with long-term exposure. (merckmanuals.com)

Since 2015, more than 3,000 articles were published on studies using crispr /Cas9 genome editing, including more than 900 articles using the technology in mammalian cells (PubMed, accessed June 11, 2017). (brill.com)

In vitro (meaning in glass, or in the glass) studies are performed with microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules outside their normal biological context. (wikipedia.org)
often not italicized in English usage) studies are conducted using components of an organism that have been isolated from their usual biological surroundings, such as microorganisms, cells, or biological molecules. (wikipedia.org)
1991. Documentation of the threshold limit values and biological exposure indices. (cdc.gov)
Biological exposure indices. (cdc.gov)
Serious' effects are those that evoke failure in a biological system and can lead to morbidity or mortality (e.g., acute respiratory distress or death). (cdc.gov)
Hence, this chapter summarizes the biological plausibility of EDCs exposure and elucidates the mechanism of action underlying EDCs affecting the regulatory circuits of the mammalian HPG axis and reproductive function. (intechopen.com)
With the recent advances in human-cell cultivation techniques, allowing in vivo -like in vitro long-term functionality, there is a shift in focus towards the mechanistic details of the adverse effects "over time" aimed at a better understanding of the dynamics of biological processes. (brill.com)
The inherent complexity of biological systems is a challenge that is expected to be overcome by computational modeling of biological systems. (brill.com)
Martin's expertise and research interests include studying the interaction of nano-sized materials with a variety of different biological systems, and to determine how these interactions affect molecular mechanisms within them, thus establishing structure-activity relationships. (swansea.ac.uk)
NIR can not cause ionization however have been shown to produce other biological effects, for instance by heating, altering chemical reactions or inducing electrical currents in tissues and cells. (intechopen.com)
The guidelines were based on a scientific consensus that harmful biological effects were not likely to occur at exposures smaller than those required to heat tissue measurably. (nationalacademies.org)
In 1990, Congress asked the Air Force to postpone completion of the GWEN system, pending an evaluation of the new evidence on the biological effects of EMFs. (nationalacademies.org)
Design of an Exposure System to support In-Vitro Experimental Studies" (framework ZonMw project, partner Erasmus University), door Chrysoula Sismanidou, Research Chair Electromagnetics, EE TUe - A highly ELF-MF exposure system with reduced stray magnetic fields and a high dynamic exposure range to support in-vitro biological experiments. (tue.nl)
A Graphical User Interface for monitoring and recording exposure and environmental conditions throughout the whole duration of the biological experiments. (tue.nl)

Therefore, in vitro methods should be developed which allow mechanistic studies. (cdc.gov)
Martin's research is focused on the nanoparticle-(mammalian)cell interaction, with a view to determining the mechanistic toxicological, immunological and genotoxic effects that nanoparticles, with varying physico-chemical characteristics, may cause at the cellular level by using advanced, next-level in vitro systems combined with state-of-the-art microscopy and bioanalytical approaches. (swansea.ac.uk)
Another clear ambition of Martin's research is to create, study and promote alternative in vitro models that mimic in vivo environments, in order to gain a mechanistic understanding of how nanoparticles may, potentially, adversely impact human health. (swansea.ac.uk)
Furthermore, by creating sophisticated in vitro multi-cellular models of different human organs in combination with state-of-the art microscopic and biochemical analyses, Martin is able to obtain a mechanistic understanding of the health risks posed by nanomaterials under realistic conditions, as well as gain valuable insight into the potential of in vitro as alternative test systems to in vivo methodologies. (swansea.ac.uk)
MCA also participates in foundation for studies of cancer etiology, achieved through mechanistic studies an interdisciplinary approach aimed at cancer prevention, and carcinogen of functionally important (epi)genetic characterizing exposures throughout evaluation, the core activities of IARC. (who.int)

In contrast to in vitro experiments, in vivo studies are those conducted in living organisms, including humans, known as clinical trials, and whole plants. (wikipedia.org)
In this paper, we review the current literature on both in vitro and in vivo studies on the role of the immune system in fracture repair, the use of MSCs in the enhancement of fracture healing, and interactions between MSCs and immune cells. (hindawi.com)
An integrated approach of in vitro, ex vivo, in silico and in vivo studies is key to enable acceleration of availability of pharmacology data in pregnancy and lactation. (springer.com)

Viruses, which only replicate in living cells, are studied in the laboratory in cell or tissue culture, and many animal virologists refer to such work as being in vitro to distinguish it from in vivo work in whole animals. (wikipedia.org)
In vitro diagnostics refers to a wide range of medical and veterinary laboratory tests that are used to diagnose diseases and monitor the clinical status of patients using samples of blood, cells, or other tissues obtained from a patient. (wikipedia.org)
GAITHERSBURG, MD - June 13, 2017 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS), a leader in non-animal test methods, marked its 20th year with the opening of a new state-of-the-art in vitro respiratory exposure laboratory. (iivs.org)
PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to provide the first controlled, direct laboratory comparison of the toxicant exposure associated with waterpipe tobacco and cigarette smoking. (who.int)
Prenatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation in laboratory mice was associated with lower levels of testosterone and behavioral anomalies. (ewg.org)
Changes to ovary cells have been associated with radiofrequency radiation exposure in laboratory rats. (ewg.org)
Prenatal exposure to radiofrequency radiation in laboratory rats was associated with follicle degeneration and structural changes of ovary cells that produce estrogen. (ewg.org)
Exposure to radiofrequency radiation from cell phones was associated with the death of the uterine lining in laboratory rats. (ewg.org)

Only a few exposure systems are presently available that enable CS exposure of living cells at the air-liquid interface, of which one of the most versatile is the Vitrocell® system (Vitrocell® Systems GmbH). (pmiscience.com)

These data are discussed in terms of three exposure periods: acute (14 days or less), intermediate (15-364 days), and chronic (365 days or more). (cdc.gov)
MRLs can be derived for acute-, intermediate-, and chronic-duration exposures for inhalation and oral routes. (cdc.gov)
[ 9 ] Whether the above in vitro data gathered from nonhuman thyroid cell lines and using acute exposure to lithium reflect the situation in patients typically treated long-term with lithium remains speculative. (medscape.com)
in which repeated exposure to antigen in genetically susceptible people leads to acute neutrophilic and mononuclear alveolitis, followed by interstitial lymphocytic infiltration and granulomatous reaction. (merckmanuals.com)
Mn accumulates in the inner ear (cochlea) following acute in vivo treatment and in vitro studies show that uM levels of Mn damage sensory hair cells and spiral ganglion neurons (SGN) in the inner ear. (cdc.gov)
We previously showed that prenatal BPA exposure resulted in elevated plasma corticosterone levels concomitant with increased adrenal levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), the rate-limiting step in steroidogenesis, in adult female mouse offspring. (bvsalud.org)

An integrated approach utilizing multiple novel methodologies (in vitro, ex vivo, in silico and in vivo) is needed to accelerate the availability of pharmacology data in pregnancy and lactation. (springer.com)

In conclusion, reconstruction of XP skin in vitro provides a very promising system to study genetic hyperphotosensitivity and opens a rational perspective to XP tissue therapy. (bioone.org)
Genetic studies using fission yeast and Drosophila established that Rheb plays critical roles in both cell growth and cell cycle progression at the G1/S boundary and that this function of Rheb is mediated by its ability to activate the TOR/S6K signaling pathway. (uclahealth.org)
6.1 Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity A major reason for research into the effects of cannabinoids on cellular processes is to discover whether cannabinoids are mutagenic, i.e. whether they may produce mutations in the genetic material in the somatic and germ cells of users. (druglibrary.org)
If it affects the genetic material of germ cells (the sperm and ova), then genetic mutations could be transmitted to the children of cannabis users. (druglibrary.org)
prevention by elucidating the molecular etiology and prevention), using in vitro mechanisms by which genetic and models and state-of-the-art approaches The expected outcome of these studies epigenetic alterations alter critical including (epi)genome-wide screens is the opening up of an opportunity molecular pathways and promote cancer and functional genomics. (who.int)

With regard to the effects of lithium on thyrocyte growth, in the FRTL-5 cell system, lithium was found to stimulate cell proliferation in the absence of thyrotropin stimulation, but surprisingly, under thyrotropin stimulation, lithium diminished thyrocyte proliferation, especially when used at higher concentrations. (medscape.com)
Additionally, we evaluated the impact of M. bealei on cell proliferation, migration, and conducted western blot assays. (bvsalud.org)
In vitro experiments confirmed that M. bealei significantly suppressed cell proliferation and migration of HepG2 cells, while downregulating TOP2A and CDK1 expression. (bvsalud.org)

GAITHERSBURG, MD - July 10, 2017 - The Institute for In Vitro Sciences (IIVS), a leader in non-animal test methods, is the recipient of a VITROCELL ® inhalation exposure system thanks to a generous. (iivs.org)

Different cell cultures were exposed to different concentrations of HPMA (0-8 mM) for 24 hours. (niom.no)
A BMJ rapid-response letter on February 26 2020, in response to a previous one published on 19 February 2020 (BMJ 2020;368:m627), had already urged for studing exposure-response relationship between air pollutant concentrations and Covid-19 cases during the current outbreak. (bmj.com)
Cell phone users have higher concentrations of testosterone and lower concentrations of luteinizing hormone that controls the production of sperm cells, compared to people who don't use cell phones. (ewg.org)

In vitro fertilization is used to allow spermatozoa to fertilize eggs in a culture dish before implanting the resulting embryo or embryos into the uterus of the prospective mother. (wikipedia.org)
The aim of this Challenge was to generate an approach that improves the implantation rates of early stage embryos when combined with extended in vitro culture and non-surgical embryo transfer techniques. (nc3rs.org.uk)
The team at University of Leeds led by Dr Virginia Pensabene has developed a novel and reliable microfluidic device that improves the developmental competence of in vitro -derived mouse embryos to allow the use of non-surgical embryo transfer (NSET) in the generation of transgenic mice. (nc3rs.org.uk)
The team at University of Leeds led by Dr Virginia Pensabene has developed a novel and reliable microfluidic device that improves the developmental competence of in vitro -derived mouse embryos and their implantation potential, enabling the use of non-surgical embryo transfer (NSET) in the generation of transgenic mice. (nc3rs.org.uk)
Effects of Uterine Cells-Conditioned Media on Expression of DNMT3B and DNMT3C in Mouse Embryos Cultured in a Microfluidic Device. (nc3rs.org.uk)
Sponsored by MRC Harwell, the EASE Challenge aims to generate an approach that improves the implantation rates of early stage embryos when combined with extended in vitro culture and non-surgical embryo transfer techniques. (nc3rs.org.uk)

Although the particulate and gas-vapor phases (or CS condensate) are still widely used for in vitro studies, they have some important limitations. (pmiscience.com)
In vitro studies permit a species-specific, simpler, more convenient, and more detailed analysis than can be done with the whole organism. (wikipedia.org)
Just as studies in whole animals more and more replace human trials, so are in vitro studies replacing studies in whole animals. (wikipedia.org)
The points in the figures showing no-observed-adverse-effect levels (NOAELs) or lowest-observed-adverse-effect levels (LOAELs) reflect the actual doses (levels of exposure) used in the studies. (cdc.gov)
We then consider other case studies of controlling indoor environmental exposures-asbestos, lead, and radon-that provide "lessons learned" for THS. (springer.com)
In both human and animal studies, exposure to radiofrequency radiation emitted from wireless devices is absorbed by the body and can harm the reproductive system. (ewg.org)
The effects show up in studies at a wide range of frequencies - 800 megahertz to 2.45 gigahertz - in both male and female reproductive systems. (ewg.org)
Animal studies also show radiofrequency radiation can interfere with estrogen production, damage the lining of the uterus and developing egg cells, and cause changes to the heart of the developing fetus. (ewg.org)
Exposure to radiofrequency radiation is associated in human studies with lower sperm concentration, viability, and motility. (ewg.org)
Evidence of the effects of radiofrequency radiation exposure on sperm quality has also been observed in animal studies. (ewg.org)
In animal studies, changes in the concentration of testosterone, luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone in serum or in testicular samples have also been linked to exposure to radiofrequency radiation. (ewg.org)
There is experimental evidence from in vitro studies of animal cells that some cannabinoids, including THC, can produce a variety of changes in cellular processes in vitro (i.e. in the test tube). (druglibrary.org)
More recently, Zimmerman and Zimmerman (1990/1991) concluded that 'cannabis mutagenicity remains unclear', but argued that there was evidence that 'cannabinoids induce chromosome aberrations in both in vivo and in vitro studies' (p19). (druglibrary.org)
First, MCA studies are of specific cancers and surrogate the Epigenetics Group (EGE) and the aimed at providing critical insights into tissues and to identify signatures of Molecular Mechanisms and Biomarkers mechanisms of carcinogenesis through cancer risk and exposures. (who.int)
Analysis of mutational signatures focuses on how characteristic somatic DNA mutation patterns reflect the contributions of particular mutagenic processes to cancer development, and it is thus of key importance for cancer etiology and carcinogen exposure studies. (who.int)

ATZ also induces morphological changes similar to apoptosis and initiates mitochondria-dependent cell death in several experimental models. (frontiersin.org)
When in vitro experimental models are exposed to ATZ, they are faced with increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), cytotoxicity and decreased growth rate at dosages that may vary with cell types. (frontiersin.org)

Relating in vitro to in vivo exposures with physiologically-based tissue dosimetry and tissue response models. (cdc.gov)

however, results obtained from in vitro experiments may not fully or accurately predict the effects on a whole organism. (wikipedia.org)
The test item did not induce a significant level of chromosome aberrations in Chinese hamster V79 cells in the performed experiments with and without metabolic activation. (europa.eu)

In slices from morphine-dependent rats maintained in morphine (5 μ m ) in vitro , action potential frequencies of opioid-sensitive neurons did not differ from untreated control neurons but were greater than in control neurons maintained in morphine in vitro , indicating development of tolerance. (jneurosci.org)
Naloxone (100 n m or 1 μ m ) depolarized 25 of 51 neurons from morphine-dependent rats maintained in morphine in vitro , 19 of which previously had been classified as opioid-sensitive. (jneurosci.org)
A possible explanation for the failure to demonstrate clear evidence of withdrawal in isolated cells is that the adaptive processes underlying dependence develop only in subpopulations of opioid-sensitive neurons or are distributed among networks of neurons that are involved in expression of characteristic signs of opioid withdrawal in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
A co-culture model containing rat E18 primary forebrain neurons grown in co-culture with rat cortical astrocytes (NeuroPrime™ Cell Kit) was used to examine neurite dynamics while capturing important cell-cell interactions. (genengnews.com)
The fluorescent images of neurons provided sufficient signal amplitude over background to enable the masking of neurites (bottom left, yellow) and cell body clusters (bottom right, blue) using NeuroTrack software and user-defined processing definitions. (genengnews.com)

This Committee's vision is to be a respected, worldwide leader in the development and dissemination of health-based occupational exposure guidelines. (cdc.gov)

Long-term occupational exposure to cotton dust that contains endotoxin is associated with chronic respiratory symptoms and excessive decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV 1 ), but the mechanisms of endotoxin-related chronic airflow obstruction remain unclear. (nih.gov)
However, in occupational set-up, humans are exposed to ATZ at a thousand-fold higher concentration than seen in residential exposure. (frontiersin.org)
Groups That Set Occupational Exposure Values. (cdc.gov)

NIEHS research uses state-of-the-art science and technology to investigate the interplay between environmental exposures, human biology, genetics, and common diseases to help prevent disease and improve human health. (nih.gov)
The Italian Environment and Health Network funded by the Ministry of Health (RIAS project) should also be involved, as it brings together the principle actors operating in the health field and in the national system of environmental agencies Non-profit associations and citizen's committees should also be included, thus giving full meaning to the concept of citizen science, which is often lauded but rarely practiced. (bmj.com)
Atrazine (ATZ) is an environmental pollutant that interferes with several aspects of mammalian cellular processes including germ cell development, immunological, reproductive and neurological functions. (frontiersin.org)
In support of the decision to begin construction, the U.S. Air Force completed an environmental impact statement (EIS) on the GWEN system in 1987. (nationalacademies.org)
Improving the knowledge of mech- the identification of molecular alterations focus is on cancers of the breast, anisms of carcinogenesis related to and molecular pathways deregulated urinary tract, and liver and childhood environmental exposures provides a by specific cancer risk factors. (who.int)
To this end, MCA uses cutting- cidating important aspects of cancer related to environmental exposures. (who.int)

In the current study, we examined temporal aspects of the exposure-response relationship between airborne endotoxin exposure, longitudinal change in FEV 1 , and respiratory symptoms in a cohort of Chinese cotton textile workers. (nih.gov)
We used a generalized estimating equations approach to model FEV 1 level and respiratory symptoms as a function of past exposure (cumulative exposure up to the start of the most recent 5-year survey interval) and cumulative exposure (within the most recent interval) to endotoxins, after adjusting for other covariates. (nih.gov)
Previous analyses of the present study population, a cohort of Chinese cotton textile workers, evaluated longitudinal change in FEV 1 and the occurrence of chronic respiratory symptoms in relation to cumulative endotoxin exposure. (nih.gov)
In the present study, we evaluated the exposure-response relationship between cumulative endotoxin exposure and longitudinal change in FEV 1 and the occurrence of respiratory symptoms in an updated follow-up of a 25-year prospective cohort study of Chinese cotton textile workers. (nih.gov)
Covid-19 affects many organs of the human system, including the upper respiratory tract and lungs. (bmj.com)
Most of the diseases involved, especially respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, have also been shown to be associated with exposure to air pollution [2]. (bmj.com)

The precise spatial and temporal impact of immune cells and their cytokines on fracture healing remains obscure. (hindawi.com)
Osteoprogenitor MSCs not only differentiate into bone, but they also exert modulatory effects on immune cells via a variety of mechanisms. (hindawi.com)
The normal process of fracture repair begins with an immediate inflammatory response as the innate immune system (macrophages, monocytes, neutrophils, and NK cells) responds with a variety of cytokines that recruit and activate several cell types, including osteoprogenitor mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to the site of injury [ 1 , 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
MSCs are able to evade the host cell immune system due to their low expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I molecules and complete lack MHC class II molecules and other costimulatory molecules (CD40, CD40L, CD80, and CD86) required for immune cell stimulation [ 15 - 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Special interests include the ability for nanoparticle geometry and surface properties to interfere with the human immune system and bloodstream. (swansea.ac.uk)
6. The chronic effects of cannabis use on health Cellular and immunological effects The possible effects of chronic cannabis use on cellular processes and the immune system are considered together because both effects may influence a cannabis user's susceptibility to diseases. (druglibrary.org)
If cannabis use affects cellular processes then users may be at increased risk of developing various types of cancer, and if it affects the immune system then cannabis users may be at increased risk of contracting infectious diseases and developing cancer. (druglibrary.org)
6.2 Immunological effects The possibility that cannabis reduces immune system function is important for several reasons. (druglibrary.org)
First, tobacco smoking suppresses both the humoral and cell-mediated immune systems. (druglibrary.org)
On the other hand, their therapeutic use for other purposes would be limited in patients with impaired immune systems, a restriction which would potentially preclude their use as anti-emetic agents in cancer chemotherapy, or as appetite stimulants and mood enhancers in patients with AIDS. (druglibrary.org)
There are a number of difficulties in deciding whether cannabis impairs the functioning of the immune system. (druglibrary.org)
Overview of the Immune System The immune system distinguishes self from nonself and eliminates potentially harmful nonself molecules and cells from the body. (msdmanuals.com)
The immune system also has the capacity to recognize and destroy. (msdmanuals.com)

VITROCELL® Skin modules and autosamplers are designed for the exposure of tissue. (a2zinc.net)
Most notable is the increase in epidemiological evidence of an association between cancer risk and exposure to extremely-low-frequency (ELF) fields that are too weak to cause tissue heating. (nationalacademies.org)

Suspension or plated cultures of primary hepatocytes or hepatocyte-like cell lines (HepG2, HepaRG) can be used to study and quantify metabolism of chemicals. (wikipedia.org)
In vitro work simplifies the system under study, so the investigator can focus on a small number of components. (wikipedia.org)
This system provides a distinct means to study the mechanism of mammary neoplastic transformation at cellular and molecular levels. (eurekamag.com)
The objective of the current study was to explore possible cellular responses to the methacrylate monomer 2-hydroxy-propylmethacrylate (HPMA) in vitro . (niom.no)
He has employed both in vivo and in vitro models to study the neurotoxicity of commonly-used general anesthetics on the developing CNS. (fda.gov)
A 3-year longitudinal study of pig farmers observed a significant linear association between endotoxin exposure and annual decline in forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV 1 ). (nih.gov)
With further technological developments, these human in vitro cellular models shall be highly useful in the screening of compounds for personalized medicine, allowing optimum therapy with minimum or no adverse effects, and in the study of adverse outcomes in different strata of population. (brill.com)
The potential of the test substance, manganese dichloride, to induce structural chromosomal aberrations in human lymphocyte cells in vitro was investigated in a study which was conducted under GLP conditions and in accordance with the standardised guideline OECD 473. (europa.eu)
During the study duplicate cultures of human lymphocyte cells, treated with test substance, were evaluated for chromosome aberrations over at least three dose levels. (europa.eu)
Therefore, the current study was designed to address this important question using the human cortical cell line, H295A cells, as an in vitro model system. (bvsalud.org)

Major emphasis is placed is involved in identifying molecular molecular events and pathways that on discerning events that precede or biomarkers of exposure and cancer underpin carcinogenesis, thereby elu- drive tumour initiation and progression risk. (who.int)

This Test method has been designed to provide information on absorption of a test substance, (ideally radiolabelled), applied to the surface of a skin sample separating the two chambers (a donor chamber and a receptor chamber) of a diffusion cell. (oecd-ilibrary.org)

The female reproductive system is dependent upon the health of the ovaries. (mdpi.com)
Many parts of the reproductive system are sensitive to radiofrequency radiation. (ewg.org)
EMSG8: Are Connexins, the Gap Junctional Integral Proteins, Involved in Male Reproductive Disorders Associated With Possible Exposure to Endocrine Disrupting Agents? (cefic-lri.org)
this structure facilitates "communication" between cells) could be implicated in human male reproductive disorders. (cefic-lri.org)
Exposure to BPA is known to be associated with disruption of steroidogenesis in reproductive tissues, but little is known about its effects on the adrenal gland. (bvsalud.org)

Protein purification involves the isolation of a specific protein of interest from a complex mixture of proteins, often obtained from homogenized cells or tissues. (wikipedia.org)
XP dermal tissues and XP epidermis displayed specific morphological and biochemical characteristics compared with tissues obtained with normal cells. (bioone.org)
These include in vitro and in vivo exposure models, suitable collections of human cancer and non-cancer tissues, and data from large-scale public repositories (see the figure). (who.int)

In evaluating mutagenicity for potentially hazardous drugs, responses from multiple test systems are needed before precautions can be required for handling such agents. (cdc.gov)

An MRL is defined as an estimate of daily human exposure to a substance that is likely to be without an appreciable risk of adverse effects (noncarcinogenic) over a specified duration of exposure. (cdc.gov)
As these kinds of health effects data become available and methods to assess levels of significant human exposure improve, these MRLs will be revised. (cdc.gov)
At the level of human exposure, ATZ reduces sperm count and contribute to infertility in men. (frontiersin.org)

CONCLUSIONS: Relative to cigarette smoking, waterpipe use is associated with greater CO, similar nicotine, and dramatically more smoke exposure. (who.int)
Research on active smoking and secondhand smoke exposure has led to policy changes to protect individuals from the adverse health impacts of tobacco smoke. (springer.com)

Murine monoclonal antibodies are produced by injecting a mouse with an antigen, harvesting its spleen to obtain B cells that are producing antibody specific to that antigen, fusing those cells with immortal mouse myeloma cells, growing these hybridoma cells (eg, in cell culture), and harvesting the antibody. (msdmanuals.com)
Chimeric monoclonal antibodies activate antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and T cells more effectively than murine monoclonal antibodies but can still induce production of human anti-chimeric antibodies. (msdmanuals.com)

in farmers, in whom chronic bronchitis is far more common, occurs independently of smoking status, is linked to thermophilic actinomycete exposure, and leads to findings similar to those of hypersensitivity pneumonitis on diagnostic testing. (merckmanuals.com)

Introduction: Our current knowledge about the effect of cigarette smoke (CS) in vitro is largely based on exposing cells growing in submersed conditions to CS fractions. (pmiscience.com)

Opioid tolerance and dependence result from adaptations that develop in multiple neural systems after chronic exposure to opioids. (jneurosci.org)
Recent endotoxin exposure was significantly associated with byssinosis, chronic bronchitis, and chronic cough. (nih.gov)
For some chronic diseases, it is not possible to avoid drug exposure to the fetus during pregnancy, as exemplified in women living with HIV who must take antiretrovirals (ARVs) during pregnancy and lactation for their own health and to prevent transmission of HIV to their infants. (springer.com)

Special focus is also given to creating disease-based in vitro models and the role nanoparticles play in disease onsert and/or exacerbation. (swansea.ac.uk)
Another research interest of Tamanoi's lab is to utilize mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) for controllable drug delivery system for cancer therapy. (uclahealth.org)

Taking DHEA by mouth before in-vitro fertilization (IVF) might improve the chances of pregnancy and having a baby. (medlineplus.gov)

Also interdisciplinary research dedicated to develop quantitative bionanoscience for in vitro diagnostics applications is performed. (nanotechia.org)

GAITHERSBURG, MD - Oct. 10, 2017 - IIVS, supported by a grant from Colgate-Palmolive, held a training course this month in Goiania, Brazil focused on two in vitro methods with international regulatory acceptance status. (iivs.org)
GAITHERSBURG, MD - Sept. 7, 2017 - Bo Li, General Director of the CFDA's National Institute for Food and Drug Control (NIFDC) and Erin Hill, President of US based non-profit, Institute for In Vitro Sciences, Inc. (IIVS), signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to bring non-animal test methods to China for the regulation of cosmetics and ingredients. (iivs.org)
Komor, Badran and Liu, 2017 ) have opened up tremendous opportunities for the development of cell lines, especially those of human origin ( Tobita, Guzman-Lepe and de L'Hortet, 2015 ). (brill.com)

We also illustrated that the proteinoid NPs are non-toxic to human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and apart from P(KEf) also to lettuce plants. (nature.com)

VITO is active in the field of nanosafety through determination of nanoparticle exposure/release potential, airborne emission characterization, exposure prevention and training in support of safe nanomaterial development and use along the life cycle. (nanotechia.org)

Our data suggests that COOH-functionalization modulates the bio-effects of MWCNT in vitro which have important implications in nanotoxicology. (cdc.gov)
3. HEALTH EFFECTS considered to be important because it helps the users of the profiles to identify levels of exposure at which major health effects start to appear. (cdc.gov)
Public health officials and others concerned with appropriate actions to take at hazardous waste sites may want information on levels of exposure associated with more subtle effects in humans or animals (LOAEL) or exposure levels below which no adverse effects (NOAELs) have been observed. (cdc.gov)
Since beginning at NCTR, Dr. Shuliang Liu has been conducting research on the adverse effects of general anesthetic exposure on the developing central nervous system (CNS). (fda.gov)
The principal aim of Dr. Liu's research is to evaluate the reversal effects of selected chemicals on anesthetic-induced neural cell damage. (fda.gov)
[ 8 ] While reports suggested either (1) lack of lithium effects on cAMP synthesis or (2) lithium-induced inhibition of cAMP synthesis, later work in a strain of rat thyroid follicular cells (FRTL-5) and a cell line of Chinese hamster ovary fibroblasts stably transfected with the human thyrotropin receptor (CHO-TSHR) showed significant potentiation by lithium of the cAMP response to exogenous thyrotropin. (medscape.com)
For genotoxicity effects, we look at in vivo testing over in vitro testing. (cdc.gov)
GWEN is a radio communication system designed to withstand the damaging effects of electromagnetic-pulse energy surges produced by high-altitude nuclear detonations and other ionospheric disturbances. (nationalacademies.org)
The ability to measure alterations in neurite morphology can provide information regarding changes leading to disease states or effects following exposure to toxic agents, thus providing a rationale for developing technologies to observe and quantify these events. (genengnews.com)
However, a limitation of a monoculture approach is that it does not detect the effects of glial cells on neurite development and function. (genengnews.com)
On-chip mouse embryo culture: evaluation of effects of uterine cells-conditioned media on embryo development and gene expression. (nc3rs.org.uk)
Six compounds (cyclamic acid, perfluoroalkylic carboxylic acids, perfluorosulfonic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, adenosine receptor antagonist (CGS 15943), and Prodigiosin) present in M. bealei serum may exhibit therapeutic effects against alcoholic HCC by downregulating CDK1 and TOP2A expression levels in vitro. (bvsalud.org)

We begin by describing THS and its exposure pathways and provide findings from limited surveys of key stakeholder groups and their approaches to addressing THS. (springer.com)
Advanced Exposure Approaches (i.e. (swansea.ac.uk)

Living organisms are extremely complex functional systems that are made up of, at a minimum, many tens of thousands of genes, protein molecules, RNA molecules, small organic compounds, inorganic ions, and complexes in an environment that is spatially organized by membranes, and in the case of multicellular organisms, organ systems. (wikipedia.org)
46% of cells in p53-functional cell lines but failed to cause apoptosis in p53 nonfunctional cell lines. (aacrjournals.org)
Induction of p53 and p21 expression by TPZ was observed in a p53-functional cell line (SMS-SAN) but not in a p53-nonfunctional cell line (CHLA-90). (aacrjournals.org)
Significant ΔΨ m loss and glutathione (GSH) depletion in response to TPZ was observed in p53-functional cell lines (SMS-SAN, SMS-SAN EV, and CHLA-15) but not in p53-nonfunctional cell lines (SMS-SAN E6 and CHLA-90). (aacrjournals.org)

The test substance did not induce any toxicologically significant increases in the frequency of cells with aberrations in either of the 4(20)-hour exposure groups, in the absence or presence of a liver enzyme metabolising system, or following 24 hours continuous exposure. (europa.eu)

The Ras-superfamily G-proteins play critical roles in cell growth and differentiation. (uclahealth.org)

Regulated changes in axon and dendrite (neurite) morphology over days and weeks are required for the developmental organization and continual remodeling of the nervous system that supports adaptation, function, and maturation. (genengnews.com)

In both cases, the process usually begins as above with production of mouse hybridoma cells that make antibody to the desired antigen. (msdmanuals.com)
In 1939-1940, the Rhesus (Rh) blood group system was discovered, leading to the development of minor antigen compatibility testing. (medscape.com)

Next, using genetically modified plants, which express fluorescent protein and are responsive to the level of auxin, we demonstrated the possibility to deliver encapsulated agrochemicals into cells. (nature.com)

Ionizing radiations are extremely high frequency electromagnetic waves (X-rays and gamma rays), which have enough photon energy to produce ionization by breaking the atomic bonds that hold molecules in cells together. (intechopen.com)

Appropriate methodology does not exist to develop MRLs for dermal exposure. (cdc.gov)
After isolation and amplification of several strains of XP-C keratinocytes and fibroblasts, a three-dimensional skin model in vitro comprising both epidermis and a dermal equivalent could be obtained. (bioone.org)

Two types of cell cultures have been exposed over a period of 5 days, with daily exposure consisting of two runs of WLTC, first with a cold start, active cooling of the engine for two hours, and two additional runs of WLTC, with acceptable rate of cell survival. (sae.org)

Despite the plethora of data on the toxic contaminants contained in tobacco smoke and their impact on health, only recently has there been recognition that exposure to long-lived tobacco smoke components in indoor environments where smoking has taken place may result in possible adverse health consequences. (springer.com)
However, adverse outcomes in several in vitro tests may be considered in our evaluation. (cdc.gov)

Fully human monoclonal antibodies are produced using transgenic mice that contain human immunoglobulin genes or using phage display (ie, a bacteriophage-based cloning method) of immunoglobulin genes isolated from human B cells. (msdmanuals.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms4

Diseases2

Chemicals and Drugs11

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment19

Phenomena and Processes18

Disciplines and Occupations1

Technology, Industry, Agriculture3

Health Care1

Toxicity5

Assay8

Toxicology5

Lung15

Tumor5

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Epithelial9

Long term exposure2

Mammalian cells1

Biological14

Mechanistic5

Vivo studies3

Laboratory8

GmbH1

Acute6

Silico1

Genetic5

Proliferation3

Inhalation exposure1

Concentrations3

Embryos6

Studies15

Experimental2

Physiologically1

Experiments2

Neurons5

Dissemination1

Occupational3

Environmental6

Respiratory6

Immune13

Tissue2

Study10

Carcinogenesis1

Absorption1

Reproductive5

Tissues3

Responses1

Human Exposure3

Smoke exposure2

Murine2

Hypersensitivity1

Cigarette1

Chronic3

Nanoparticles2

Fertilization1

Diagnostics1

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Endothelial1

Characterization1

Effects12

Approaches2

Functional4

Liver1

Roles1

Developmental1

Antigen2

Genetically modified1

Molecules1

Dermal2

Cultures1

Adverse2

Antibodies1