• Such is the enormity of the findings of the Roslin Institute, where not only was Dolly the sheep created, but her predecessors Tracy, Megan and Morag. (wikiquote.org)
  • Their experiments resulted in several sheep being born in July 1996, one of which was a sheep named Dolly born 5 July 1996. (asu.edu)
  • It became a hot topic in 1996 when Dolly the sheep was cloned via a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer. (archstl.org)
  • Scientists plan to use somatic cell nuclear transfer for the first human clone, which is the same technique that was used to create Dolly the sheep. (humansfuture.org)
  • Returning to our previous mention of Dolly, it is important to note that her life span was only about 1/2 that of a normal sheep. (humansfuture.org)
  • Dolly the sheep. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • After the birth of Dolly in 1996, the first successfully cloned mammal, excitement filled the scientific community and led to further investigation and development in the field of genetic engineering (Kolata, 1997). (umass.edu)
  • Dolly the sheep has been preserved through taxidermy and is on display at the National Museum of Scotland. (creation.com)
  • Whereas, cloning à la Dolly means using the DNA information from an adult creature to direct the development through to birth of a genetically identical, though younger, individual. (creation.com)
  • Dolly is not the first reported mammalian clone, but the first one which involved neither forced 'twinning' of an embryo, or implanting an embryonic nucleus. (creation.com)
  • Reproductive cloning is expensive and highly inefficient. (wikiquote.org)
  • Another similar attempt was performed in 2011 when scientists from the Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine cloned the near-extinct Esfahan Mouflon. (umass.edu)
  • 3. National regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general adopted so far confirm the convergence of views of the refusal to adopt legislation or guidelines permitting reproductive cloning , while they still show variations on the legitimacy of human cloning carried out as part of research agendas. (lifeissues.net)
  • 2. Over the years, the international community has tried without success to build a consensus on an international convention against the reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Creating awareness among ministries of health in the African Region will provide them with critical and relevant information on the reproductive cloning of human beings and its implications to the health status of the general population. (who.int)
  • 7. The WHO Regional Committee for Africa is invited to review this document for information and guidance concerning reproductive cloning of human beings. (who.int)
  • 3. Media reports on nuclear transfer are usually about one form, reproductive nuclear transfer, also known as reproductive cloning of human beings . (who.int)
  • 5. In 2001, France and Germany requested the United Nations General Assembly to develop international conventions on human reproductive cloning, therapeutic cloning and research on stem cells. (who.int)
  • Cloning technology, however, is perceived as having the potential for reproductive cloning, which raises serious ethical and moral concerns. (who.int)
  • Reproductive cloning versus germ cell (egg, ovum). (who.int)
  • The National Institutes of Health defines a human embryo as "the developing organism from the time of fertilization until the end of the eighth week of gestation. (archstl.org)
  • Cloning is the process of creating a genetically identical duplicate of an organism. (humansfuture.org)
  • Each cell in a sheep (or a human) - bone cells, liver cells, and so on, contains all the DNA information required to 'spell out' the development of the complete adult organism. (creation.com)
  • Such 'adult' cloning means one can first see what the adult organism is like before cloning. (creation.com)
  • A clone is an organism that is a genetic copy of an existing one. (who.int)
  • Robert Geoffrey Edwards, a British developmental biologist at University of Cambridge, began exploring human in vitro fertilization (IVF) as a way to treat infertility in 1960. (asu.edu)
  • 4. This creates an embryo, which is implanted into a surrogate mother through in vitro fertilization. (humansfuture.org)
  • The removal and re-introduction of the nucleus, the electric stimulation of the cell, and the in vitro fertilization all combine to make viable embryos in only about 1 in 200 attempts. (humansfuture.org)
  • However, identical twins (whether occurring naturally, or as in the recent media report of 'human cloning', from manipulation during in vitro fertilization procedures) result from a 'doubling up' of the DNA information at a very early stage of development in the womb. (creation.com)
  • Many sources state that cloning is just simply an extension of in vitro fertilization, but the root of cloning goes further than that. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Cloning embryos is different from the genetic process of in vitro fertilization, but still holds many similarities with it. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • For example, the process of in vitro fertilization is pretty straightforward. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • That month, scientists reported the first successful attempt to reproduce a large, adult mammal through cloning. (exposingsatanism.org)
  • A technological 'world first' happened when Scottish scientists recently performed the world's first true 'cloning' of a mammal. (creation.com)
  • It is also our view that there are no sound reasons for treating the early-stage human embryo or cloned human embryo as anything special, or as having moral status greater than human somatic cells in tissue culture. (wikiquote.org)
  • 2. A somatic cell (a non-sperm, non-egg cell), which contains DNA, is then taken from the person to be cloned. (humansfuture.org)
  • This cell then has therapeutic cloning: the global the capacity to divide and grow into an exact replica of the original from whom the debate somatic cell was taken. (who.int)
  • Developments in biotechnology have raised new concerns about animal welfare, as farm animals now have their genomes modified (genetically engineered) or copied (cloned) to propagate certain traits useful to agribusiness, such as meat yield or feed conversion. (wikiquote.org)
  • The predominant bioethical concern arising from this technology is that the blastocyt-stage embryo must be destroyed in the process of isolating and separating the embryonic stem cells from the inner mass region of the pre-embryo. (jcpa.org)
  • The destruction of the pre-embryo has been the critical issue in the U.S. behind imposing limits on federal government-sponsored research in embryonic stem cells. (jcpa.org)
  • In an embryo, some dividing cells are becoming differentiated according to their function, but there are also unspecialised stem cells which may be persuaded to divide into different types of cells, depending on the body's requirements. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • The stem cells suits human needs, does not cause harm and can be obtained from both adult and fetal does not conflict with religious beliefs, it has tissues, umbilical cord and early embryos. (who.int)
  • However, it appears that the ability of the In its simplest form, cloning is defined stem cells to transform is limited, except as the exact replication of cells. (who.int)
  • In biology , cloning is the process of producing similar populations of genetically identical individuals that occurs in nature when organisms such as bacteria , insects or plants reproduce asexually . (wikiquote.org)
  • Cloning in biotechnology refers to processes used to create copies of DNA fragments ( molecular cloning ), cells (cell cloning), or organisms . (wikiquote.org)
  • Unicellular for those cells that are derived from human organisms are primed to replicate (clone) pre-embryos, which seem to have a high themselves by nature. (who.int)
  • The principles of cloning have been applied to some more fundamental experimentation in plants and animals. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • The main issue as to whether or not human cloning is possible through the splitting of embryos began in 1993 when experimentation was done at George Washington University Medical Center in Washington D. C. There Dr. Jerry Hall experimented with the possibility of human cloning and began this moral and ethical debate. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • After years of experiments …cloning hit the big time in February 1997. (exposingsatanism.org)
  • WHA50.37 of 1997 argues that human cloning is ethically unacceptable and contrary to human integrity and morality. (who.int)
  • That's why Father Pacholczyk, director of education at the National Catholic Bioethics Center in Philadelphia, said that the efforts to help people understand the immorality of embryo reserch, including human cloning, must focus on humanizing the issue and appreciating our own embryonic origins, not just on the desired results of embryonic or other types of stem-cell research. (archstl.org)
  • A decade later, cloning came to the forefront in Missouri with the narrow passage of Amendment 2, a ballot initiative in 2006 that constitutionally protects embryonic stem-cell research and human cloning. (archstl.org)
  • More than 90% of cloning attempts fail to produce viable offspring. (wikiquote.org)
  • More than 100 nuclear transfer procedures could be required to produce one viable clone. (wikiquote.org)
  • Given that we have an efficiency of 1% cloning for livestock species and if only one in a thousand cells are viable then around 100,000 cells would need to be transferred. (wikiquote.org)
  • A more hopeful source is the use of 'spare' early embryos fertilised in a dish by IVF ( in vitro fertilisation) techniques. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • They attempted to create seventeen human embryos in a laboratory dish and when it had grown enough, separated them into forty-eight individual cells. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • In particular, scientific developments in areas such as iPS cells open new possibilities of research and, at mid term, of therapeutic applications, but they also bring new ethical challenges and problems requiring further reflection and debate. (lifeissues.net)
  • Therapeutic cloning possesses enormous potential for revolutionizing medical and thera- peutic techniques. (who.int)
  • This is therapeutic cloning. (who.int)
  • They put the nucleus of one (mammary) cell from an adult sheep, A, containing its DNA information, into an egg cell from another sheep, B, which first had its nucleus (with its DNA) removed. (creation.com)
  • When the nucleus of a stem cell has been the technique of cloning. (who.int)
  • The con- is removed and replaced by a nucleus of cept of human cloning has long been in the another cell type, the stem cell will then imagination of many scientists, scholars and be reprogrammed to produce the product fiction writers [ 1 ]. (who.int)
  • The basic techniques of of the implanted nucleus, when it fully cloning have been known for some time, and develops. (who.int)
  • Most bacteria reproduce asexually and so produce offspring which are a clone. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Not just bacteria, but also some of the plant, amphibian and reptile species reproduce in this way, by 'cloning' themselves without the need for both a mother and father. (creation.com)
  • A blastocyst (cloned or not), because it lacks any trace of a nervous system, has no capacity for suffering or conscious experience in any form - the special properties that, in our view, spell the difference between biological tissue and a human life worthy of respect and rights. (wikiquote.org)
  • The researchers proposed that Viagra, typically indicated to treat erectile dysfunction in men, would help women with a history of failed past fertility treatments by thickening their endometrial lining, which is the layer of tissue in the uterus where an embryo implants during pregnancy. (asu.edu)
  • The mass of undifferentiated tissue can be divided into individual cells without damage, and then left to grow into more masses of tissue, similar to an embryo inside a seed. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • as well as diagnostic techniques, drug development and tissue transplantation. (who.int)
  • Although some of the practical difficulties of cloning whole mammals have been overcome, there is little likelihood of applying this cloning technique to humans. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Cloning humans has recently become a possibility that seems much more feasible in today's society than it was twenty years ago. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • It is not known when or how cloning humans really became a possibility, but it is known that there are two possible ways that we can clone humans. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • There is no doubt that many problems involving the technological and ethical sides of this issue will arise and will be virtually impossible to avoid, but the overall idea of cloning humans is one that we should accept as a possible reality for the future. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Cloning humans is an idea that has always been thought of as something that could be found in science fiction novels, but never as a concept that society could actually experience. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Shannon Brownlee of U. S. News & World Report writes, "Hall and other scientists split single humans embryos into identical copies, a technology that opens a Pandora's box of ethical questions and has sparked a storm of controversy around the world" (24). (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Common answers to the puzzling questions about humans and cloning are still trying to be answered today, and scientists and the public are eager to learn all they can about cloning. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Advanced Cell Technology (ACT), a stem cell biotechnology company in Worcester, Massachusetts, showed the potential for cloning to contribute to conservation efforts. (asu.edu)
  • Cloning is as much an art as it is a science," said Robert Lanza of Advanced Cell Technology in Worcester, Massachusetts. (exposingsatanism.org)
  • Claims that you could clone individual treatments of human beings to treat common diseases like diabetes, suggests you need a huge supply of human eggs. (wikiquote.org)
  • After successfully overcoming the problem of making mammalian oocytes mature in vitro in 1965, Edwards began to experiment with fertilizing matured eggs in vitro. (asu.edu)
  • Wilmut, McWhir, and Campbell collaborated with Angelica Schnieke and Alex J. Kind at PPL Therapeutics in Roslin, a company researching cloning and genetic manipulation for livestock. (asu.edu)
  • Moreover, most early-stage embryos that are produced naturally (that is, through the union of egg and sperm resulting from sexual intercourse) fail to implant and are therefore wasted or destroyed. (wikiquote.org)
  • A more macabre scenario is that of wealthy people contracting to have brain-dead clones 'grown' in order to be able to have a supply of perfectly matched replacement 'parts' for transplanting as their own organs wear out. (creation.com)
  • In embryos, cells derived from a fertilised egg divide repeatedly to produce tissues for the developing foetus. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Although we cannot clone a human yet, this experiment occurred almost two years ago and triggered almost an ethical emergency. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • A clone is said to be all descendants derived asexually from a single individual. (humansfuture.org)
  • Viewed in this way, identical (non-fraternal) twins are fairly commonplace examples of a natural cloning process. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • the reliability of the process could be increased, and it has transpired that cloned offspring effectively age prematurely - due to progressive deterioration of structures called telomeres at the edges of chromosomes. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Cloning, the process of producing a genetically identical individual using the DNA of another individual, has been used over the past decade to revive extinct species. (umass.edu)
  • We can use this process to clone the last male White rhino to create a male that would successfully mate with the remaining females, and thus resolve the captive breeding issue. (umass.edu)
  • We believe it will increase our individual longevity and contribute to healthier, happier lives through organ replacement, and eventually cloning technology will enable the seed ship method for propogating our species throughout the stars. (humansfuture.org)
  • In order to accomplish this, the U.S Fish and Wildlife Service and private organizations should provide funds for cloning-based conservation programs to repopulate endangered species that cannot be saved through traditional conservation methods. (umass.edu)
  • This experiment opened the possibilities of cloning to society and, even though it was unsuccessful, led people to ask themselves what they would do if cloning were to happen. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • On transfer to different media, these embryos can be persuaded to develop into miniature plants inside special illuminated incubators in the laboratory. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Nevertheless, these difficulties will be overcome and human cloning will be a reality within the decade. (humansfuture.org)
  • A B N N A A B A A A A A BN A B B A ABSTRACT Recent advances in genomics and biotechnology have ushered in a new era in health development. (who.int)
  • A clone is simply a group of individuals containing exactly the same genetic material. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • 2. Nuclear transfer is a technique used to duplicate genetic material by creating an embryo through the transfer and fusion of a diploid cell in an enucleated female oocyte.2 Cloning has a broader meaning than nuclear transfer as it also involves gene replication and natural or induced embryo splitting (see Annex 1). (who.int)
  • Recording and contextualizing the science of embryos, development, and reproduction. (asu.edu)
  • Originally the term clone was used to cover plant material simply derived from asexual reproduction or vegetative reproduction - tubers, plantlets, offsets etc. and cuttings, grafts etc. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Amoeba reproduces solely by asexual reproduction to produce genetically identical offspring, and some animals alternate between sexual and asexual stages which result in clones being formed. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • This paper outlines the debates prompted through a reproduction mechanism involv- by progress in cloning research, with special ing male and female germ cells. (who.int)
  • The Catholic Church has always held that stem-cell research and therapies are morally acceptable, as long as they don't involve the creation and destruction of human embryos. (archstl.org)
  • Many politicians, religious leaders, and bioethicists believe that any destruction of the pre-implanted embryo or fertilized egg is akin to murder. (jcpa.org)
  • increased public sensitivity and awareness together with the development of national regulations of governance of human cloning and embryo research in general. (lifeissues.net)
  • This one cell could then start to grow and divide in the womb of another sheep, C, as if it were a fertilized egg. (creation.com)
  • Bizarre ideas about cloning lie in many science fiction books and scare the public with their unbelievable possibilities. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • An in-depth analysis aiming at re-defining this terminology according to the new developments in human embryo research would be highly beneficial . (lifeissues.net)
  • related research and developments should therefore be carefully monitored and assessed, and the rights and dignity of patients respected. (who.int)
  • In it he describes the story of a wealthy man who decides to clone himself. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • In addition to low success rates, cloned animals tend to have more compromised immune function and higher rates of infection, tumor growth, and other disorders. (wikiquote.org)
  • However, with the advent of techniques including nutritional and temperature conditioning of cells taken from the body of higher animals, it has proved possible to clone mammals, e.g. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • However some believe that there are a variety of advantages in being able to clone agricultural animals by splitting early embryos. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • Science and technology has advanced to the point that we can now clone animals. (umass.edu)
  • However, restrictions have been applied as to the use of these techniques in studying the development of these cells. (biotopics.co.uk)
  • This is why cloning has long fascinated science fiction writers, because it conjures up the image of, say, getting a carbon copy of an Einstein or a Hitler, (perhaps even after their death, if all the DNA from one of their cells were somehow preserved). (creation.com)
  • The second method of cloning a human involves taking cells from an already existing human being and cloning them, in turn creating other individuals that are identical to that particular person. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Two of the separated cells survived for a few days in the lab developed into new human embryos smaller than the head of a pin and consisting of thirty-two cells each (Brownlee 24). (benjaminbarber.org)
  • The first way involves splitting an embryo into several halves and creating many new individuals from that embryo. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • Notice that you need the machinery in the egg cell from B to express the information from sheep A. Thus, Jurassic Park's becoming a reality would require not just a complete, uncorrupted batch of dino DNA, but also a live egg from a female dinosaur! (creation.com)
  • While it may provide other hypothetical benefits such as re-creating brilliant scientists, philosophers, and humanitarians who might then have more than a single life time to contribute to our evolutionary development, advances in direct manipulation of the genome will probably allow us to specify the genetic pattern of those we would want to emulate. (humansfuture.org)
  • These scientists experimented eagerly in aims of learning how to clone human. (benjaminbarber.org)
  • The next step after cloning an animal would be its reintroduction to its natural habitat. (umass.edu)
  • This Iranian wild sheep was cloned using the same method as Folch et al. (umass.edu)
  • this time using a domestic sheep instead of a domestic goat (Haijan et al. (umass.edu)
  • How Does Cloning Relate to Future Human Evolution? (humansfuture.org)
  • Cloning may be a factor in the future of human evolution but will certainly not be its primary driver. (humansfuture.org)
  • There it was concluded that cloning is not something that can be done as of now, but it is quite a possibility for the future. (benjaminbarber.org)