• MIP‑1 proteins have been reported to have multiple effects on hematopoietic precursor cells and MIP‑1 alpha has been identified as a stem cell inhibitory factor that can inhibit the proliferation of hematopoietic stem cells in vitro as well as in vivo. (rndsystems.com)
  • It can promote the proliferation and differentiation of IL-3 dependent early hematopoietic precursor cells and promote mast cell proliferation. (cusabio.com)
  • In vitro, mouse monocyte-macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 is often used with receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa B ligand (RANKL) to form osteoclasts and tartrate resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) staining is usually applied to examine osteoclast formation. (nih.gov)
  • However, not 100% of precursors form osteoclasts upon RANKL treatment. (nih.gov)
  • 3-Plex SILAC is used to examine proteomes of osteoclast precursors, osteoclasts, and TRAP + cells. (nih.gov)
  • Although formation of both osteoclasts and TRAP+ cells are the results of RANKL treatments, their proteomes are found to be differently regulated confirming that it is necessary to separate these cell types to understand the mechanism of osteoclast formation. (nih.gov)
  • This study suggests that osteoclasts save energy by controlling cell cycle, gene expression, and protein synthesis while function of mitochondria is compromised. (nih.gov)
  • Anti-apoptosis is favored and proteins involved in integrin activation are found to be upregulated in osteoclasts than precursors. (nih.gov)
  • The most common applications for Monocytes are the in vitro differentiation into monocyte-derived dendritic cells, macrophages, and osteoclasts as well as their use as phagocytic immune cells in immunology and infection biology. (zen-bio.com)
  • In contrast, TNF often acts on cell types other than osteoclasts, or synergically with RANKL to indirectly promote osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption. (frontiersin.org)
  • Normal bone remodeling requires a delicate balance between the activities of major bone cell types: bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts, as well as osteocytes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Osteoclasts are bone cells derived from monocyte/macrophage lineage and are exclusively responsible for bone resorption, which contributes to skeletal development, bone homeostasis, and remodeling. (frontiersin.org)
  • Derived from precursor cells of the monocyte/macrophage lineage, osteoclasts possess the unique capacity to resorb mineralized bone matrix. (pdgfreceptor.com)
  • BMMs, that act as osteoclast precursors, were cultured with M-CSF (50 ng/ml) and RANKL (100 ng/ml) for 4 days to generate osteoclasts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Osteoclasts are specialized as the only bone-resorbing cell type and increased numbers are implicated in the development of bone loss-accompanied diseases such as osteoporosis, periodontitis, rheumatoid arthritis, osteosarcoma, and bone cancer metastases [ 2 - 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A complex interaction between osteoclasts, endothelial cells, BM matrix, myeloid as well as the lymphoid elements and the malignant PCs occurs at the level of the microenvironment favoring the expansion of latter cells and their spread. (tmeresearch.org)
  • The nonhematopoietic component includes osteoblasts/osteoclasts (OBs/OCs), endothelial cells (ECs), endothelial progenitor cells and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) [4] and for classification purposes OCs/OBs, although these cells are derived from hematopoietic progenitors. (tmeresearch.org)
  • Bone destruction in rheumatoid arthritis is mediated by osteoclasts (OC), which are derived from precursor cells of the myeloid lineage. (nih.gov)
  • Introduction Myeloid progenitors derived from multipotential hematopoietic stem cells can be differentiated into myeloid cells including neutrophils monocytes and macrophages which act as important mediators of innate immunity and play a central role in host defense against infections and to tissue damage.1-3 Conversely defective regulation of myeloid differentiation has devastating consequences leading to myeloid diseases and disorders such as myeloid aplasia dysplasia and leukemia. (academicediting.org)
  • The ESC-derived immortalized progenitor cells demonstrate normal karyotyping are genetically manipulatable and can be differentiated into functional neutrophils. (academicediting.org)
  • Moreover, endogenous zinc levels have been suggested to affect both the number and the function of various types of immune cells, including macrophages, neutrophils, dendritic cells, mast cells, T cells, and B cells [ 17 - 24 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • At the sites of inflammation, the inflammatory chemokines recruit monocytes, neutrophils and various cell types that promote the inflammation, while other types of cells such as leukocytes can produce inflammatory cytokines, resulting in the so-called "vicious cycle" of disease activity in the RA synovial microenvironment [ 6 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • The presence of increased numbers of neutrophils in cigarette smokers' lungs has also been documented by extracting inflammatory cells from open lung biopsies of smokers and nonsmokers (Hunninghake and Crystal 1983). (nih.gov)
  • A higher percentage of these inflammatory cells were neutrophils in smokers compared with nonsmokers. (nih.gov)
  • In early microbial infections, humoral reactions are activated, in which immune cells (macrophages, neutrophils, etc.) recognize and destroy invading organisms [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • APC subpopulations from the myeloid lineage, specifically mDC subpopulations and CD14 + monocytes, were able to efficiently induce post-integration HIV-1 latency in non-proliferating CD4 + T-cells in vitro. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Marrow stromal cells include the precursors of the osteochondrogenic lineage, exert important influences on osteoclastogenesis and lymphopoiesis, and mediate the effects of some systemic factors on bone turnover. (nih.gov)
  • single cell RNA-sequencing for lineage priming program identification. (edu.au)
  • Atreya R et al (2000) Blockade of interleukin 6 trans signaling suppresses T-cell resistance against apoptosis in chronic intestinal inflammation: evidence in crohn disease and experimental colitis in vivo. (springer.com)
  • Bartholomew A et al (2002) Mesenchymal stem cells suppress lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and prolong skin graft survival in vivo. (springer.com)
  • Purpose: There is currently no true macrophage cell line and in vitro experiments requiring these cells currently require mitogenic stimulation of a macrophage precursor cell line (THP-1) or ex vivo maturation of circulating primary monocytes. (worktribe.com)
  • It remains unclear how latency is established in resting CD4 + T-cells in vivo. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We report herein that ex vivo cultured fibrocytes can differentiate from a CD14 + -enriched mononuclear cell population and that this process requires contact with T cells. (aai.org)
  • We show that secondary lymphoid chemokine, a ligand of the CCR7 chemokine receptor, acts as a potent stimulus for fibrocyte chemotaxis in vitro and for the homing of injected fibrocytes to sites of cutaneous tissue injury in vivo. (aai.org)
  • The two included 96-strip-well Osteoplates have a unique 3-dimensional structure that mimics in vivo bone for in vitro bone cell assays. (asone-int.com)
  • In this review, we focus on findings from the recent literature in which specific modulatory effects of MSCs on one or more individual effector T-cell subsets and Treg phenotypes have been examined in vitro, in relevant animal models of in vivo immunological disease, and in human subjects. (ingeneron.com)
  • Functionally, this targeting is associated with impaired repression of pathways regulating the late phases of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation of BMDM and a high sensitivity to LPS in vivo when the trim33 gene is inactivated in mature myeloid cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Kruppel-like factor 1-GATA1 fusion protein improves the sickle cell disease phenotype in mice both in vitro and in vivo. (nih.gov)
  • Next, vortex the anti-human CD14 magnetic particles thoroughly and mix 50 microliters of particles for every one times 10 to the 7th PBMCs into the cells, and transfer the cell bead solution to a sterile 15 milliliter tube. (jove.com)
  • CD14 directs adventitial macrophage precursor recruitment: role in early abdominal aortic aneurysm formation. (nih.gov)
  • The innate immune signaling molecule CD14 was reported to be upregulated in adventitial macrophages in a murine model of AAA and in monocytes cocultured with aortic adventitial fibroblasts (AoAf) in vitro, concurrent with increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression. (nih.gov)
  • We hypothesized that CD14 plays a crucial role in adventitial macrophage precursor recruitment early during AAA formation.CD14(-/-) mice were resistant to AAA formation induced by 2 different AAA induction models: aortic elastase infusion and systemic angiotensin II (AngII) infusion. (nih.gov)
  • CD14 gene deletion led to reduced aortic macrophage infiltration and diminished elastin degradation. (nih.gov)
  • Adventitial monocyte binding to AngII-infused aorta in vitro was dependent on CD14, and incubation of human acute monocytic leukemia cell line-1 (THP-1) monocytes with IL-6 or conditioned medium from perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) upregulated CD14 expression. (nih.gov)
  • Conditioned medium from AoAf and PVAT induced CD14-dependent monocyte chemotaxis, which was potentiated by IL-6. (nih.gov)
  • CD14 belongs to the family of LPS receptor antigens and is strongly expressed on the majority of Monocytes. (zen-bio.com)
  • mDC (CD1c + ), SLAN + DC and CD14 + monocytes were most efficient in stimulating proliferation of CD4 + T-cells during syngeneic culture and in generating post-integration latent infection in non-proliferating CD4 + T-cells following HIV-1 infection of APC-T cell co-cultures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gene expression analysis, comparing the CD1c + mDC, SLAN + DC and CD14 + monocyte subpopulations to pDC identified 53 upregulated genes that encode proteins expressed on the plasma membrane that could signal to CD4 + T-cells via cell-cell interactions (32 genes), immune checkpoints (IC) (5 genes), T-cell activation (9 genes), regulation of apoptosis (5 genes), antigen presentation (1 gene) and through unknown ligands (1 gene). (biomedcentral.com)
  • CD14 + monocytes represent DC and macrophage precursors in blood [Reviewed in 25 ], and were also tested for their ability to establish latent infection in resting CD4 + T-cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 14. IL-4 and CD40 ligation affect differently the differentiation, maturation, and function of human CD34+ cell-derived CD1a+CD14- and CD1a-CD14+ dendritic cell precursors in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • 15. TNF-alpha induces the generation of Langerin/(CD207)+ immature Langerhans-type dendritic cells from both CD14-CD1a and CD14+CD1a- precursors derived from CD34+ cord blood cells. (nih.gov)
  • Monocytes can differentiate into several different cell types. (zen-bio.com)
  • When Epo is cultured in vitro, FAV cells survive and differentiate into reticulocytes. (cusabio.com)
  • They may further differentiate within chronic inflammatory lesions to EPITHELIOID CELLS or may fuse to form FOREIGN BODY GIANT CELLS or LANGHANS GIANT CELLS. (lookformedical.com)
  • They are derived from monocytes which enter various tissues and differentiate into macrophages. (molcells.org)
  • RVFV-specific CD8 T cells were expanded and of a cytotoxic and proliferating phenotype in the liver following infection. (cdc.gov)
  • 10. Generation of CMRF-44+ monocyte-derived dendritic cells: insights into phenotype and function. (nih.gov)
  • Fibrocytes are a distinct population of blood-borne cells that display a unique cell surface phenotype (collagen I + /CD11b + /CD13 + /CD34 + /CD45RO + /MHC class II + /CD86 + ) and exhibit potent immunostimulatory activities. (aai.org)
  • Nonmyeloablative HLA-matched sibling allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for severe sickle cell phenotype. (nih.gov)
  • Uptake of pathogenic Ags in the presence of a variety of accessory danger signals (such as microbial-derived pathogen-associated molecular patterns [PAMPs], inflammatory products, necrotic cells, heat-shock proteins and oxidation products) induces DC maturation, manifested by downregulation of phagocytic receptors, and upregulation of Ag presentation machinery and costimulatory molecules. (medscape.com)
  • Monolayers were subsequently washed and incubated with medium alone or containing the pro-inflammatory cytokine IL-1β (5 ng/mL) for 6 h to upregulate pro-atherosclerotic adhesion molecules (AM). AM expression was assayed by ELISA and binding of U937 human monocytes pre-loaded with fluorescent dye was determined. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data provide evidence that dietary mushrooms can inhibit cellular processes such as adhesion molecule expression and ultimate binding of monocytes to the endothelium under pro-inflammatory conditions, which are associated with CVD. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Recently, the immunomodulatory activity of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ADMSCs) has been demonstrated to play an important role on several immune cells in different conditions of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. (springer.com)
  • Bain CC et al (2013) Resident and pro-inflammatory macrophages in the colon represent alternative context-dependent fates of the same Ly6Chi monocyte precursors. (springer.com)
  • Gonzalez MA, Gonzalez-Rey E, Rico L, Buscher D, Delgado M (2009) Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells alleviate experimental colitis by inhibiting inflammatory and autoimmune responses. (springer.com)
  • The macrophage inflammatory proteins -1 alpha and -1 beta were originally co-purified from medium conditioned by an LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cell line. (rndsystems.com)
  • Among the various biological activities, BCP exerts anti-inflammatory action via inhibiting the main inflammatory mediators, such as inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), Interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), Interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-alfa (TNF-α), nuclear factor kapp a-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase 1 (COX-1), cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2). (mdpi.com)
  • T cells, activated to perform a range of different effector functions, are the primary mediators of many autoimmune and inflammatory diseases as well as of transplant rejection and graft-versus-host disease. (ingeneron.com)
  • In addition, naturally occurring and induced regulatory T cells (Treg) represent CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell phenotypes that potently suppress effector T cells to prevent autoimmunity, maintain self-tolerance, and limit inflammatory tissue injury. (ingeneron.com)
  • Steady-state and inflammatory dendritic-cell development. (edu.au)
  • It is now generally accepted that dysregulated zinc homeostasis in macrophages causes impaired phagocytosis and an abnormal inflammatory response. (hindawi.com)
  • Non-antibody proteins secreted by inflammatory leukocytes and some non-leukocytic cells, that act as intercellular mediators. (lookformedical.com)
  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a prototypic inflammatory disease, characterized by the infiltration of proinflammatory cytokines into the joint synovium and the migration of mononuclear cells into inflammatory sites. (ijbs.com)
  • Finally, nesfatin-1 shRNA ameliorated the severity of inflammatory disease and reduced levels of M1 macrophage expression in CIA mice. (ijbs.com)
  • Introduction Inhalation of cigarette smoke markedly alters the inflammatory and immune processes in the lung, leading to increases in the total number of inflammatory cells and to changes in cell type and function. (nih.gov)
  • Effect of Smoking on Numbers and Types of Inflammatory Cells One of the most consistently observed effects of cigarette smoking on the lung is a marked increase in the numbers of inflammatory cells, especially at sites of disease. (nih.gov)
  • In addition, increased numbers of inflammatory cells occur in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of cigarette smokers and in lavage fluid of animals exposed to cigarette smoke. (nih.gov)
  • Lungs of smokers also showed small, but significant, increases in mural inflammatory cells and denuded epithelium in the membranous bronchioles as compared with controls. (nih.gov)
  • These pigmented macrophages, because of their numbers and prominent coloration on histologic sections, were initially the sole focus of research on the inflammatory response in these patients. (nih.gov)
  • Accordingly, expression of TRIM33 in immature myeloid cells is necessary for efficient production of small peritoneal macrophages, monocytes and bone marrow derived macrophage (BMDM) and TRIM33 targets a subset of genes involved in the inflammatory response only in mature myeloid cells. (oncotarget.com)
  • Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is an immunopotent regulatory protein produced by stromal cells and by several different inflammatory cells [ 1 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • Macrophages, lymphocytes which originate from monocytes, are involved in the inflammatory response and often dispersed to areas of infection to fight harmful antigens and mutated cells in tissues. (molcells.org)
  • We saw that in livers with NASH, hepatocytes with microvesicular steatosis seem to express more inflammatory markers, and in these livers an increased number of Foxp3+ T-cells (e.g. regulatory T- cells) and increased area of CD68 cells were seen. (5dok.org)
  • Recent studies have uncovered key intrinsic mechanisms by which TNF acts on osteoclast precursors to restrain osteoclastogenesis, including the mechanisms mediated by RBP-J signaling, RBP-J and ITAM (Immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif) crosstalk, RBP-J mediated regulatory network, NF- κ B p100, IRF8, and Def6. (frontiersin.org)
  • Our Osteoclast Culture Kit includes cryopreserved osteoclast precursor (OCP) cells from bone marrow and culture medium containing M-CSF and RANKL for researchers studying osteoporosis, bone reabsorption, or other bone metabolism disorders. (asone-int.com)
  • Osteoclast cells form from a hematopoietic stem cells called monocytes. (asone-int.com)
  • Osteoclast differentiation and function is controlled primarily by Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor (M-CSF) and Receptor for Activation of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Ligand (RANKL). (asone-int.com)
  • Stattic inhibited osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption in RANKL-induced RAW264.7 cells in a dose-dependent manner. (pdgfreceptor.com)
  • Stattic also suppressed RANKL-induced upregulation of osteoclast-related genes tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, matrix metalloproteinase 9, cathepsin K, RANK, tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor 6, and osteoclast-associated receptor in RAW264.7 cells. (pdgfreceptor.com)
  • Binding of RANKL to its receptor, RANK, recruits TNF receptor-associated factor 6 (TRAF6) to sequentially activate NF-κB, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFATc1) and c-Fos, which are master regulators of osteoclast differ- entiation [2,3]. (pdgfreceptor.com)
  • In this study, we examined the potential of SF extract (SFE) to inhibit receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) -induced osteoclast differentiation in cultured mouse-derived bone marrow macrophages (BMMs). (biomedcentral.com)
  • Macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) are two cytokines secreted mainly by osteoclast. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Fibroblasts, depending on their tissue source and stimuli for activation, are a heterogeneous population of cell types exhibiting distinct functions. (aai.org)
  • The concept that wound fibroblasts can originate from peripheral blood cells goes back almost 100 years (reviewed in Ref. 1 ). (aai.org)
  • Methods Cell culture W4/129S6 mESCs (Taconic) were plated on γ-irradiated mouse embryonic fibroblasts or 0.1% gelatin-coated 6-well plates and managed in DMEM (high glucose Invitrogen) with 15% FBS 1000 U/mL leukemia inhibitory factor (Chemicon) 0.1 nonessential amino acids 2 l-glutamine 1 sodium pyruvate 10 2 100 Empagliflozin U/mL penicillin and 100 U/mL streptomycin. (academicediting.org)
  • GM-CSF is mainly produced by T cells, B cells, macrophages and fibroblasts. (cusabio.com)
  • The osteoblastic niche is also composed of reticular cells, fibroblasts, and adipocytes. (tmeresearch.org)
  • IL-3, also known as multiple colony stimulating factor, is mainly produced by activated T cells, which can stimulate the proliferation and differentiation of pluripotent stem cells. (cusabio.com)
  • A mononuclear phagocyte colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF) synthesized by mesenchymal cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • It binds to a specific high affinity receptor ( RECEPTOR, MACROPHAGE COLONY-STIMULATING FACTOR ). (lookformedical.com)
  • It has also been observed that IL-7 is responsible for osteoclastogenesis through fusion with macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF), binding with tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-α (RANKL) [ 16 - 18 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • Here, we demonstrate how monocytes are isolated by magnetic bead separation from peripheral blood mononuclear cells after density gradient centrifugation of human anti-coagulated blood. (jove.com)
  • Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from this cohort of individuals were used to map out the viral epitopes targeted by T cells in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Since then, numerous studies have reported the differentiation of peripheral mononuclear cells into fibroblast-like cells. (aai.org)
  • Mouse monoclonal to CD25.4A776 reacts with CD25 antigen, a chain of low-affinity interleukin-2 receptor ( IL-2Ra ), which is expressed on activated cells including T, B, NK cells and monocytes. (biodiversityhotspot.org)
  • In 1996, Zamorano discovered that IL-4 can protect cells from apoptosis through the insulin receptor substrate (IRS) pathway. (cusabio.com)
  • T cell receptor and IL-2 signaling strength control memory CD8 + T cell functional fitness via chromatin remodeling. (einsteinmed.edu)
  • Moreover, positive correlations were observed between the frequencies of circulating FDCs and plasmablast and memory B cells, as well as C-X-C motif chemokine receptor type 5 (CXCR5) + CD4 + T cells and CXCR5 + CD8 + T cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Porcelli, S., Yockey, C. E., Brenner, M. B. & Balk, S. P. Analysis of T cell antigen receptor (TCR) expression by human peripheral blood CD4-8- alpha/beta T cells demonstrates preferential use of several V beta genes and an invariant TCR alpha chain. (nature.com)
  • An invariant T cell receptor alpha chain defines a novel TAP-independent major histocompatibility complex class Ib-restricted alpha/beta T cell subpopulation in mammals. (nature.com)
  • A long-standing hypothesis is that FIP viruses arise from internal mutation of endemic FECVs ( 12 ), which is believed to occur in approximately 1%-5% of enteric infections, resulting in the ability of the virus to infect blood monocytes and tissue macrophages. (cdc.gov)
  • For the mobilization of hematopoietic progenitor cells into peripheral blood for collection by leukapheresis and autologous transplantation in adult patients. (nih.gov)
  • For the acceleration of myeloid reconstitution following autologous bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cell transplantation in adult and pediatric patients 2 years of age and older. (nih.gov)
  • 4. Functional and phenotypic analysis of thymic CD34+CD1a- progenitor-derived dendritic cells: predominance of CD1a+ differentiation pathway. (nih.gov)
  • 6. The influence of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, and Flt3 ligand on human dendritic cell differentiation from cord blood CD34+ progenitor cells. (nih.gov)
  • 18. TGF-beta 1 promotes in vitro generation of dendritic cells by protecting progenitor cells from apoptosis. (nih.gov)
  • Mesenchymal stem (stromal) cells (MSCs) are rare, multipotent progenitor cells that can be isolated and expanded from bone marrow and other tissues. (ingeneron.com)
  • After 3-day growth the progenitor cells were transferred onto new semiconfluent OP9 cells and cultured in. (academicediting.org)
  • Sathe P, Metcalf D, Vremec D, Naik SH, Langdon WY, Huntington ND, Wu L, Shortman K. Lymphoid tissue and plasmacytoid dendritic cells and macrophages do not share a common macrophage-dendritic cell-restricted progenitor. (edu.au)
  • Epo is mainly produced by kidney cells and can stimulate the differentiation and development of hematopoietic progenitor cells. (cusabio.com)
  • In 1990, Koury isolated FAV cells (the same species as erythroid hematopoietic progenitor cells and Epo dependence similar to normal CFUE) from mice infected with anemia-causing virus. (cusabio.com)
  • We identified KDR+/CD34high/CD144+/CD43-/CD45- hemato-endothelial progenitor cells (HEPs) forming organized, vasculature-like structures and giving rise to CD34low/CD144-/CD43+/CD45+ hematopoietic progenitor cells. (haematologica.org)
  • Thus, our data suggest an important role for IL-3 in early human hematopoiesis by supporting the endothelial to hematopoietic transition of hemato-endothelial progenitor cells and highlight the potential of a hemanoid-based model to study human hematopoietic development. (haematologica.org)
  • Different cell-intrinsic and extrinsic factors direct the specification of early mesodermal progenitor cells towards hematopoietic stem cells (HSC), which arise in the aorta-gonad-mesonephros (AGM) region, mature in the fetal liver and finally home and reside in the bone marrow. (haematologica.org)
  • In a 2009 biographical memoir, Carol L. Moberg and Steinman wrote that "Zanvil Cohn may be most remembered as the founder of modern macrophage biology and for leading the shift in mid-twentieth-century research from bacterial cells to host-parasite relationships. (wikipedia.org)
  • Abdallah BM, Kassem M (2008) Human mesenchymal stem cells: from basic biology to clinical applications. (springer.com)
  • Ding S, Schultz PG (2004) A role for chemistry in stem cell biology. (springer.com)
  • In 2012, the roles of ENT3 in lysosomal homeostasis and macrophage biology were elucidated 21 . (nature.com)
  • Our laboratory takes a single cell systems biology approach to studying how haematopoietic stem cells ultimately generate all of the red and white blood cells of the immune system. (edu.au)
  • from The Dictionary of Cell Biology, Lackie and Dow, 3rd ed. (lookformedical.com)
  • Improved understanding of the pathology of histiocytic disorders requires knowledge of the origins, biology, and physiology of the cells involved. (medscape.com)
  • HbA2 : biology, clinical relevance and a possible target for ameliorating sickle cell disease. (nih.gov)
  • In this study we develop reagents to detect RVFV-specific T cells and provide evidence for Tfh cells and CD40/CD40L interactions as critical mediators of this protection. (cdc.gov)
  • MSCs broadly suppress T-cell activation and proliferation in vitro via a plethora of soluble and cell contact-dependent mediators. (ingeneron.com)
  • These mediators may act directly upon T cells or indirectly via modulation of antigen-presenting cells and other accessory cells. (ingeneron.com)
  • In recent decades, zinc homeostasis was also found to be important for the innate immune system, especially for maintaining the function of macrophages. (hindawi.com)
  • We discuss various pathways by which macrophages get activated, various approaches that can regulate the function of macrophages, and how these approaches can be helpful in developing new cancer therapies. (molcells.org)
  • Previously, we showed that RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis was suppressed in vitro by inhibition of the JAK2/STAT3 pathway using the JAK2 inhibitor AG490 [4]. (pdgfreceptor.com)
  • Glia maturation factor-γ regulates murine macrophage iron metabolism and M2 polarization through mitochondrial ROS. (nih.gov)
  • DCs secrete and express a wide variety of cytokines and surface molecules that help directly control B-cell proliferation, differentiation and isotype switching. (medscape.com)
  • Most cytotoxic T cells express T-cell receptors ) that can recognize a specific antigenic peptide bound to Class I MHC molecules, present on all nucleated cells, and a glycoprotein called CD8, which is attracted to non-variable portions of the Class I MHC molecule. (zen-bio.com)
  • The HA protein mediates virus binding to sialic acid (SA)-containing host cell surface molecules and promotes the release of viral ribonucleoprotein complexes through membrane fusion. (cdc.gov)
  • In order to explore the mechanisms that underlie these interactions, the participating Institutes will support outstanding projects that have the potential to either clarify the importance of specific cell types and effector molecules or identify previously unrecognized cellular and molecular agents that influence bone physiology. (nih.gov)
  • The molecules produced by oxidation play an important role in a a number of biological processes such as the killing of bacteria and in cell signaling. (theskepticalcardiologist.com)
  • These same unstable molecules, however, have been implicated in a number of deleterious processes as they can participate in unwanted side reactions and create cell damage. (theskepticalcardiologist.com)
  • 3-5 The emergence of hematopoietic cells from the HE (also referred to as endothelial to hematopoietic transition [EHT]), is controlled by distinct cell-intrinsic signals mediated by transcription factor (TF) activation, as well as important cell-extrinsic factors such as cell-cell interactions, extracellular matrix molecules, and cytokines. (haematologica.org)
  • The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)
  • This suggests the role of stem cell-released signaling molecules and factors on tissue regeneration. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antibody -- Any of the protein molecules produced by specialized immune system cells (B cells) that can recognize and bind to a particular foreign antigen. (nih.gov)
  • We conclude that MSCs have the potential to directly or indirectly inhibit disease-associated Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells as well as cytotoxic T lymphocytes but that many key questions regarding the potency, specificity, mechanistic basis, and predictable therapeutic value of these modulatory effects remain unanswered. (ingeneron.com)
  • Another STAT3 inhibitor, Stattic, is the first nonpeptidic small molecule shown to inhibit the function of STAT3′s SH2 domain in vitro regardless of phosphorylation state [7]. (pdgfreceptor.com)
  • IL-2 can also inhibit the apoptosis of a variety of cells. (cusabio.com)
  • In 1993, Mekori found that IL-3 can inhibit the apoptosis of IL-3 dependent mast cells. (cusabio.com)
  • Early research found that SCF can inhibit mast cell apoptosis. (cusabio.com)
  • Proteins released by sensitized LYMPHOCYTES and possibly other cells that inhibit the migration of MACROPHAGES away from the release site. (lookformedical.com)
  • Collectively, the results revealed that fCD23 can inhibit degranulation in RBL-2H3 cells. (ncl.edu.tw)
  • Initial studies in vitro, showed that direct HIV-1 infection of resting CD4 + T-cells isolated from peripheral blood was inefficient and integration rarely occurred due to incomplete reverse transcription, reduced nuclear import of the viral DNA and/or limited integration within the host genome [ 4 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Termed fibrocytes, these cells comprise 0.1-0.5% of nonerythrocytic cells in peripheral blood and display an adherent, spindle-shaped morphology when cultured in vitro. (aai.org)
  • Comparison of CD34(+) cells isolated from frozen cord blood and fresh adult peripheral blood of sickle cell disease patients in gene correction of the sickle mutation at late-stage erythroid differentiation. (nih.gov)
  • IL-7 assists in the development of lymphocytes and regulates peripheral T-cell populations [ 2 ]. (jcancer.org)
  • 1. Special susceptibility to apoptosis of CD1a+ dendritic cell precursors differentiating from cord blood CD34+ progenitors. (nih.gov)
  • In skin of As-BD, CD4+ T cells undergo selective and differential apoptosis via Fas-FasL interaction. (scirp.org)
  • One is apoptosis, also known as programmed cell death or cell suicide, which is a physiological form of cell death and is the process of active cell death under the control of genes. (cusabio.com)
  • Apoptosis is a basic biological phenomenon of cells and plays a necessary role in the removal of unwanted or abnormal cells in multicellular organisms. (cusabio.com)
  • IL-3 withdrawal can lead to apoptosis, confirming that IL-3 can prevent mast cell apoptosis. (cusabio.com)
  • After binding to c-kit on the surface of mast cells, it can activate its tyrosine kinase, thereby inhibiting cell apoptosis. (cusabio.com)
  • Conversely, DNA breakage in FAV cells leads to apoptosis. (cusabio.com)
  • they reside in tissues and lymphoid organs, and circulate as monocytic precursors. (medscape.com)
  • 1 While embryonic macrophages and nucleated red blood cells are generated early in development in the first wave of primitive hematopoiesis, lymphoid cells, definitive erythro-myeloid progenitors and long-term repopulating HSC are only generated at later stages by the definitive hematopoietic program. (haematologica.org)
  • HSCs bears the CD markers: CD34+, CD59+, Thy1/CD90+, CD38 lo/− , C-kit/CD117+, and give rise to both the myeloid or lymphoid lineages of blood cells and a third category consisting of balanced HSC. (tmeresearch.org)
  • However, CD8+ T cells also have the ability to make some cytokines. (zen-bio.com)
  • In recent years, with the progress of research on the molecular mechanism of cell death, researchers have found that some cytokines can affect cell death. (cusabio.com)
  • Cytokines are small molecule peptide factors synthesized and secreted by immune cells and non-immune cells. (cusabio.com)
  • Notably, nesfatin-1-induced increases in CCL2 expression favored M1 macrophage polarization, which increased the expression of proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. (ijbs.com)
  • Here, we used induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology and established a 3-dimensional, organoid-like differentiation system (hemanoid) maintaining the structural cellular integrity to evaluate the effect of cytokines on embryonic hematopoietic development. (haematologica.org)
  • The latter are of great interest as diverse cytokines have been shown to regulate the differentiation of mature blood cells from adult HSC. (haematologica.org)
  • In addition, the BM microenvironment may also be divided into the cellular compartment, comprised of hematopoietic cells and nonhematopoietic cells and the noncellular compartment where the extracellular matrix (ECM), cytokines and growth factors are present. (tmeresearch.org)
  • da Silva Meirelles L, Chagastelles PC, Nardi NB (2006) Mesenchymal stem cells reside in virtually all post-natal organs and tissues. (springer.com)
  • Isolated FDCs from splenic tissues of HBV-related liver cirrhosis-induced hypersplenism patients were cultured with autologous intrasplenic CD4 + T cells and CD19 + B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Notably, in vitro experimental results demonstrated that FDCs derived from splenic tissues of chronic HBV patients facilitated interferon-γ and interleukin-21 production from autologous intrasplenic CD4 + T cells and promoted the proliferation of autologous intrasplenic CD19 + B cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Histiocytoses encompass a group of diverse proliferative disorders characterized by the accumulation and infiltration of variable numbers of monocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in the affected tissues. (medscape.com)
  • In the third and final stage, the cancer cells invade the secondary site's surrounding tissues and blood vessels. (molcells.org)
  • 2. Selective generation of different dendritic cell precursors from CD34+ cells by interleukin-6 and interleukin-3. (nih.gov)
  • 16. Implication of delayed TNF-alpha exposure on dendritic cell maturation and expansion from cryopreserved cord blood CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors. (nih.gov)
  • Demystifying the development of dendritic cell subtypes, a little. (edu.au)
  • CD169+ macrophages orchestrate plasmacytoid dendritic cell arrest and retention for optimal priming in the bone marrow of malaria-infected mice. (einsteinmed.edu)
  • Beyth S et al (2005) Human mesenchymal stem cells alter antigen-presenting cell maturation and induce T-cell unresponsiveness. (springer.com)
  • Glia Maturation Factor-γ Regulates Monocyte Migration through Modulation of β1-Integrin. (nih.gov)
  • The affinity between CD8 and the MHC molecule keeps the TC cell and the target cell bound closely together during antigen-specific activation. (zen-bio.com)
  • Well-defined T-cell effector phenotypes include the CD4+ (T helper cell) subsets Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes derived from antigen-specific activation of naïve CD8+ precursors. (ingeneron.com)
  • However, the regulatory processes that govern the differentiation of blood-borne fibrocytes and the mechanisms that underlie the migration of these cells to wound sites are currently not known. (aai.org)
  • It is initiated by lymphokines , such as the macrophage activation factor (MAF) and the macrophage migration-inhibitory factor (MMIF), immune complexes, C3b, and various peptides, polysaccharides, and immunologic adjuvants. (lookformedical.com)
  • Nesfatin-1-induced stimulation of CCL2 expression and monocyte migration involved the MEK/ERK, p38, and NF-κB signaling pathways. (ijbs.com)
  • Thus, this present study demonstrated that ADMSC modulates the overall gut inflammation (cell activation and recruitment) in experimental colitis, providing support to the further development of new strategies in the treatment of intestinal diseases. (springer.com)
  • Synovial inflammation and immune cell infiltration are common features of RA synovium pathology [ 4 , 5 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • These findings pinpoint TRIM33 as an important transcriptional actor of monocyte/macrophage mediated inflammation. (oncotarget.com)
  • Inflammation requires coordinated cellular interactions between a variety of different cell types belonging to innate and adaptive immune systems and parenchymal cells surrounding the site of inflammation [ 1 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • In response to extracellular signals that activate their respective receptors, macrophages transcriptionally activate a complex network of genes and become one of the principal cellular effectors of acute and/or chronic inflammation [ 4 ]. (oncotarget.com)
  • The meeting will also highlight recent work on macrophage inflammation in the context of SARS-CoV-2 infection and work from recently-funded NIMH, NIDA, and NINDS investigators. (nih.gov)
  • A panel will discuss research gaps and priorities related to human macrophage reservoirs and inflammation/comorbidities and treatment strategies for HIV remission and cure. (nih.gov)
  • Macrophages have a plethora of roles including tissue development and repair, immune system functions, and inflammation. (molcells.org)
  • Compelling evidence points to immune cell infiltration as a critical component of successful immunotherapy. (aacrjournals.org)
  • Such a description excludes diseases in which infiltration of these cells occurs in response to a primary pathology. (medscape.com)
  • Inhibition of key pathways involved in mDC-T-cell interactions and HIV-1 latency may provide novel targets to eliminate HIV-1 latency. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of IL-3 signalling blocked hematopoietic differentiation and arrested the cells in the HEP stage. (haematologica.org)
  • By way of explaining Cohn's importance, one commentator has noted that macrophages "are scavenger cells of the immune system that engulf and digest invaders, including bacteria and other pathogens, as well as toxins and dead cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • T Cells have a key function in the adaptive immune system. (zen-bio.com)
  • CD8+ T cells are recognized as TC cells once they become activated and are generally classified as having a pre-defined cytotoxic role within the immune system. (zen-bio.com)
  • Dendritic cells act as messenger cells of the immune system by processing antigens from pathogens and presenting the antigens to T cells to initiate an immune response B cells are lymphocytes that play a large role in the humoral immune response. (zen-bio.com)
  • B cells are an essential component of the adaptive immune system. (zen-bio.com)
  • Natural Killer cells are large granular lymphocytes that are a type of cytotoxic lymphocyte critical to the innate immune system. (zen-bio.com)
  • Zinc plays an important role in the immune system and affects both innate and adaptive immune cells. (hindawi.com)
  • So this meeting will examine emerging data relating to macrophage interactions with the immune system during HIV infection, macrophage reservoirs and approaches to their elimination, and the involvement of CNS myeloid reservoirs and associated comorbidities. (nih.gov)
  • So on day one, Session 1 will focus on macrophages and the immune system during HIV and SARS-CoV-2 infection, Session 2 will focus on challenges to study HIV/SIV reservoirs, and Session 3 will really have the highlights from recent awardees of the NIMH/NINDS/NIDA Myeloid Reservoir RFA. (nih.gov)
  • Macrophages are important cells of the immune system. (molcells.org)
  • In addition to macrophages' importance to the general functions of the immune system, they also play various roles in cancer. (molcells.org)
  • This inorganic bone biomaterial surface in a multiple well plate is capable of supporting the functional properties of osteogenic cells. (asone-int.com)
  • We are a very technology-driven lab with the philosophy that studying single cells at different functional and molecular levels, and integrating this information, will reveal the mechanisms behind their fate specification in health and disease. (edu.au)
  • we have built experimental systems in mice to assess the roles of cognate antigen in the functional fates of memory CD8 T cells and their ability to mediate host protection. (einsteinmed.edu)
  • We study a functional cell/cell interaction that occurs between macrophages and plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the bone marrow of infected mice and accounts for type I IFN production. (einsteinmed.edu)
  • The researchers suggested that this respiratory bronchiolitis may be a precursor of emphysema and may be responsible for the subtle functional abnormalities that are observed in young smokers. (nih.gov)
  • Dendritic cells regulate both innate and adaptive immune effector cells, and are pivotal in maintaining the balance between tolerance and immune response (reviewed in reference 5). (medscape.com)
  • They can either promote growth and differentiation of other immune cells or show suppressive function and down - regulate immune reactions. (zen-bio.com)
  • CD4+/CD25+ cells might directly regulate the function of responsive T cells. (biodiversityhotspot.org)
  • None of these proteins has been shown to directly regulate transcription of genes in monocyte/macrophage except TRIM33 that we have recently shown to be a macrophage specific transcriptional inhibitor of Ifnb1 . (oncotarget.com)
  • Classical monocyte proliferation and CD38 upregulation on plasmacytoid DCs coincided with declining viral load. (cdc.gov)
  • In comparison, plasmacytoid DC (pDC) and B-cells did not induce latent infection in APC-T-cell co-cultures. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Arsenic affects innate and adaptive immune responses through CD4+ T cells, monocytes, macrophages, and Langerhans cells. (scirp.org)
  • Macrophages play a key role in innate immunity by regulating numerous homeostatic, developmental, and host defense responses. (hindawi.com)
  • Mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells are unique innate-like T cells that bridge innate and adaptive immunity. (nature.com)
  • Human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC) were incubated overnight with control media with dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) vehicle (1% v/v) or containing DMSO extracts of whole dehydrated mushrooms (0.1 mg/mL), which included Agaricus bisporus (white button and crimini), Lentinula edodes (shiitake), Pleurotus ostreatus (oyster), and Grifola frondosa (maitake). (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, DCs present Ag to Ag-specific T cells by classical and nonclassical pathways, and can trigger both Th1 and Th2 responses. (medscape.com)
  • T cell activation by transitory neo-antigens derived from distinct microbial pathways. (nature.com)
  • There are at least two distinct subsets of human DCs, arising from a common CD34 + hematopoietic stem cell (reviewed in reference 4). (medscape.com)
  • Following incubation for 5 days, human monocytes are differentiated into immature dendritic cells and are ready for experimental procedures in a non-clinical setting. (jove.com)
  • These data provide tools for assessing human RVFV-specific T cell responses and are thus a valuable resource for future human RVFV vaccine efforts. (cdc.gov)
  • Cultured human visceral adipocytes Visceral preadipocytes can be cultured as growing precursor cells or differentiated into adipocytes using medium supplemented with adipogenic and lipogenic hormones. (zen-bio.com)
  • Of all immune cells tested, activated human CD8 + effector cells showed the highest accumulation of [18F]F-AraG. (aacrjournals.org)
  • ENT3 is unique as the only intracellular nucleoside transporter in the family with putative localization in late endosomes, lysosomes, and mitochondria (other human ENTs (hENTs) primarily function at the cell surface) 19 , 20 . (nature.com)
  • 12. Gene expression during differentiation of human dendritic cells from cord blood cd34 stem cells. (nih.gov)
  • 19. Differentiation of human dendritic cells from monocytes in vitro. (nih.gov)
  • Human influenza viruses preferentially recognize sialyloligosacchrides containing SAα2,6Gal ( 1 , 2 ), matched by mainly NeuAcα2,6Gal linkages on the epithelial cells of the human trachea ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The epithelial cells of pig trachea contain both types of SAs and both types of linkages ( 4 ), which likely explains the high susceptibility of these animals to both human and avian influenza viruses ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
  • This collection of monographs on selected viruses provide cancer hazard evaluations for the following human viruses: Epstein-Barr virus, Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus, human immunodeficiency virus-1, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1, and Merkel cell polyomavirus for potential listing in the Report on Carcinogens (RoC). (nih.gov)
  • Olfactomedin 4 Is Not a Precise Marker for Human Intestinal Stem Cells, But Is Involved in Intestinal Carcinogenesis. (nih.gov)
  • In the immune response, they use phagocytosis, a process in which the macrophages engulf pathogens, to protect the human body from disease. (molcells.org)
  • Stepwise development of MAIT cells in mouse and human. (nature.com)
  • Human mucosal associated invariant T cells detect bacterially infected cells. (nature.com)
  • Human MAIT cells are xenobiotic-resistant, tissue-targeted, CD161hi IL-17-secreting T cells. (nature.com)
  • c-c motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, also known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 [MCP-1]) is particularly important for its chemotactic activities in RA [ 7 ]. (ijbs.com)
  • de Almeida DC et al (2016) A regulatory miRNA-mRNA network is associated with tissue repair induced by mesenchymal stromal cells in acute kidney injury. (springer.com)
  • HEK293T cells and OP9 bone marrow stromal cells were purchased from ATCC and were cultured following ATCC's recommendations. (academicediting.org)
  • Bone marrow-derived mast cell line BMCMC and growth factor-dependent mast cell line MCP5 are both IL-3 dependent cells. (cusabio.com)
  • Furthermore, osteoclastogenic differentiation of Mir155 -Tg bone marrow-derived macrophages was inhibited compared with that of wild-type mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • This method can help answer key questions in the field of immunology about the recognition, processing, and presentation of pathogens or antigens by dendritic cells. (jove.com)
  • they kill cells that are infected with viruses (or other pathogens), or are otherwise damaged or dysfunctional. (zen-bio.com)
  • Additionally, the MIP‑1 proteins have been reported to have chemoattractant and adhesive effects on lymphocytes, with MIP‑1 alpha and MIP‑1 beta preferentially attracting CD8 + and CD4 + T cells, respectively. (rndsystems.com)
  • In an autopsy study of patients with early emphysema (McLaughlin and Tueller 1971), numerous abnormal, brownish-pigmented alveolar macrophages were found in adjacent, otherwise intact parenchyma, but none were found in normal lungs. (nih.gov)
  • As noted above, most early investigators concentrated on the role of the increased numbers of pigmented alveolar macrophages present at disease sites in cigarette smokers. (nih.gov)
  • Abdi R, Fiorina P, Adra CN, Atkinson M, Sayegh MH (2008) Immunomodulation by mesenchymal stem cells: a potential therapeutic strategy for type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • Bassi EJ et al (2012) Immune regulatory properties of allogeneic adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of experimental autoimmune diabetes. (springer.com)
  • de Almeida DC, Donizetti-Oliveira C, Barbosa-Costa P, Origassa CS, Camara NO (2013) In search of mechanisms associated with mesenchymal stem cell-based therapies for acute kidney injury. (springer.com)
  • Here, we identify adult stem cell deficits that drive ENT3-related abnormalities in mice. (nature.com)
  • the former leads to stem cell exhaustion, and the latter leads to breaches of mesodermal tissue integrity. (nature.com)
  • The molecular pathogenesis stems from the loss of lysosomal adenosine transport, which impedes autophagy-regulated stem cell differentiation programs via misregulation of the AMPK-mTOR-ULK axis. (nature.com)
  • Furthermore, mass spectrometry-based metabolomics and bioenergetics studies identify defects in fatty acid utilization, and alterations in mitochondrial bioenergetics can additionally propel stem cell deficits. (nature.com)
  • Genetic, pharmacologic and stem cell interventions ameliorate ENT3-disease pathologies and extend the lifespan of ENT3-deficient mice. (nature.com)
  • 9. TNF in combination with GM-CSF enhances the differentiation of neonatal cord blood stem cells into dendritic cells and macrophages. (nih.gov)
  • Cultured fibrocytes express the fibroblast products collagen (Col) 3 I, Col III, and fibronectin, as well as the leukocyte common Ag (CD45RO), the pan-myeloid Ag (CD13), and the hemopoietic stem cell Ag (CD34). (aai.org)
  • SCF, also known as mast cell growth factor, is mainly produced by stem cells. (cusabio.com)
  • we are characterizing a novel stem-cell based model of breast cancer in which several clinically relevant mutations have been introduced. (einsteinmed.edu)
  • Similarly, the osteogenic differentiation potential of bone marrow stromal stem cells (BMSCs) from Mir155 -KO mice was robust and Mir155 -Tg was compromised compared with that of wild-type mice. (elifesciences.org)
  • hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and nonhematopoietic cells. (tmeresearch.org)
  • These cells create a supportive environmental matrix for stem cells. (tmeresearch.org)
  • Recently, a large number of reports have confirmed the beneficial effects of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on AD. (techscience.com)
  • Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have shown promising potential to regenerate periodontal tissue in various preclinical and clinical studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Stem cell-based periodontal regeneration is currently at the center of attention [ 18 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Different cell types such as bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs), periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs), dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) are key stem cells used in stem cell-based periodontal regeneration [ 19 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Notably, the immune response of B cells predominantly depends on the GC structure, including clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation, affinity-based selection, and differentiation into plasma cells to produce protective high-affinity antibodies [ 7 , 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The role of the two monocyte subsets, classical monocytes (expressing CD115, Ly6C and CCR2) and non-classical monocytes (which are CD115 positive, but low in Ly6C and CCR2), in serving as precursors for OC in arthritis is still elusive. (nih.gov)