Visual information from the retina. Medical search. Frequent questions

He further posited that neurons function as information processing units, using electrical impulses to communicate within functional networks. (nih.gov)
Retinal ganglion cells, the sole output neurons of the retina, exhibit surprising diversity. (frontiersin.org)
The advent of high density multi-electrode arrays now enables recording from many hundreds to thousands of neurons from a single retina. (frontiersin.org)
In the high-speed supercomputer that is the human brain, where quick connections are made in response to outside stimuli, neurons (or individual cells) race to transmit information using electrical signals. (uh.edu)
Each of the neurons in the various layers of the retina "covers" an area in your field of vision. (vivu.tv)
Receptive fields have been identified for neurons of the auditory system, the somatosensory system, and the visual system. (vivu.tv)
Ganglion cells are one of the primary neurons in the eye that process and send visual information to the brain. (sciencedaily.com)
Retinal ganglion cells are specialized neurons that send visual information from the eye's retina to the brain. (technologynetworks.com)
The neural retina consists of several layers of neurons interconnected by synapses and is supported by an outer layer of pigmented epithelial cells. (wikipedia.org)
The vertebrate retina is inverted in the sense that the light-sensing cells are in the back of the retina, so that light has to pass through layers of neurons and capillaries before it reaches the photosensitive sections of the rods and cones. (wikipedia.org)
[6] In contrast, in the cephalopod retina, the photoreceptors are in front, with processing neurons and capillaries behind them. (wikipedia.org)
The retina is a multilayered tissue composed of neurons specialized in visual information processing. (medscape.com)
A new study reports high contrast visual stimulation can help damaged retinal neurons to regrow optic nerve fibers. (neurosciencenews.com)
A new study reinforces theory about how neurons process information. (neurosciencenews.com)
In many parts of the brain, neurons are sensitive to changes in small parts of the visual field, sampled by the retina in the back of the eye. (frontiersin.org)
Often, nearby neurons in the brain signal changes in nearby visual field locations. (frontiersin.org)
Neuroscientists mapped the arrangement of neurons in a section of mouse retina after imaging the tissue with electron microscopy. (technologyreview.com)
Seung and collaborators at MIT and the Max Planck Institute for Medical Research in Germany recently reported their first step toward this goal: using a combination of human and artificial intelligence, they mapped all the wiring connecting 950 neurons within a tiny patch of a mouse retina. (technologyreview.com)
Composed of neurons that process visual information, the retina is technically part of the brain and is a relatively approachable starting point, Seung says. (technologyreview.com)
The retina is a tissue of the eye that consists of several layers of neurons forming a chain. (labmanager.com)

The visual system comprises the sensory organ (the eye) and parts of the central nervous system (the retina containing photoreceptor cells, the optic nerve, the optic tract and the visual cortex) which gives organisms the sense of sight (the ability to detect and process visible light) as well as enabling the formation of several non-image photo response functions. (wikipedia.org)
The area is where the optic nerve meets the retina. (forbes.com)
The spot where the lens connects to the camera body is a blind spot in the eyesight of the lens - the same principle with the optic nerve and the retina. (forbes.com)
IMI's Learning Retinal Implant System replaces the signal-processing functions of a healthy retina and provides input to the retinal nerve cells (the ganglion cells) that, in turn, provide input to the optic nerve and the brain. (medgadget.com)
The optics of the eye create a focused two-dimensional image of the visual world on the retina, which then processes that image within the retina and sends nerve impulses along the optic nerve to the visual cortex to create visual perception . (wikipedia.org)
Light striking the retina initiates a cascade of chemical and electrical events that ultimately trigger nerve impulses that are sent to various visual centres of the brain through the fibres of the optic nerve . (wikipedia.org)
therefore, the optic nerve must cross through the retina en route to the brain. (wikipedia.org)
The NFL axons converge at the optic disc, where they continue onward towards the visual pathways of the brain. (medscape.com)
Glaucoma damages the optic nerve, which transmits visual information from the retina to the brain. (aao.org)
The job of the optic nerve is to transfer visual information from the retina to the vision centers of the brain via electrical impulses. (healthline.com)
Our blind spot is caused by the absence of specialized photosensitive (light-sensitive) cells, or photoreceptors, in the part of the retina where the optic nerve exits the eye. (healthline.com)
Each visual system [the eye, the optic nerve, the connections to the brain]," he explains, "has evolved to solve the particular tasks required by its owner. (harvardmagazine.com)
The trigeminal is near the optic nerve, which sends visual information from the retina to the brain. (todayifoundout.com)
So, when a sudden burst of light fills the retina and the optic nerve sends a signal to the brain to restrict the pupil, the signal could, in theory, be sensed by the trigeminal nerve and be mistaken by the brain as the nose being irritated- thus, the individuals sneeze. (todayifoundout.com)
The retina then generates the signals passed by the optic nerve to the brain and interpreted as vision. (cdc.gov)
The small photoreceptor cells of the retina (the inner surface at the back of the eye) sense light and transmit impulses to the optic nerve. (msdmanuals.com)
The optic nerve from each eye carries impulses to the brain, where visual information is interpreted. (msdmanuals.com)
The average healthy retina is 250-µm thick immediately adjacent to the temporal margin of the optic nerve. (medscape.com)
Retinal nerve fibers exit the eye through the optic nerve, located nasally and on the same plane as the anatomical center of the retina. (medscape.com)
The center of the optic disc is located 4.5 mm to 5 mm nasal to the anatomical center of the retina. (medscape.com)
Infectious prion protein (PrP Sc ) was identified in the retina and optic nerve in patients with variant CJD (vCJD) and sCJD ( 5 , 6 ), and CJD has been transmitted by corneal transplantation ( 7 , 8 ). (cdc.gov)
The aim ers after reviewing the relevant visual field due to damage to the optic of the current study was to evaluate the literature. (who.int)
Images that appear on the retina are registered as nerve signals and it sends the impulses on via the optic nerve to the visual cortex, in the cerebral cortex's occipital lobe, which then gives rise to a sensory impression. (lu.se)

The peripheral area of the retina, which surrounds the macula, contains photoreceptor cells called rods, which respond to lower light levels but are not color sensitive. (msdmanuals.com)

A recent study reported over 30 distinct types in the mouse retina, indicating that the processing of visual information is highly parallelised in the brain. (frontiersin.org)
We evaluate our approach using synthetic spike trains, and demonstrate that major known cell types are identified in high-density recording sessions from the mouse retina with around 1,000 retinal ganglion cells. (frontiersin.org)
Researchers have discovered a new type of neuron in the mouse retina that falls outside of traditional classifications. (neurosciencenews.com)
Here we present a longitudinal study of RGC RF properties in the developing mouse retina from eye opening up to maturity with emphasis on dorso-ventral topographical differences. (biorxiv.org)

He has received the "Senior Honor Award" of the American Society of Retina Specialists and the "Senior Achievement Award" of the American Academy of Ophthalmology. (yale.edu)
But ocular oncologists have helped each other move rapidly forward by tracking their own patients and sharing data with each other, said Murray, who will speak about advances in the field of ocular oncology at the virtual American Society of Retina Specialists (ASRS) 2020 Annual Meeting. (medscape.com)

the receptive field of an RGC is the region of the retina occupied by the photoreceptors to which the RGC is connected. (vivu.tv)
For example, the receptive field of a ganglion cell in the retina of the eye is composed of input from all of the photoreceptors which synapse with it, and a group of ganglion cells in turn forms the receptive field for a cell in the brain. (vivu.tv)
Photons of light traverse the entire thickness of the retina where they are received by the deepest (ie, outermost) retinal layer, comprised of photoreceptors. (medscape.com)
Beyond the photoreceptor layer lies the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), a layer of epithelial cells that nourishes and maintains the overlying neurosensory retina, especially the photoreceptors. (medscape.com)
In humans, visual signals from 126 million photoreceptors funnel down to one million ganglion cells that convey at least a dozen representations of a visual scene to higher brain regions. (nhbs.com)
Although the retina cannot experience patterned vision beforehand, it is remarkable that RGCs are already capable of encoding information originating from photoreceptors and transmit it to retinal central targets as soon as eyes open. (biorxiv.org)
Rod photoreceptors and rod-connected nerve cells through the retina are responsible for pathways concerned with night vision and increased sensitivity of our visual system under what is called scotopic conditions (conditions of very little ambient light). (utah.edu)
Most vertebrates have a preponderance of rod photoreceptors in their retinas and such animals are very good at hunting and movement at night because of their very sensitive scotopic visual systems. (utah.edu)
When looking at the mosaic of human photoreceptors it becomes apparent that the human retina is actually rod-dominated numerically (Fig. 1). (utah.edu)

These results show how parallel neural pathways synthesize a sensory computation, and why this architecture achieves the potentially competing objectives of high information transmission of individual ganglion cells, and diversity among receptive fields. (biorxiv.org)
The receptive field of an individual sensory neuron is the particular region of the sensory space (e.g., the body surface, or the visual field) in which a stimulus will modify the firing of that neuron. (vivu.tv)
When a retinal break occurs, fluid from the eye may leak between layers of the retina, specifically between the sensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium, and cause separation. (cochrane.org)
We propose that location-dependent feature sensitivity is a fundamental organizing principle of the visual system that achieves efficient representation of positional regularities in visual experience, and reflects the evolutionary selection of sensory and motor circuits to optimally represent behaviorally relevant information. (frontiersin.org)

Though the researchers have not done experiments on a human retina, "You can see effects in human vision that look like this," Meister says. (harvardmagazine.com)
The human retina is located on the inner surface of the posterior two-thirds to three-quarters of the eye. (medscape.com)

To identify clinical and anatomic factor-associated vision loss in eyes with treatment-naïve diabetic macular edema and good initial visual acuity. (lww.com)
Retrospective cohort study after long-term history of eyes with untreated center-involving diabetic macular edema and baseline visual acuity ≥ 20/25 seen at the University of California, Davis Eye Center between March 2007 and March 2018. (lww.com)
Fifty-six eyes (48 patients) with untreated diabetic macular edema and mean baseline visual acuity of logMAR 0.05 ± 0.05 (Snellen 20/22) were followed for an average of 5.1 ± 3.3 years, with a median time to vision loss of 465 days (15 months). (lww.com)
In eyes with untreated diabetic macular edema and good baseline best-corrected visual acuity, older age and worse diabetic retinopathy severity are associated with greater risk of vision loss. (lww.com)
To identify factors related to the outcomes of visual acuity(VA) and retinal detachment (RD) over time, Cox proportional hazards regression modeling and survival analyses were used. (biomedcentral.com)
Visual prognosis is generally unfavorable in ARN, and 48% of the affected eyes end up with 20/200 Snellen acuity or less after 6 months [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
[9] Some vertebrates, including humans, have an area of the central retina adapted for high-acuity vision. (wikipedia.org)
This study aims to examine the impact of these OCT features on the visual acuity improvement of patients with DME after long-acting Dexamethasone intravitreal implants (DEX-I) injection. (biomedcentral.com)
In this retrospective observational study, we reviewed the medical records of naïve and non-naïve eyes with DME who received at least one DEX-I. The primary endpoint was visual acuity improvement of ≥ 5 ETDRS letters at 1 month and 4 months after treatment. (biomedcentral.com)
In the early stages of the disease the edema is responsible for the reduced visual acuity through the alteration of the retinal thickness and refractive index. (biomedcentral.com)
As the tumor enlarges, it may cause distortion of the pupil (iris melanoma), blurred vision (ciliary body melanoma), or markedly decreased visual acuity caused by secondary retinal detachment (choroidal melanoma). (cigna.com)
Visual Acuity: What is 20/20 Vision? (ultralase.com)
Visual acuity is a medical term which refers to clarity or sharpness of vision. (ultralase.com)
There are three major factors that determine someone's visual acuity, both physical and neurological. (ultralase.com)
A Snellen chart is used to determine visual acuity (the black and white eye chart, containing 11 rows of capital letters, used by opticians). (ultralase.com)
Visual acuity will not accurately measure quality of vision in every situation however. (ultralase.com)
If an individual, for example, can read font 10 from a Snellen chart from 20ft away, they would have a visual acuity of 20/10. (ultralase.com)
In other words, they have what is considered higher than average visual acuity because they can identify a smaller font size from the same distance, as someone who has 20/20 vision. (ultralase.com)
How is visual acuity tested? (ultralase.com)
Visual acuity is measured with a Snellen chart. (ultralase.com)
as a method to quantify visual acuity and standardise what is considered 'normal' vision. (ultralase.com)
Despite general belief, testing visual acuity will not determine an individual's prescription. (ultralase.com)
To meet the national driving standard, the individual must have a visual acuity of 6/12. (ultralase.com)
If you'd like to find out what your visual acuity is, you will need to book an eye test. (ultralase.com)
Humans, of course, are highly visual vertebrates and function mostly with their cone systems for color and high acuity form vision. (utah.edu)
Shields recommends a mnemonic - To Find Small Ocular Melanoma Doing Imaging - as a reminder of what to look for when imaging patients with suspected uveal melanoma: Thickness (greater than 2 mm), Fluid subretinal, Symptoms of visual acuity loss, Orange pigment, Melanoma hollow, DIameter (greater than 5 mm). (medscape.com)
Patients maintain visual acuity and function. (medscape.com)

The central area of the retina, called the macula, contains a high density of color-sensitive photoreceptor (light-sensing) cells. (msdmanuals.com)

One form, macular degeneration (the macula is the center of the retina, at the back of the eye), is a leading cause of blindness. (harvardmagazine.com)
The center of the retina provides the greatest resolving power of the eye. (medscape.com)

Retinal detachment (see the image below) refers to separation of the inner layers of the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium (RPE, choroid). (medscape.com)

The inner surface of the retina is adjacent to the vitreous of the eye. (medscape.com)

Recent research by Tarr professor of molecular and cellular biology Markus Meister suggests that the eye's retina in animals as diverse as rabbits and salamanders focuses on "difference" as we scan the landscape. (harvardmagazine.com)

Because Type 1 CNVM is sub-RPE and thus not in contact with the overlying neurosensory retina, visual symptoms can be mild unless there is exudation, ie, leakage of fluid or hemorrhage into the subretinal or retinal spaces. (medscape.com)
[ 1 , 17 ] In Type 2 CNVM, the neovascular membrane breeches the RPE and extends in the potential space between the neurosensory retina and RPE (ie, subretinal space). (medscape.com)
Exudation from CNVMs may result in hemorrhage or fluid accumulating in the retina, subretinal, or sub-RPE spaces, resulting in impairment or damage to neurosensory retina and in turn, visual symptoms. (medscape.com)
The transparent portion of the retina is known as the neurosensory retina. (medscape.com)
The examiner sees the neurosensory retina against the background orange color of the melanin containing retinal pigment epithelium and blood-filled choroidal layer of the eye. (medscape.com)
There is a potential space between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
In a retinal detachment, this space fills with fluid and detaches the neurosensory retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)

This therapy is of value in the management of retinal tears associated with the symptoms of flashes and floaters and persistent vitreous traction upon the retina in the region of the retinal break, because such symptomatic retinal tears are associated with a high rate of progression to retinal detachment. (cochrane.org)
Light images from the outside pass through the central visual system (cornea, the lens, and fluids) to land upon the retina. (cdc.gov)

This theoretical landscape revealed a ridge that maintains near-optimal information transmission while allowing for receptive field diversity. (biorxiv.org)
In addition, the retinotopic organization of RGCs is such that each type independently covers the visual space through receptive field tiling as regular mosaics. (frontiersin.org)
What is a receptive field in the visual system? (vivu.tv)
What does the receptive field of a visual cell refer to quizlet? (vivu.tv)
The receptive field of a visual cell refers to the. (vivu.tv)
What is the receptive field of the retina composed of? (vivu.tv)

Under the lens: How the neural retina (in the back of the eye) processes information during day and night and the role of gap junctions in that process. (uh.edu)
To develop an approach to image gap junction connectivity in EM datasets, Ribelayga keeps a keen eye on how the neural retina (in the back of the eye) processes information during day and night and the role of gap junctions in that process. (uh.edu)

This device replaces the information processing function of the formally healthy retina. (medgadget.com)
The use of a high-speed digital signal processor allows the provision of "intelligent information" to the implant (and the nerve cells) by using tuneable software to approximate the information processing normally carried out by the healthy retina. (medgadget.com)

Together, the cornea and lens refract light into a small image and shine it on the retina. (wikipedia.org)
The eye is composed of the cornea (clear outer covering), conjunctiva (white part), iris (colored part), and the eye wall (choroid, retina, and sclera). (cdc.gov)
The cornea and lens focus light onto the retina. (msdmanuals.com)
Assuming that the ocular media (cornea, anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous) are not cloudy, the living retina can be examined using a direct or indirect ophthalmoscope or a retinal lens at the slit lamp. (medscape.com)

Introduced as Assembly Bill 375 and signed into law on June 28, 2018, the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA) provides consumers with groundbreaking new rights on the use of their personal information, effective January 1, 2020. (cedarfinancial.com)
En Algérie, le premier cas a été identifié le 25 février 2020, un plan de riposte national élaboré par le ministère de la santé a été mis en place pour affronter l'épidémie. (bvsalud.org)

Dr. Adelman is the Director of the Retina and Macula Service at Yale School of Medicine. (yale.edu)
He is an internationally recognized expert in diseases and surgery of macula, retina and vitreous and serves as the President of the Connecticut State Medical Society (CSMS) and Scientific Director of the European Vitreo-Retinal Society (EVRS). (yale.edu)

The brain is actively making up what it gathers should be in the blind spot and fills it in with visual information. (forbes.com)
Visual information is conveyed from the retina to the brain by a diverse set of retinal ganglion cells. (biorxiv.org)
Professors of Optometry Christophe Pierre Ribelayga, at left, and John O'Brien, have received $3 million to explore gap junctions in the retina and beyond to better understand the brain and guide the development of new treatments or diagnostics for brain disorders and degenerative diseases. (uh.edu)
The light-sensing rear surface of the eye (the retina) relays visual information to the brain. (fightforsight.org.uk)
For any cell in the visual system, from the retina to the brain, there is an area out in the visual field that will produce a change in the response in that cell. (vivu.tv)
The structure of the eye that absorbs light processes images and sends visual information to the brain. (vivu.tv)
thus, the retina is considered part of the central nervous system (CNS) and is actually brain tissue. (wikipedia.org)
Like most of the brain, the retina is isolated from the vascular system by the blood-brain barrier . (wikipedia.org)
The retina is a part of the brain pushed out into the eye during development. (nhbs.com)
Cedars-Sinai investigators have produced the most extensive analysis to date of changes in the retina-;a layer of tissue at the back of the eye where visual information originates-;and how those retinal changes correspond to brain and cognitive changes in Alzheimer's disease patients. (news-medical.net)
Higher visual operations in brain cortical areas. (cam.ac.uk)
It is the part of the eye that converts visual images into information interpreted by the brain as vision. (cochrane.org)
To understand that, viewers first need to understand how the eyes and brain process input from the visual world. (films.com)
This mapping of nearby locations on the retina onto nearby regions of the brain is referred to as retinotopic organization. (frontiersin.org)
The ability of the brain to interpret information received through the optical nerve. (ultralase.com)
But our study points to another part of the eye altogether - the fovea - and contributes to a unified model for how the brain integrates visual information. (israel21c.org)
It senses light and preprocesses visual information before feeding it to the brain. (labmanager.com)
In a recent issue of Nature, Meister and coauthors Toshihiko Hosoya of the RIKEN Brain Science Institute in Japan and Stephen A. Bacchus of Stanford University report that, rather than simply relaying an exact representation of visual reality to the brain, the retina may engage in "predictive coding," accenting important features in the field of vision. (harvardmagazine.com)
It must convert an optical image into neural signals, adjust the gain [increase in signal power expressed as a ratio of output to input] to deal with different conditions of illumination, and then somehow compress the information so it can be transmitted to the brain. (harvardmagazine.com)
When light enters the eye, these cells trigger nerve impulses that form a visual image in our brain. (medicalxpress.com)
The first one is that the visual system in the brain are simply more sensitive in solar sneezers. (todayifoundout.com)
It helps the brain identify objects, recognize language, and plays an important role in visual and auditory processing. (medicinenet.com)
Because of this arrangement, the right side of the brain receives information from the left visual field of both eyes, and the left side of the brain receives information from the right visual field of both eyes. (msdmanuals.com)
Nerve fibers within the retina send electrical signals to the brain, which then interprets these signals as visual images. (medscape.com)

Before the LGN forwards the pulses to V1 of the visual cortex (primary) it gauges the range of objects and tags every major object with a velocity tag. (wikipedia.org)
Cajal's microscopy studies led him to believe that the lateral leminiscus (A) received input from the cochlear and superior olivary nuclei, and carried some of it to the inferior colliculus (B), which integrated the signals necessary for auditory reflexes, while the bulk of the information was sent directly to the medial geniculate body (C), which then relayed the information on to the auditory cortex via the thalamo-cortical path (e). (nih.gov)
Receptive fields of cells in the visual cortex are larger and have more-complex stimulus requirements than retinal ganglion cells or lateral geniculate nucleus cells. (vivu.tv)
Biological visual mechanisms, from retina to cortex. (cam.ac.uk)
Brodmann area 17, V1, or primary visual cortex interprets and transfers information received from the retina, such as shape, motion, location, and color of objects in the visual field. (medicinenet.com)
The smell receptors detect odorants and send information on to parts of the cerebral cortex. (lu.se)

It protects the iris and lens and helps focus light on the retina. (msdmanuals.com)

Visual stimuli," the authors write, "were generated on a computer monitor and projected through an objective lens onto a 3.25-mm. diameter aperture of the retina. (harvardmagazine.com)

Improvements in prognosis and treatment are saving the eyes and lives of patients with uveal melanoma and retinoblastoma, said Timothy Murray, MD, from Ocular Oncology and Retina in Miami. (medscape.com)
For 66 species belonging to 18 orders, the wavelength at which 50% of light is transmitted through the ocular media to the retina (λ T0.5 ) ranges from 310 to 398 nm. (lu.se)

Rarely, hemorrhage may break through the retina resulting in vitreous hemorrhage. (medscape.com)

It is well established that the retina has multiple, functionally complementary populations of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), which together transmit visual information to various central visual areas ( Roska and Werblin, 2001 ). (frontiersin.org)
Although OCT allows researchers to efficiently view the ganglion cell layer in the retina, the technique is only sensitive enough to show the thickness of the cell layer -- it can't reveal individual ganglion cells. (sciencedaily.com)
Retinal ganglion cells with connections in the ON part of the retina did not. (technologynetworks.com)
According to researchers, retinal ganglion cells act collectively to correct visual errors and improve accuracy. (neurosciencenews.com)

The choroid is a vascular membrane containing large branched pigment cells sandwiched between the retina and sclera. (medscape.com)

Non-image forming visual functions, independent of visual perception, include (among others) the pupillary light reflex and circadian photoentrainment. (wikipedia.org)

The living retina may be imaged using fluorescein angiography, polarimetry, or optical coherence tomography. (medscape.com)
Visual system function and structure were assessed for 8 weeks after exposure using optokinetic nystagmus and optical coherence tomography. (cdc.gov)

Gap junctions in the retina profoundly influence how the retina extracts and processes a visual scene, and they have the ability to reconfigure neural circuits to adapt to dim or bright conditions" O'Brien said. (uh.edu)
The occipital lobe analyzes visual information from the retina and then processes that information. (medlineplus.gov)

pl. retinae or retinas ) is the innermost, light-sensitive layer of tissue of the eye of most vertebrates and some molluscs . (wikipedia.org)
We reviewed the evidence about whether treatment of retinal breaks (holes or tears in the retina) and retinal lattice degeneration (thinning and atrophy of retinal tissue) can prevent retinal detachment, a serious vision-threatening problem. (cochrane.org)
We also developed a tool for automatic retina identification and organoid classification, which we showed in action, optimizing cell specialization conditions and monitoring tissue quality. (labmanager.com)
The retina is the light-sensitive tissue that lines the inside of the eye. (medscape.com)

The cephalopods have a non-inverted retina, which is comparable in resolving power to the eyes of many vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)

Also cranking in the brain's motherboard, electrical synapses, or gap junctions, transmit information through the direct flow of electrical current at those junctions. (uh.edu)
A new study uses retinal prosthetics to assess the brain's ability to process visual information years after blindness occurs. (neurosciencenews.com)
The way it is linked to the brain's processor appears to have a strong influence on visual crowding. (israel21c.org)
The Tel Aviv University researchers showed that visual crowding can be linked from the retina to the brain's processing speed. (israel21c.org)
In 1995, scientists discovered that some retinal cells, rather than forming an image, simply send information about levels of brightness from the back of the eye to the brain's hypothalamus. (medicalxpress.com)

The apparent decline in S/M opponency from superior to inferior retina is consistent with the dual gradient and a model where photoreceptor signals in both superior and inferior retina are processed by the same postreceptoral circuitry. (jneurosci.org)

The neuropsychological side of visual information processing is known as visual perception, an abnormality of which is called visual impairment, and a complete absence of which is called blindness. (wikipedia.org)
PhD candidate Lev conducted the study as part of her doctoral thesis and reported working with one young person who had visual impairment from foveal crowding. (israel21c.org)
Visual impairment occurs in 10% to 20% of patients with sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (sCJD) during an early stage of the disease (Heidenhain variant) ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Some patients with prion diseases may visit ophthalmologists with visual impairment due to prion diseases or with coexisting age-related eye diseases ( 3 , 4 ). (cdc.gov)

The retina is the innermost layer. (medscape.com)

Using these measured visual features and theories of efficient coding, we computed a fitness landscape representing the information transmitted using different weightings of the two inhibitory pathways. (biorxiv.org)

The visual system carries out a number of complex tasks, including the reception of light and the formation of monocular neural representations, colour vision, the neural mechanisms underlying stereopsis and assessment of distances to and between objects, the identification of a particular object of interest, motion perception, the analysis and integration of visual information, pattern recognition, accurate motor coordination under visual guidance, and more. (wikipedia.org)
The entire process enables patients to optimize their visual perception during the learning phase. (medgadget.com)
Light is a form of radiant energy, a part of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the key ingredient of visual perception. (films.com)
The objective of this research was to measure possible changes in visual size perception of patients with depression and schizophrenia. (bvsalud.org)
0001. These findings suggest there are changes in visual size perception related to depression and schizophrenia. (bvsalud.org)
The aim of the present research was to measure possible changes in visual size perception of patients with depression and schizophrenia. (bvsalud.org)

Specifically, he will study regions of the retina that contain gap junctions of dramatically different sizes and shapes, to correlate structure and function. (uh.edu)

Based on our review and analysis of this evidence, we propose that the joint encoding of ego-centric spatial location and functional features is a canonical organizing principle of the visual system, likely reflecting evolutionary pressures that shape neural circuitry to optimally represent regularities in functionally relevant visual information. (frontiersin.org)

The arterioles and venules of the retina are the only blood vessels whose wall can be directly examined in the living human without an incision. (medscape.com)
The retina, with the exception of the blood vessels coursing through it, is transparent to the examiner up to its outer layer, the retinal pigment epithelium. (medscape.com)
High blood sugar damages the blood vessels in the retina (a light-sensitive part of the eye), where scarring can cause permanent vision loss. (cdc.gov)

A purposive sample of 50 patients with glaucoma aged 12-18 years, attending ophthalmology outpatient clinics in Cairo, Egypt, were given an educational programme focusing on information about glaucoma, correcting patients' incorrect beliefs and expectations, and demonstrations and retraining about eye care. (who.int)

It detects and interprets information from the optical spectrum perceptible to that species to "build a representation" of the surrounding environment. (wikipedia.org)

The revised edition calls attention to general principles applicable to all vertebrate retinas, while showing how the visual needs of different animals are reflected in their retinal variations. (nhbs.com)

Ophthalmologists should be aware of prion diseases as a possible cause of visual symptoms and use disposable instruments whenever possible. (cdc.gov)
To gather information about the ophthalmic surgery, we mailed questionnaires to the ophthalmologists who operated on these patients, requesting the following information: diagnosis of ophthalmologic diseases, surgical procedures performed, changes in the symptoms after the surgery, whether the instruments were reused, and methods of cleaning reused instruments. (cdc.gov)

Dr. Adelman's education includes a Master of Public Health from the University of California at Berkeley, an Ophthalmology Residency and a Retina Fellowship at the Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary of Harvard Medical School. (yale.edu)
A study published last month in Investigative Ophthalmology & Visual Science shows it actually raised eye pressure in mice. (aao.org)

Of course, neural circuits encode many other aspects of visual stimuli aside from spatial location, including features critical for different visuo-motor behaviors such as identifying objects, tracking or otherwise interacting with objects, and moving through the world. (frontiersin.org)
The tectum is the term given to the midbrain's dorsal side, and it plays a role in reflex actions responding to auditory or visual stimuli. (databasefootball.com)
Reading" the reaction of the nerve cells via the electrodes, the researchers observed attention "spikes" when they varied the visual stimuli. (harvardmagazine.com)

It includes completely new chapters on color vision and retinal degenerations and genetics, as well as sections on retinal development and visual pigment biochemistry, and presents the latest knowledge and theories on how the retina is organized anatomically, physiologically, and pharmacologically. (nhbs.com)
Retinal detachments occur when fluid in the vitreous cavity passes through tears or holes in the retina and separates the retina from the underlying retinal pigment epithelium. (cochrane.org)
The outermost layer of the retina, the retinal pigment epithelium, is tightly attached to the choroid. (medscape.com)

The occipital lobe is divided into four parts, each of which is responsible for a separate set of visual functions. (medicinenet.com)

found the Herpes virus in all layers of the affected retina by Electron microscopy, which confirmed the role of viral agents in this syndrome [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

A further inconvenience is that it takes 30 days for the artificial retina of a mouse to develop correctly, and up to one year for human organoids. (labmanager.com)
With some slight modifications, the algorithm would be applicable to other organoids, not just the retina," Kegeles added. (labmanager.com)

Targeted disruption of the gene encoding D4Rs reduces the amplitude of the contrast sensitivity rhythm by reducing daytime sensitivity and abolishes the rhythmic expression of Npas2 and Adcy1 mRNA in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of the retina. (jneurosci.org)
This includes location-biased sampling of functional features in the output ganglion cell layer of the retina, systematic variation of functional properties within conventional retinotopic maps, and novel periodic retinotopic transforms that dramatically illustrate the tight linkage of feature sensitivity, spatial location, and specialized cortical circuitry. (frontiersin.org)
The location-dependent feature sensitivity exhibited at the cortical level appears consistent with the positional regularities in naturally experienced visual input, produced by the statistics of the environment as well as the statistics of bodily movements. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, a comparative analysis of the published literature supports a species-specific correlation between retinotopic location and functional feature processing across the parallel streams, the fundamental organizing scheme of the visual system originally defined based solely on distinct functional feature sensitivity across areas. (frontiersin.org)

Traditionally, functional representations in early visual areas are conceived as retinotopic maps preserving ego-centric spatial location information while ensuring that other stimulus features are uniformly represented for all locations in space. (frontiersin.org)
One important yet often neglected issue is that the retina is not uniformly organised from a functional perspective. (biorxiv.org)

The onset of visual experience in mouse occurs around postnatal day (P) 12, at eye opening. (biorxiv.org)
Damage to an eye or the visual pathway causes different types of vision loss depending on where the damage occurs. (msdmanuals.com)

Previous studies thus appear to suggest that light responses alone do not contain sufficient information for reliable RGC classification unless a careful stimulus ensemble is designed to evoke optimal responses, in particular for specialized RGCs such as DS cells. (frontiersin.org)
Superior retina contained cells with strong S+/M− and M+/S− opponency, whereas inferior retina contained cells with weak opponency. (jneurosci.org)
In superior retina, the opponent cells had well-balanced M and S weights, while in inferior retina the weights were unbalanced, with the M weights being much weaker. (jneurosci.org)
Opponent cells were found in both superior and inferior retina. (jneurosci.org)
These results tell us we should design visual field tests that specifically probe the function of certain retinal cells. (technologynetworks.com)
John Dowling's The Retina , published in 1987, quickly became the most widely recognized introduction to the structure and function of retinal cells. (nhbs.com)
Both Golgi impregnation of single rod bipolar cells (Fig. 6) and immunocytochemical staining of rod bipolar cell populations with protein kinase C (PKC) (Fig. 7) show the characteristic morphology of the rod bipolar cell type in mammalian retina (Kolb et al. (utah.edu)
Two amacrine cells are key in the rod pathway circuitry through the mammalian retina (Fig. 10). (utah.edu)
The retina is the part of our eyeball containing cells that are sensitive to light. (medicalxpress.com)
This means they don't need to absorb as much light as brown or dark eyes before this information reaches the retinal cells. (medicalxpress.com)
These cells, called cones, produce the sharpest visual images and are responsible for central and color vision. (msdmanuals.com)

There are two circulations to the retina, both supplied by the ophthalmic artery, the first branch of the internal carotid artery on each side. (medscape.com)

How accurately light is focused onto the retina. (ultralase.com)
However, these early light responses are far from mature, and they progressively acquire their adult features while the retina develops 1 , 4 . (biorxiv.org)
In refractive disorders, light rays entering the eye are not focused on the retina, causing blurred vision. (msdmanuals.com)
The retina is the transparent, light-sensitive structure at the back of the eye. (msdmanuals.com)

11 No mutant mice retina phenotype has been documented. (nature.com)

This article mostly describes the visual system of mammals, humans in particular, although other animals have similar visual systems (see bird vision, vision in fish, mollusc eye, and reptile vision). (wikipedia.org)
A major function of the visual system is to categorize visual objects. (wikipedia.org)
The retina of the eye is an extension of the central nervous system. (sciencedaily.com)
reciprocal feedback through the visual system. (cam.ac.uk)
This includes information that you give us when you create a profile in our application system, and information you provide when you apply or interview for a position. (ryder.com)
For example, we may collect IP address, browser or operating system information, and referring website. (ryder.com)
Recent results challenge this framework of relatively independent encoding of location and features in the early visual system, emphasizing location-dependent feature sensitivities that reflect specialization of cortical circuits for different locations in visual space. (frontiersin.org)
Here we review the evidence for this location-dependent coding across various stages and scales of the visual system. (frontiersin.org)
Then, search on any target organ system to find the health effects information on that system. (cdc.gov)
Long term temporal changes in structure and function of rat visual system after blast exposure. (cdc.gov)

The aims of this course are to introduce the principles, models and applications of computer vision, as well as some mechanisms used in biological visual systems that may inspire design of artificial ones. (cam.ac.uk)
Biological filters and Gestalt Theory's principles of psychological closure (proximity, similarity, and continuity) influence they ways individuals perceive visual information. (films.com)

Your midbrain is what lets you coordinate your actions and balance yourself, and it plays a major role in both auditory and visual reflexes. (databasefootball.com)
Near the superior colliculi are the inferior colliculi, which are responsible for the processing of auditory information and are found just above the trochlear nerve. (databasefootball.com)

Future studies are necessary to discover mechanisms underlying joint encoding of location and functional information, how this relates to behavior, emerges during development, and varies across species. (frontiersin.org)
According to Meister, the retina remains neurologically functional for anywhere from eight to 24 hours after removal from the eye. (harvardmagazine.com)

The retina is composed of membraneous layers at the back of the eye. (cochrane.org)

Anatomy53

Organisms12

Diseases31

Chemicals and Drugs12

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment43

Psychiatry and Psychology65

Phenomena and Processes55

Disciplines and Occupations3

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena2

Information Science9

Named Groups1

Health Care3

Neurons20

Optic23

Photoreceptor cells1

Mouse retina4

American Society of Retina Specialists2

Photoreceptors9

Sensory4

Human retina2

Acuity27

Area of the retina1

Center of the retina2

Layers of the retina1

Surface of the retina1

Eye's retina1

Neurosensory retina7

Upon the retina2

Receptive field6

Neural retina2

Healthy retina2

Cornea4

20202

Macula2

Brain24

Cortex6

Iris1

Lens1

Ocular2

Vitreous hemorrhage1

Ganglion cells4

Sclera1

Pupillary light1

Optical coherence2

Processes2

Tissue4

Vertebrates1

Brain's5

Signals1

Impairment4

Innermost1

Pathways1

Perception6

Junctions1

Functionally1

Blood vessels3

Glaucoma1

Interprets1

Retinas1

Symptoms2

Ophthalmology2

Stimuli3

Pigment3

Occipital lobe1

Electron1

Organoids2

Sensitivity4

Uniformly2

Occurs2

Cells11

Ophthalmic1

Light4

Mice1

System10

Biological2

Auditory2

Functional2

Back of the eye1