Visual discrimination and reversal learning. Medical search. Frequent questions

N -pair discrimination tasks (visual, auditory) have an option to finish when X trials from the last Y are performed correctly. (ddns.net)
The cerebellum plays an especially important role in this process as it is the grand central train station where sensory signals from visual, vestibular, proprioceptive and auditory input communicate with each other. (jennylclark.com)
Within hearing (auditory processing), seeing (visual processing), and doing (tactile/kinesthetic processing), there are 9 sub-categories each. (scholarwithin.com)
And, when you want to optimize learning, pay attention to what you are doing signals to address each of these auditory, visual, and tactile/kinesthetic systems. (scholarwithin.com)
Do they have Dsyeidetic Dyslexia (visual-surface dyslexia) or VPD- Visual Processing or Dysphonetic Dyslexia (phoentic dyslexia) or APD- Auditory Processing? (myelberteveryonelearnsbetterembracingrevolutionaryteaching.com)
Note: Students can have deficits that are both auditory and visual in nature! (myelberteveryonelearnsbetterembracingrevolutionaryteaching.com)
In the current study, unisensory temporal acuity was measured by determining individual thresholds on visual and auditory temporal order judgment (TOJ) tasks, and multisensory temporal function was assessed through a cross-modal version of the TOJ task. (frontiersin.org)
Whereas no differences in thresholds for the visual TOJ task were seen between children with ASD and TD, thresholds were higher in ASD on the auditory TOJ task, providing preliminary evidence for impairment in auditory temporal processing. (frontiersin.org)
Reports of abnormal sensory function that span the visual, auditory, gustatory, and tactile domains reinforce the "multisensory" nature of sensory processing alterations in ASD (for review, see Rogers and Ozonoff, 2005 ), and emerging evidence suggests that abnormalities also extend to the selective integration of information across the different sensory modalities (i.e., multisensory integration - see Iarocci and McDonald, 2006 ). (frontiersin.org)

Pigeons showed remarkably similar errors in anticipation and perseveration as with visual stimuli, thereby continuing to show the suboptimal use of time as a cue, whereas rats showed no anticipatory errors and very few perseverative errors, suggesting that they used local feedback as a cue, thus more nearly optimizing reinforcement. (uky.edu)
In this task, subjects may initially learn that the color red is the main rule for discriminating between stimuli, and they must form an attentional set using color as the predictive stimulus dimension. (biomedcentral.com)
that specific portion of a perceptual field or pattern of stimuli to which a subject has learned to respond. (lookformedical.com)
The selecting and organizing of visual stimuli based on the individual's past experience. (lookformedical.com)
Ability to detect subtle likenesses and differences in visual stimuli such as symbols, pictures, and designs. (disabilityrightsca.org)

For example, investigation of Klopfer (1966) of the pig's ability to learn brightness, color, and spatial discriminations, as well as reversal learning, suggested that they could discriminate based on brightness and color, but only if spatial biases were not permitted to develop in response to feeding. (frontiersin.org)
Klopfer (1966) also reported that pigs could acquire spatial (left or right) discrimination learning as well as reversal learning. (frontiersin.org)
In the present research, pigeons and rats were tested with a simultaneous spatial discrimination midsession reversal. (uky.edu)
We show for the first time that rats learn spatial tasks in this VE quite readily. (biologists.com)
Visual Spatial is the ability to understand where objects are in space such as "near" and "far. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
VPEs assess for how brain interprets what the eye sees including a myriad of visual skills that are learning related such as visual discrimination, visual memory, and visual spatial relationships. (eyeconsee.com)

Here, by using genetically engineered mice and innovative touchscreen-based cognitive testing, we sought to investigate whether loss-of-function mutations in genes encoding key interactors of the PSD-95 protein complex display shared phenotypes in associative learning, updating of learned associations and reaction times. (nih.gov)
Our genetic dissection of mice with loss-of-function mutations in Syngap1, Nlgn3, Dlgap1, Dlgap2 and Shank2 showed that distinct components of the PSD-95 protein complex differentially regulate learning, cognitive flexibility and reaction times in cognitive processing. (nih.gov)
Selective effects of 5-HT2C receptor modulation on performance of a novel valence-probe visual discrimination task and probabilistic reversal learning in mice. (open.ac.uk)
β-lactolin, a whey-derived glycine―threonine―tryptophan―tyrosine lactotetrapeptide, improves prefrontal cortex-associated reversal learning in mice. (amuzainc.com)
Hop-Derived Iso-α-Acids in Beer Improve Visual Discrimination and Reversal Learning in Mice as Assessed by a Touch Panel Operant System. (amuzainc.com)
Lesion studies in rats and mice have suggested that intradimensional shifts (IDSs), extradimensional shifts (EDSs), and reversal learning are mediated by the anterior cingulate cortex, the medial prefrontal cortex, and the orbitofrontal cortex, respectively. (biomedcentral.com)
Young (4 months, n = 16) and aged (23 months, n = 18) C57BL/6N mice performed an attentional set-shifting task (ASST) that evaluates simple discrimination (SD), compound discrimination (CD), IDS, EDS, and reversal learning. (biomedcentral.com)
For example, in rodents, discrimination and reversal learning are altered by experimentally induced changes in brain serotonin levels, and reduced expression of the 5-HT2B receptor subtype in mice and humans is associated. (touchscreencognition.org)

Deficits in this area can impact how visual information is processed by the brain. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
Individuals with visual-motor processing may have deficits using what they see with the eyes to coordinate with the way they move with other body parts. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
A child's ability to learn properly in the classroom, play sports and socialize with peers can be affected by visual processing deficits. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)
In a 2005 article in the American Journal of Occupational Therapy , the authors point out the high incidence of visual deficits in children with reading and learning problems. (visionmechanic.net)

People with Dyslexia have a sound and language as well can be visual processing deficiency. (myelberteveryonelearnsbetterembracingrevolutionaryteaching.com)
The inability to learn derivational rules of printed language is often considered part of dyslexia. (msdmanuals.com)
Visual-perceptual problems and abnormal eye movements are not dyslexia. (msdmanuals.com)
Fewer than 20% of children with dyslexia have difficulties with the visual demands of reading. (msdmanuals.com)

A vision therapy treatment program can enhance visual-motor integration, visual memory, processing speed and more in order to improve a child's visual processing skills and, in turn, help them to progress in the classroom and beyond. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)

The difficulties in behavior, attending, and learning associated with FAS/FAE are usually caused by underlying sensory dysfunction. (senc.us)

1996). In Australia, Wynne studied the learning abilities of two species of marsupial, the fat-tailed dunnart (Sminthopsis crassicaudata) and the quokka (Setonix brachyurus) (e.g. (wikipedia.org)
Both visual discrimination (VD) and reversal learning (RL) in neurological studies are very important to study animals' cognitive abilities. (amuzainc.com)
When we work on our brain's visual discrimination abilities, we fine-tune our ability to see the differences in the shapes of letters and words. (scholarwithin.com)
have shown that individuals with autism have superior pitch discrimination and categorization abilities in comparison to controls. (frontiersin.org)
Visual efficiency exam assess for eye focusing, eye tracking, eye movement, eye teaming/coordination and depth perception abilities. (eyeconsee.com)
Visual skills include but are not limited to eye teaming and focusing abilities, visual tracking skills, necessary for reading and writing, as well as eye-hand coordination. (eyeconsee.com)
In the education sector, many public schools have introduced programs based on unfounded stereotypes about the learning abilities and preferences of boys and girls, limiting equal educational opportunities for all. (acluidaho.org)
Overview of Learning Disorders Learning disorders are conditions that cause a discrepancy between potential and actual levels of academic performance as predicted by the person's intellectual abilities. (msdmanuals.com)

a , b Visual discrimination, reversal learning in the touchscreen-based operant system. (biomedcentral.com)

Future work will assess whether marmosets and humans share similar signatures in face processing such as the inverted face effect or deficiencies for reversed contrast, but our emerging results indicate that they share a common behavioral repertoire for face recognition at a coarse level, endorsing the argument for marmosets as a promising model of visual and social neuroscience. (columbia.edu)

Developments in associative theory: A tribute to the contributions of Robert A. Rescorla, Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning & Cognition, 48(4), 245-264. (cuny.edu)
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Learning & Cognition, 46, 47-64. (cuny.edu)
A number of different phenomena in pigeon visual cognition suggest that pigeons do not immediately recognize two identical objects in different locations as being 'the same. (researchgate.net)

Collectively, these results provide evidence that pigs have the capacity to learn fairly complex novel tasks, and thus might be amenable to testing using alternative paradigms for exploring their cognitive capacities. (frontiersin.org)
Thanks to Mike Aitken, Shibley Rahman, and Hannah Clarke for helpful discussions regarding the PAL and and reversal learning tasks. (ddns.net)

Study protocol: How does cognitive flexibility relate to other executive functions and learning in healthy young adults? (neurotree.org)

Research has shown that pigeons given a simultaneous visually-based discrimination reversal, in which a single reversal occurs at the midpoint of each session, consistently show anticipation prior to the reversal as well as perseveration after the reversal, suggesting that they use a less effective cue (time or trial number into the session) than what would be optimal to maximize reinforcement (local feedback from the most recent trials). (uky.edu)
The difference in cue preference further suggests a qualitative difference in acquisition of the midsession reversal task between pigeons and rats. (uky.edu)
To examine this question directly, pigeons were trained in an absolute go/no-go discrimination between arbitrary selections from sets of 16 images of paintings by Claude Monet. (researchgate.net)

These results indicate that despite dexterity and visual constraints, pigs have the capacity to acquire a joystick-operated video-game task. (frontiersin.org)
However at another point in the task, the rule is changed such that the stimulus of number is the relevant dimension for discrimination, and color no longer has any predictive value. (biomedcentral.com)
Version 0.6: improved end-of-task on-screen display for reversal learning. (ddns.net)
new correction procedure (ANTIBIAS_NONCORRECTIONLIMIT) for reversal task. (ddns.net)
If the Erics read well, there is no reason for them not to learn the missing writing and spelling skills they need as adult-type learners - tackling the task as a college course in linguistics. (riggsinst.org)
So whats the best visual perception task? (visionmechanic.net)

Two children diagnosed with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and with intellectual disabilities, were given identity matchingto-sample training (Set A - Sample A1, S+A1/S-A2 and Sample A2, S+A2/S-A1) and simple discrimination reversal training (Set B - S+B1/S-B2 and reversals). (bvsalud.org)

Vision therapy is beyond simple eye exercises - it enhances brain-eye communication, improves the visual system to interpret visual input, and the enhanced operation of the visual system. (eyeconsee.com)

It's not just about how clearly we can see - that's visual acuity - but it's also about how our brain understands what we see, as well as our ability to formulate a response to what we see. (harkla.co)
There are other factors that may contribute to a patient's visual acuity which are called visual efficiency skills. (eyeconsee.com)
The student fails the visual perception test and is perhaps labeled with "visual processing disorder" and in some school systems, referred to teachers of the visually impaired, who have little background to understand these problems when they find the child has no acuity problems. (visionmechanic.net)

Shows how letter formation is taught to correct reversals. (riggsinst.org)
Remember that your child is having to remember twenty-six new letters and sounds, as well as the countless ways that the letter blends together so it's really not surprising if they mix a few letters up or write them the wrong way around as they are learning. (earlyimpactlearning.com)
Typically, the letters b, d, q and p will be reversed at some stage, and the letter s is also a common reversal, but they are not exclusive and some children will reverse other letters too. (earlyimpactlearning.com)
Visual processing often means how well you discriminate between one letter and another or one word and another. (scholarwithin.com)
This is prominent with kids who confuse letters, also known as letter reversals . (scholarwithin.com)
2. VISUAL FIGURE-GROUND DISCRIMINATION ISSUES: Struggle to distinguish a shape or letter from its background. (myelberteveryonelearnsbetterembracingrevolutionaryteaching.com)
Letter and number reversals are when individuals switch numbers or letters when writing. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
Common symptoms include poor coordination, trouble with letter and number reversals, and poor handwriting. (eyeconsee.com)
These "visual processing problems" are then thought to be related to letter reversals or reading problems. (visionmechanic.net)

However, the other reversal learning variables, ID reversal and ED reversal, had somewhat inconsistent factor loadings. (biomedcentral.com)

These can include idiopathic toe walking, motion sickness, balance issues, eye-hand coordination delays, ocular tracking problems, and learning difficulties such as reading, math and handwriting. (jennylclark.com)
Difficulties with visual motor skills may include slow reading, difficulty copying shapes, poor handwriting skills, difficulty finding information on a page, or being unable to complete puzzles. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
A child who struggles to remember the order of letters, numbers or shapes in a series has visual sequential memory difficulties. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)
They further suggest the need for any child with difficulties in visual perception or visual motor integration be assessed for ocular motor and binocular vision problems(1). (visionmechanic.net)
Does visual perceptual testing correlate with caregiver and teacher reported functional visual skill difficulties in school-aged children? (visionmechanic.net)
Children with a family history of reading or learning difficulties are at higher risk. (msdmanuals.com)

Learning that takes place when a conditioned stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. (lookformedical.com)
The difference between two images on the retina when looking at a visual stimulus. (lookformedical.com)
Visual Analysis Ability to identify the parts of a visual stimulus and to differentiate figure from ground. (disabilityrightsca.org)
This article presents a landmark study of the role of the macaque OFC in stimulus-reward association learning. (nature.com)
and neurons are learning devices that learn to become accustomed to any given stimulus. (blogspot.com)

Visual processing disorder impairs the brain's ability to process the information sent to it by the eyes. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)
The problem is the brain's inability to make perfect sense of the visual information sent to it via the visual system. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)

To further test the rats' flexibility, they were then tested with a variable point of reversal and then with multiple points of reversal within a session. (uky.edu)
We built a virtual reality set-up that takes the wide-angle visual system of rats into account. (biologists.com)

Methylphenidate has differential effects on blood oxygenation level-dependent signal related to cognitive subprocesses of reversal learning. (exeter.ac.uk)

What is the visual system? (harkla.co)
Our visual system allows us to not only see what is in our environment but also allows us to process, interpret, and understand what it all means. (harkla.co)
The visual system is developed in the womb. (harkla.co)
The visual system has a significant impact on social development as well. (harkla.co)
Additionally, the visual system plays a very important role in learning and education. (harkla.co)
That's because, without the use of our visual system, our vestibular system and the sense of where our body is in space gets thrown off. (harkla.co)
They simply must learn correct English spelling patterns (the complete phonetic system), and about 47 spelling, syllabication and plurals rules and how to apply them. (riggsinst.org)
The visual pathway is a neural pathway where visual input travels from the eyes to the central nervous system and integrates in the cerebellum. (jennylclark.com)
The Visual Processing System: How Does it Impact Learning? (scholarwithin.com)
So, to do well in school and in life, developing your visual system is critical. (scholarwithin.com)
Learning is most efficient when we have an efficiently functioning visual system-good eye teaming, a flexible and efficient focusing system, and the ability to effortlessly track our eyes on subjects of interest. (eyeconsee.com)

Learn how to assess protection performance. (bandungtraining.com)
Performance on this test has been used to infer visual processing problems. (visionmechanic.net)
Vision, Visual-Information Processing, and Academic Performance Among Seventh-Grade Schoolchildren: A More Significant Relationship Than We Thought? (visionmechanic.net)

This involves eye-hand coordination, discrimination, and your ability to combine shapes and letters to form objects or words. (scholarwithin.com)
People who may benefit from use of the IM include people with sensory processing disorders, attention deficit disorders, motor planning problems, poor coordination, gross and fine-motor concerns, as well as learning and language disorders. (pktherapyot.com)
Fine and gross motor coordination also contributes to the development of visual skills. (eyeconsee.com)

Visual discrimination can be defined as "the ability to detect differences in and ability to classify objects, symbols, or shapes. (harkla.co)
It is the ability to detect differences in visual images. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)

Listen to Jenny's audio podcast as she talks about engaging therapy activities that address visual integration in children with sensory processing disorder. (jennylclark.com)
Visual Processing Disorder , also called visual motor deficit or visual perception deficit, refers to a person's ability to make sense of information that is taken through the eyes. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
If you suspect your child has a visual processing disorder, it may be time to have your child's vision evaluated. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)

Step one is referred to as Visual Signal Acquisition . (visionmechanic.net)
Interestingly, the areas that correlated, visual discrimination and visual memory, both rely upon and assume good visual signal acquisition. (visionmechanic.net)

His focus is on understanding, both at the psychological and neural systems levels, how organisms represent the causal structure of their environment with special interests in the extinction of acquired behaviors, in the mechanisms involved in reward processing and interval timing, and in computational models of associative learning. (cuny.edu)

Survivors of gender-based violence face discrimination when police, schools, landlords, and other institutions fail to adequately address and prevent violence and also when laws and policies penalize them, impeding the ability of women and girls to live safely and with dignity. (acluidaho.org)

5. LONG- OR SHORT-TERM VISUAL MEMORY ISSUES: Struggle to remember shapes, symbols, or objects they've seen, causing issues with reading and spelling. (myelberteveryonelearnsbetterembracingrevolutionaryteaching.com)
Neurobiology of Learning & Memory. (cuny.edu)
Learning & Memory. (cuny.edu)
Learning & Memory, 26, 128-132. (cuny.edu)
Long or short term visual memory is the ability to remember shapes, symbols, or objects a person has seen previously. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
Short term visual memory is the ability to recall something seen within a very short period of time and with little distraction or interference. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
Long term visual memory is the ability to recall something seen some time ago. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
Visual memory allows for the immediate recollection of how letters, numbers, shapes or objects look. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)
If a child can't recall a sight word from one page to the next or has difficulty copying information from the board to their notebook, it's often a sign that visual memory is impaired. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)
A child who struggles with comprehension often has issues related to visual memory. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)
Visual sequential memory is the ability to remember listed items in the correct sequence. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)

Additionally, our visual sense is directly related to our vestibular sense (our sense of motion). (harkla.co)
Therapeutic activities that integrate visual, vestibular, and proprioception input are effective interventions to help alleviate visual processing challenges. (jennylclark.com)

Michigan Tracking is a learning exercise designed to improve visual discrimination, left to right directionality, while correcting problems with reversal, omissions, substitutions and additions. (accenteyes.com)
Visual discrimination - problems present when one is not able to see the difference between two different objects (b vs d or p vs q). (pktherapyot.com)
Visual figure-ground discrimination - problems present when one is not able to pull out a shape from its background. (pktherapyot.com)
These therapists often get frustrated with a lack of progress with these visual perception skills and the lack of progress with the related academic problems. (visionmechanic.net)
However, these problems can interfere further with word learning. (msdmanuals.com)
Aural, rather than visual, problems are now thought to be the predominant causes of reading disabilities. (msdmanuals.com)

There are many symptoms that a child may demonstrate which could indicate a visual processing deficit. (jennylclark.com)

Additionally, pigs have also demonstrated the capacity for discrimination and reversal learning (e.g. (frontiersin.org)
Additionally, when we think about the human brain, about 40% of the brain is involved in one form or another with visual processing. (scholarwithin.com)

Brain dysfunction must explain the abnormal visual responses, as abnormal ocular structures, abnormal eye movements, and refractive error do not. (childrenshospital.org)
It is now widely accepted that "cortical blindness" is not an appropriate diagnostic term for children with early, acquired visual impairment due to non-ocular causes. (childrenshospital.org)

According to the research from Early Choice Pediatric Therapy, once a child enters school, about 75% of the classroom activities are directed through visual processing pathways. (scholarwithin.com)
The term "cortical" is misleading because the visual impairment is due to abnormality of bilateral, post-chiahydrocephalus shunt failure, se smal visual pathways, including damage to cortical (gray matter), subcortical (white matter), or both. (childrenshospital.org)

Visual discrimination issues impact a person's ability to determine the difference between similar looking letters, words, shapes, or objects. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
Visual figure-ground discrimination describes a person's ability to locate an object, form, or word within a busy field. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)
Visual sequencing impacts a person's ability to recall the order of letters, symbols, words, or pictures. (rogersbridgepediatrictherapy.com)

Let's look at some of the different types of visual processing - what they are, what they help us with in daily life, what it looks like if a child struggles with that particular area, and some tips and tricks to help! (harkla.co)

The following initial exercises are the foundation to help you improve those visual skills that Dr. Gong discussed with you at your VT evaluation. (accenteyes.com)
Fixation works the visual skills to point the eye accurately to an object and keep them on target. (accenteyes.com)
Pursuits work the visual skills to improve smooth and accurate eye tracking movements while following or locating a moving object. (accenteyes.com)
Accommodation works the visual skills looking quickly from near to far without momentary blur or discomfort. (accenteyes.com)
It is also very frustrating to pique their interest in learning the basics needed for print skills. (riggsinst.org)
If they are not great visual learners, promise them that this will help them turn their speech into print with creative writing which they can, in turn, analyze for grammar and syntax - all for better thinking skills. (riggsinst.org)
There are lots of activities that you can do prior to starting to write to help develop your child's visual discrimination skills. (earlyimpactlearning.com)
The more practice your child has at spotting the difference between print, the better your child will become at recognizing the differences between letters and numbers as their visual discrimination skills will start to improve. (earlyimpactlearning.com)
One of the great things about visual processing and its 9 sub-categories is that the skills involved with visual processing are learned skills and they can and do improve when you do specific visual activities. (scholarwithin.com)
There is a compelling argument to include a variety of visual activities to improve reading and overall learning skills. (scholarwithin.com)
People use visual perceptual processing skills to gather information from the environment. (pktherapyot.com)
Without good visual processing skills, the brain isn't able to make sense of the world we see with our eyes. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)
A child who has not developed good eye teaming, eye focusing and eye movement skills will often have more difficulty with visual processing skills. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)
Vision therapy is a customized and personalized treatment plan created by our residency-trained optometrist, Dr. Lily Chen, to improve and strengthen visual skills. (eyeconsee.com)
Visual efficiency skills are visual habits that allow one to maintain single, clear and comfortable vision at all distances. (eyeconsee.com)
If this is the case, vision therapy may be a treatment option for patients to allow gradual improvements in their visual skills. (eyeconsee.com)
Therefore, it is important to schedule a consultation with an optometrist who specializes in Vision Therapy to reinforce your child's visual skills. (eyeconsee.com)
The Test of Visual Perception skills (TVPS) is a common part of a school-based occupational therapists evaluation process. (visionmechanic.net)
The good OT will be working to improve these visual perception skills. (visionmechanic.net)
The accuracy of this visual information is dependent on things such as refractive state, binocular visuals skills and other cognitive factors such as attention and engagement with the test. (visionmechanic.net)

new correction procedure ("VeryHarsh") for reversal learning. (ddns.net)

Many children will also reverse numbers as they begin the process of learning to form number symbols. (earlyimpactlearning.com)

Visual discrimination is an important skill for reading, writing, math and social interactions. (ancasterfamilyeyecare.com)

Visual processing directly impacts your ability to learn, read, and retain information. (scholarwithin.com)

This visual processing area is particularly important for children learning to read and write - they need to be able to discriminate between different letters and numbers. (harkla.co)

Once these visual signals are sent to the cerebral cortex, the cortex processes them and makes sense of them. (scholarwithin.com)
Delamater's research interests are directed toward the study of basic learning processes, especially Pavlovian and instrumental learning with laboratory animals. (cuny.edu)
Overall, Vision Therapy changes how a patient processes and interprets visual information. (eyeconsee.com)

transversal and reversal are more common in students with a visual processing problem. (myelberteveryonelearnsbetterembracingrevolutionaryteaching.com)
CVI is the most common cause of permanent visual impairment in children. (childrenshospital.org)

Almost every child will reverse at least some letters and numbers when they are going through the process of learning to write. (earlyimpactlearning.com)

High refractive error corrected by glasses may improve some visual behaviors and should be tried if present. (childrenshospital.org)

The Essentials of Conditioning and Learning, Fifth Edition. (cuny.edu)

Active avoidance of or withdrawal from unfamiliar visual stimulation, including people's faces, is frequently reported. (childrenshospital.org)

Learning in school is typically directed at visual processing 75% of the time. (scholarwithin.com)
Learning about reward identities and time. (cuny.edu)
Is visual perception testing worth the time? (visionmechanic.net)

7. VISUAL CLOSURE ISSUES: Difficulty identifying an object when only parts of it are showing (check out a,o in their handwriting). (myelberteveryonelearnsbetterembracingrevolutionaryteaching.com)

Anatomy14

Organisms6

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs13

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment12

Psychiatry and Psychology65

Phenomena and Processes17

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena4

Information Science3

Health Care2

Auditory9

Stimuli5

Spatial6

Mice8

Deficits4

Dyslexia4

Child's visual proces1

Underlying sensory1

Abilities8

Operant system1

Contrast1

Cognition3

Tasks2

Cognitive flexibility1

Pigeons3

Task6

Autism1

Improves1

Acuity3

Letter9

Inconsistent1

Difficulties6

Stimulus5

Brain's2

Rats2

Differential1

System11

Performance3

Coordination3

Detect2

DISORDER3

Acquisition2

Associative1

Face discrimination1

Memory11

Vestibular2

Problems6

Processing deficit1

Additionally2

Ocular2

Pathways2

Person's3

Child struggles1

Skills20

Procedure1

Symbols1

Skill1

Impacts1

Discriminate1

Processes3

Common2

Numbers1

Improve1

Fifth Edition1

Stimulation1

Time3

Issues1