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Vaccinia virusVacciniaRNA VirusesVirus ReplicationViral ProteinsVirus CultivationGenes, ViralReceptors, VirusVirus AssemblyPoxviridaeVirus SheddingVariola virusVirus DiseasesCowpox virusDefective VirusesSimian virus 40DNA VirusesMeasles virusCell LinePlant VirusesSindbis VirusCercopithecus aethiopsAntigens, ViralMolecular Sequence DataViral Plaque AssayDNA, ViralRNA, ViralSmallpoxRabies virusInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypePoxviridae InfectionsVirionHeLa CellsInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeRespiratory Syncytial VirusesSmallpox VaccineNeutralization TestsVaccines, SyntheticFowlpox virusGenetic VectorsVero CellsHepatitis B virusGene Expression Regulation, ViralInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusWest Nile virusAntibodies, ViralViral Structural ProteinsAmino Acid SequenceAntiviral AgentsVirus ActivationRecombination, GeneticOrthopoxvirusHemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza VirusSimian immunodeficiency virusMonkeypox virusVirus LatencyOncolytic VirusesMyxoma virusViral Core ProteinsOncogenic VirusesCytopathogenic Effect, ViralSemliki forest virusVirus AttachmentParainfluenza Virus 1, HumanHemagglutinins, ViralViral VaccinesMumps virusTranscription, GeneticOrthomyxoviridaeViral Envelope ProteinsRecombinant ProteinsCapsidMosaic VirusesOpen Reading FramesTumor Virus InfectionsHepatitis A virusCricetinaeSimplexvirusPhylogenyHaplorhiniAvian Sarcoma VirusesVirulenceOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsVirus InactivationBK VirusViruses, UnclassifiedJC VirusVaccinationOrf virusCells, CulturedAvian leukosis virusRespiratory Syncytial Virus InfectionsBluetongue virusPlasmidsVirus IntegrationViral Fusion ProteinsRespiratory Syncytial Virus, HumanT-Lymphocytes, CytotoxicVaccines, Attenuated
VACVVariola virusSmallpox vaccineVaccinesVaccinationPoxvirusOutbreakStrainsOcular vacciniaGeneCharacterizationBovineInfectionPostvaccinial encephalitisViralVitroImmuneEfficacyAntigensIntranasal challengeLesionsBrazilOriginsVaccine developmentHerpes simplReplicationRecombinant virusesHumansHepatitis C virZoonosisMonkeypox virusAntiviral1953PoxviridaeMpoxMutantRecombinationInfectionsIntracellularPersonsSpeciesEnvelopeCamelpoxCowpox virus
VACV14
  • Vaccinia virus (VACV) is the live viral component of smallpox vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Throughout most of Brazil, vaccinia virus (VACV), fam- were placed in Vero cells for virus isolation as described ily Poxviridae , is the etiologic agent of bovine vaccinia ( 2 ) and then purifi ed in a sucrose gradient ( 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The isolates were examined by PCR for the A56R gene between these outbreaks of bovine vaccinia and the VACV (hemagglutinin [HA]), and the fragments obtained (950 strains used during the World Health Organization small- bp) were sequenced and analyzed as described ( 2,12,13 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Timeline of 2011 vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreak in cow with ulcerative lesions on the teats and udder. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccinia virus (VACV), a poxvirus and the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox, encodes multiple proteins that interfere with apoptotic, necroptotic and pyroptotic signalling. (cam.ac.uk)
  • In recent decades, imported in fl asks to the vaccine institute in Rio de Janeiro several strains of the orthopoxvirus vaccinia virus (VACV) have been isolated throughout Brazil, including genetically (now Oswaldo Cruz Institute) from the Chambon Institute distinct isolates within the same outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • This program used live vaccinia vi- determine whether BRZ-VACV represents an escaped vac- rus (VACV), a virus from the same genus, Orthopoxvirus , cine strain, an autochthonous orthopoxvirus, or both. (cdc.gov)
  • We gence of VACV in Brazil highlight the need for continued compared molecular sequence data from 3 genes and a research into the ecology, epidemiology, origin, and evolu- variable region of the poxvirus genome (Table 1) among tion of these viruses ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Double slashes VACV, MPXV, VARV, and camelpox virus (CMLV) assem- indicate a gap in the timeline. (cdc.gov)
  • Viral factories are the sites of various processes of the vaccinia virus (VACV) life cycle including replication, morphogenesis and recombination. (ualberta.ca)
  • Vaccinia virus (VACV) has had an important role for humanity because of its use during the smallpox eradication campaign. (researcher.life)
  • VACV is the etiologic agent of the bovine vaccinia (BV), an emerging zoonosis that has been associated with economic, social, veterinary and public health problems, mainly in Brazil and India. (researcher.life)
  • Vaccinia virus (VACV)-based vectors are in extensive use as vaccines and cancer immunotherapies. (elsevierpure.com)
  • In a recent study posted to the medRxiv* preprint server, researchers in the United Kingdom developed a pooled enzyme-linked immunosorbent (ELISA) assay using mpox (MPX) virus (MPXV) antigens and vaccinia virus (VACV) antigens. (news-medical.net)
Variola virus10
Smallpox vaccine5
Vaccines2
  • Virus suspensions shall be prepared by methods required by FDA for production of licensed live virus vaccines as described in the above referenced CFR. (nih.gov)
  • Further, these suspensions shall be safety-tested for absence of adventitious agents by procedures required for live virus vaccines licensed by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER), FDA, using the CFR sections indicated above as guidelines. (nih.gov)
Vaccination13
  • Vaccination with vaccinia virus has been directly responsible for the successful eradication of smallpox (variola). (medscape.com)
  • Laboratory personnel working with vaccinia and others for whom the benefits outweigh the risks of vaccination may also receive vaccinations. (medscape.com)
  • In 1796, when Jenner made his seminal report on vaccinia, the potential benefits of vaccination became widely accepted. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccinia immune globulin intravenous (VIGIV) is recommended as the first line of therapy for treatment of adverse reactions resulting from continued vaccinia virus replication after vaccination using ACAM2000® or APSV . (cdc.gov)
  • Clinicians who need assistance with the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected complications of vaccinia virus vaccination should consult with their state/local public health department . (cdc.gov)
  • VIGIV [PDF - 18 pages] has been used safely and effectively in smallpox vaccinated individuals to treat adverse reactions that are secondary to continued vaccinia virus replication after vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • No antivirals are currently approved by the FDA for treatment of complications which might arise from vaccinia vaccination, but some may be used under expanded access investigational new drug (IND) protocols. (cdc.gov)
  • Tecovirimat has been used in a small number of individuals to date for the treatment of severe adverse events resulting from vaccinia virus vaccination, and effectiveness data in humans is limited. (cdc.gov)
  • It is not FDA-approved for the treatment of orthopoxvirus infections, but could be used under an expanded access IND protocol for the treatment of complications which might arise from vaccinia virus vaccination. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO smallpox eradication vaccination campaigns and that isolated from sentinel mice and recent outbreaks on dairy these viruses continue to circulate. (cdc.gov)
  • Uniform criteria for classification of adverse reaction reports after smallpox (vaccinia) vaccination have been established. (cdc.gov)
  • To identify additional ASFV immunogenic and potentially protective antigens, we cloned 47 viral genes in individual plasmids for gene vaccination and in recombinant vaccinia viruses. (elsevierpure.com)
  • A single vaccination of mice induces neutralizing antibodies to both viruses in wild-type and IFNAR−/− mice and protects against (i) chikungunya virus viremia and arthritis in wild-type mice, (ii) Zika virus viremia and fetal/placental infection in female IFNAR−/− mice, and (iii) Zika virus viremia and testes infection and pathology in male IFNAR−/− mice. (scoop.it)
Poxvirus2
  • While DNA viruses typically replicate in the nucleus of the host cell, poxvirus replication occurs exclusively within cytoplasmic structures known as viral factories. (ualberta.ca)
  • The team tested two viruses, vaccinia, a member of the poxvirus family used to protect people against smallpox and also to deliver antigens from other infectious diseases including TB, and adenovirus 5, a cause of the common cold which is also used as a viral vector to deliver foreign antigens. (thenakedscientists.com)
Outbreak4
  • In 2011, vaccinia virus caused an outbreak of bovine days. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2011, a bovine vaccinia outbreak occurred in Serro County, Minas Gerais state, in southeastern Brazil, one of the largest milk-producing regions in Brazil. (cdc.gov)
  • Gómez Pando V, Hernán López J, Restrepo A, Forero P. [Study of an outbreak of vaccinia in dairy cattle of their milkers] [in Spanish] . (medscape.com)
  • The Modified vaccinia Ankara strain in this regard has much gene loss related to in vitro passage, and horsepox being a vaccinia strain found in a natural outbreak has less. (wikipedia.org)
Strains2
  • To identify the etiologic agent responsible for the out- the hypothesis that different vaccinia virus strains co-circu- break, on day 27 we collected swab samples from lesions late in Brazil. (cdc.gov)
  • Predicting the phylogeny by sequence or by gene content produces somewhat different results: Some of the differences in the two trees are attributed to the procedure of passage in producing vaccinia strains. (wikipedia.org)
Ocular vaccinia2
  • The patient met the CDC surveillance case definition for ocular vaccinia ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Inadvertent inoculation was changed to more precisely describe this event as inadvertent autoinoculation and contact transmission, nonocular and ocular vaccinia. (cdc.gov)
Gene4
  • These findings suggest that hSNF5 -arming of VVDD may increase the efficacy in the treatment of AT/RT and validates, as a proof-of-concept, an experimental approach to enhance the effective use of novel modified oncolytic viruses in the treatment of tumors with loss of a tumor suppressor gene function. (nature.com)
  • Fodor I, Timiryasova T, Denes B, Yoshida J, Ruckle H, Lilly M. Vaccinia virus mediated p53 gene therapy for bladder cancer in an orthotopic murine model. (nature.com)
  • Viruses counteract the antiviral response by encoding mechanisms to control IFN signalling, block the actions of IFN-stimulated gene products and disrupt the various levels of cross-talk between IFNs and other cellular pathways. (nature.com)
  • We show here that in vitro selection for high levels of resistance to HPMPC produces viruses encoding two substitution mutations in the virus DNA polymerase (E9L) gene. (elsevierpure.com)
Characterization1
  • Characterization of ATI, TK and IFN-alpha/betaR genes in the genome of the BeAn 58058 virus, a naturally attenuated wild Orthopoxvirus. (medscape.com)
Bovine1
  • When applicable, animal derived raw materials and virus suspensions shall be tested for bovine and porcine viruses as described in 9 CFR 113.47 and 9 CFR 113.53. (nih.gov)
Infection10
  • Of the patient's 102 possible contacts, seven had underlying risk factors for developing serious vaccinia infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Regulated cell death is a powerful anti-viral mechanism capable of aborting the virus replicative cycle and alerting neighbouring cells to the threat of infection. (cam.ac.uk)
  • Inoculation with vaccina virus produces a localized skin infection. (medscape.com)
  • Interferons (IFNs) - the body's first line of antiviral defence - are cytokines that are secreted by host cells in response to virus infection. (nature.com)
  • Understanding the complex network of cellular antiviral processes and virus-host interactions should aid in identifying new and common targets for the therapeutic intervention of virus infection. (nature.com)
  • It is now clear that although IFN levels markedly increase in response to virus infection, the sequence of events, types of IFN that are produced and ISGs that are targeted have an important effect on the outcome. (nature.com)
  • Cowpox virus has also infected a variety of animals in European zoos, such as elephants, resulting in human infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Aerosols of concentrated virus may result in Orthopoxvirus infection, especially in unimmunized individuals. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition, needle sticks with concentrated virus or scratches from infected animals may result in local infection of the skin even in immunized individuals. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, the virulence of a virus lackingF3Lin an intradermal model was reduced compared with controls, and this was demonstrated by a significantly smaller lesion and alterations to the innate immune response to infection. (ox.ac.uk)
Postvaccinial encephalitis1
  • VIGIV is not indicated for the treatment of isolated vaccinia keratitis or postvaccinial encephalitis. (cdc.gov)
Viral4
  • In turn, viruses encode mechanisms to counteract the host response and support efficient viral replication, thereby minimizing the therapeutic antiviral power of IFNs. (nature.com)
  • In this review, we discuss the interplay between the IFN system and four medically important and challenging viruses - influenza, hepatitis C, herpes simplex and vaccinia - to highlight the diversity of viral strategies. (nature.com)
  • Entry into the host cell is achieved by attachment of the viral proteins to host glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), which mediate cellular endocytosis of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recent extensions of this approach have sought to enhance the recovery of transgene-bearing viruses through the use of CRISPR-Cas9 engineering to cleave the viral genome in infected cells. (elsevierpure.com)
Vitro5
  • We show that this reconstructed vaccinia virus retains comparable infectivity and in vitro cytotoxicity of the parent strain. (nature.com)
  • Tecovirimat (also referred to as ST-246 or its brand name Tpoxx) has demonstrated in vitro activity against various orthopoxviruses (e.g., variola, vaccinia, and monkeypox viruses) and shown effectiveness in animal challenge studies using related orthopoxviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Brincidofovir (TEMBEXA) has demonstrated in vitro activity against various orthopoxviruses (e.g., variola, vaccinia, and monkeypox viruses) and shown effectiveness in animal challenge studies using related orthopoxviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we describe MAVERICC (marker-free vaccinia virus engineering of recombinants through in vitro CRISPR/Cas9 cleavage), a new strategy to engineer recombinant VACVs in a manner that overcomes current limitations. (elsevierpure.com)
  • Laudermilch, E & Chandran, K 2021, ' MAVERICC: Marker-free Vaccinia Virus Engineering of Recombinants through in vitro CRISPR/Cas9 Cleavage ', Journal of Molecular Biology , vol. 433, no. 9, 166896. (elsevierpure.com)
Immune2
  • After receipt of diagnostic testing results, vaccinia immune globulin was not administered because the patient was improving. (cdc.gov)
  • The immunisation of mice with these recombinant viruses showed that the recombinant expressing PrM/TrE proteins induced neutralising and protective antibodies against challenge with louping ill or tick-borne encephalitis virus, but that the recombinant expressing the E or the TrE protein alone failed to induce any detectable immune responses against homologous or heterologous virus challenge. (curehunter.com)
Efficacy3
  • We have previously demonstrated the preclinical efficacy of the oncolytic double-deleted vaccinia virus (VVDD) against AT/RT. (nature.com)
  • Efficacy and safety/toxicity study of recombinant vaccinia virus JX-594 in two immunocompetent animal models of glioma. (nature.com)
  • Posoleucel, an investigational allogeneic off-the-shelf T-cell therapy that simultaneously targets six different viruses, demonstrated promising antiviral efficacy and safety in a phase II study of patients who had undergone stem cell transplantation to treat their cancer or other blood diseases. (news-medical.net)
Antigens2
  • Pools of up to 22 antigens were delivered by DNA prime and recombinant vaccinia virus boost to groups of pigs. (elsevierpure.com)
  • All 47 antigens were then delivered to pigs by DNA prime and recombinant vaccinia virus boost, and pigs were challenged with a lethal dose of ASFV isolate Georgia 2007/1. (elsevierpure.com)
Intranasal challenge1
  • HPMPC, at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight/day for 5 days, still protected mice against intranasal challenge with the drug-resistant virus with A314T and A684V mutations. (elsevierpure.com)
Lesions2
  • On day 26, patient C returned to work although lesions vaccinia, affecting dairy cattle and dairy workers in Brazil. (cdc.gov)
  • The history of the vaccinia virus is that of smallpox, a serious illness characterized by the eruption of small pocklike lesions throughout the skin and internal organs. (medscape.com)
Brazil3
  • Virus, Brazil 2 became sick. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccinia virus in feces and urine of wild rodents from São Paulo State, Brazil. (medscape.com)
  • Vaccine-derived vaccinia has been found replicating in the wild in Brazil, where it has caused infections in rodents, cattle, and even humans. (wikipedia.org)
Origins1
Vaccine development1
  • Researchers review potential areas for mRNA vaccine development against pathogenic viruses other than SARS-CoV-2. (news-medical.net)
Herpes simpl2
  • Studies of influenza virus, hepatitis C virus, herpes simplex virus and vaccinia virus highlight the importance of IFNs for the control of virus replication and pathogenesis. (nature.com)
  • Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a member of the herpes virus group, which includes herpes simplex virus types 1 and 2, varicella-zoster virus (which causes chickenpox), and Epstein-Barr virus (which causes infectious mononucleosis). (news-medical.net)
Replication1
  • By inducing the expression of hundreds of IFN-stimulated genes, several of which have antiviral functions, IFNs block virus replication at many levels. (nature.com)
Recombinant viruses1
  • All of the HPMPC-resistant recombinant viruses exhibited reduced virulence in mice, demonstrating that these E9L mutations are inextricably linked to reduced fitness in vivo. (elsevierpure.com)
Humans4
  • Monkeypox Virus Infections in Humans. (nih.gov)
  • however, there are limited data on the effectiveness in the treatment of vaccinia-related complications in humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Prepare 1-2 liters of four (4) suspensions of wild type or attenuated parainfluenza or respiratory syncytial virus per year in (i) human or simian diploid cells such as FRhL cells or (ii) heteroploid cells such as Vero cells that have been qualified for use in the production of a live virus vaccine for administration to humans as currently recommended by the FDA. (nih.gov)
  • EPA formula kills many viruses and bacteria that are harmful to both humans and pets, see additional info section below for more info. (rvupgradestore.com)
Hepatitis C vir1
  • Researchers identified serological Hepatitis C virus (HCV) signatures and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) signatures through the secondary utilization of ribonucleic acid sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis data among previous and existing smokers with or without COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). (news-medical.net)
Zoonosis1
  • Member viruses are transmitted by respiratory droplets, contact, and zoonosis. (wikipedia.org)
Monkeypox virus1
  • In late spring 2003, multiple persons were identified in the midwestern United States who had developed fever, rash, respiratory symptoms, and lymphadenopathy following exposure to ill pet prairie dogs ( Cynomys species) infected with the monkeypox virus. (medscape.com)
Antiviral1
  • The action of interferons (IFNs) on virus-infected cells and surrounding tissues elicits an antiviral state that is characterized by the expression and antiviral activity of IFN-stimulated genes. (nature.com)
19531
Poxviridae1
Mpox1
  • Some orthopoxviruses, including the mpox (formerly known as monkeypox), cowpox, and buffalopox viruses, have the ability to infect non-reservoir species. (wikipedia.org)
Mutant2
  • Intravenous and isolated limb perfusion delivery of wild type and a tumor-selective replicating mutant vaccinia virus in nonhuman primates. (nature.com)
  • These mutant viruses exhibited cross-resistance to other nucleoside phosphonate drugs, while they remained sensitive to other unrelated DNA polymerase inhibitors. (elsevierpure.com)
Recombination2
  • However, previous work in our lab showed that recombination between two co-infecting particles is significantly delayed compared to recombination events that occur within a single virus. (ualberta.ca)
  • However, investigation of the 3D-ultrastructure of a recent collision event showed that these structures existed in only a limited capacity throughout the z-dimension and in a way that would not meaningfully restrict genetic mixing and recombination between closely apposed viruses. (ualberta.ca)
Infections1
  • Our studies show that proposed drug therapies offer a reasonable likelihood of controlling orthopoxvirus infections, even if the viruses encode drug resistance markers. (elsevierpure.com)
Intracellular1
  • This virus particle matures into the brick-shaped intracellular mature virion, which can be released upon cell lysis, or can acquire a second membrane from the Golgi apparatus and bud as extracellular enveloped virions. (wikipedia.org)
Persons1
Species1
  • The most recently described species is the Alaskapox virus, first isolated in 2015. (wikipedia.org)
Envelope2
  • Recombinant vaccinia viruses expressing either the premembrane/truncated envelope (PrM/TrE) or truncated envelope (TrE) protein of louping ill virus were constructed. (curehunter.com)
  • Three distinct chimpanzee Fabs against the A33 envelope glycoprotein of vaccinia virus were isolated and converted into complete monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) with human gamma 1 heavy-chain constant regions. (nih.gov)
Camelpox1
  • Others, such as ectromelia and camelpox viruses, are highly host-specific. (wikipedia.org)
Cowpox virus1