OrganismsDiseasesPhenomena and ProcessesInformation ScienceGeographicals
CercopithecusCercopithecus aethiopsMonkey DiseasesGenes, vpuErythrocebus patasHaplorhiniSimian immunodeficiency virusCameroonCercopithecinaeYaba monkey tumor virusCercocebusSimian T-lymphotropic virus 3PhylogenySimian T-lymphotropic virus 1
AethiopsOutbreaksAntibodyHumansEmerging InfectioAfricaRhesus monkeySimianPrimateEbolaOrgansUgandaInfectionContact with infectedSubsequentlyGeneticallyOutbreakIsolationMosquitoesPrimatesVacciniaSurfaces and materialsDengueAntigensSpeciesLaboratoryInfectiousSevereClosely relatedViralSingle-strandedBacteria2020Body fluidsBloodMultiplicationPeopleDiseasesTransmissionAfricanSamplesExposureDifferentialCell cultureGeneticSymptomsPossibilityAnimalsHumanLiveFeverHighDataDiseaseFamily
Aethiops3
Outbreaks3
  • The separate outbreaks were traced back to a shared shipment of infected green monkeys. (wikipedia.org)
  • The subsequent processing of the monkeys for cell culture at the three locations led to the laboratory-related outbreaks. (wikipedia.org)
  • The virus causes severe viral haemorrhagic fever in humans and was first recognised in 1967, when two large outbreaks took place at the same time in Marburg and Frankfurt in Germany, and in Belgrade, Serbia. (africanhealthreport.com)
Antibody1
  • As stated by Kuno & Chang [ 15 ], "The three commonly used data for identifying vertebrate reservoirs for arboviruses have been (i) virus isolation from suspected animals, (ii) relatively high antibody prevalence in the animals captured in the field and (iii) demonstration of viraemia (of higher virus titre and duration) in the suspected animals typically obtained under laboratory conditions" [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Humans7
  • Further, HAdV-52 ( 7 ) isolated from Adenoviruses, which can cause infectious diarrhea or a patient with gastroenteritis has been found to be very respiratory infections in humans, were isolated from dissimilar to all previously isolated human adenoviruses monkeys soon after their initial characterization by Rowe but closely related to monkey adenoviruses SAdV-1 and et al. (cdc.gov)
  • Marburg virus disease was previously referred to as Marburg haemorrhagic fever and is often a severe fatal illness in humans. (africanhealthreport.com)
  • Once an individual gets infected with the virus, it spreads among humans through direct contact with the blood, secretions, organs, or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with contaminated surfaces and materials. (africanhealthreport.com)
  • When humans infected in the forest enter urban environments, arbovirus infections can rapidly spread amongst people transmitted by highly anthrophilic, urban mosquitoes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These data document for the first time that a substantial proportion of wild monkeys in Cameroon are SIV infected and that humans who hunt and handle bushmeat are exposed to a plethora of genetically highly divergent viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The type species of LYMPHOCRYPTOVIRUS, subfamily GAMMAHERPESVIRINAE , infecting B-cells in humans. (lookformedical.com)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV), a mosquito borne flavivirus is a pathogen affecting humans in Asia and Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
Emerging Infectio1
  • An article discussing the isolation and characterization of this virus specimen is available in Emerging Infectious Diseases. (everydayconcerned.net)
Africa6
  • The classifi cation of monkey adenoviruses was and monkey populations in several locales in Asia, Africa, initially done in a manner analogous to that used for human and Latin America, better characterization of monkey isolates, i.e., on the basis of differences in their ability to adenoviruses is of public health importance. (cdc.gov)
  • Lassa, Marburg, and Ebola viruses are restricted to sub-Saharan Africa, and the differential diagnosis of VHF will most often be made for illness in travelers to this region. (cdc.gov)
  • Although the rodent reservoir exists across wide areas of Africa, Lassa virus appears to be restricted to the continent's western part. (cdc.gov)
  • While human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) originates from ancient cross-species transmission of simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1) from infected nonhuman primates, much debate exists on whether the first HTLV-1 occurred in Africa, or in Asia during early human evolution and migration. (bvsalud.org)
  • Here we review the investigation methods and available data on sylvatic cycles involving non-human primates and dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever viruses in Africa, dengue viruses in Asia and yellow fever virus in the Americas. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To assess human exposure to Simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) in west central Africa, we looked for SIV infection in 788 monkeys that were hunted in the rainforests of Cameroon for bushmeat or kept as pets. (cdc.gov)
Rhesus monkey3
  • Most strains have not killed adult mice until after 2 or 3 suckling passages or one rhesus monkey passage. (cdc.gov)
  • A species of POLYOMAVIRUS originally isolated from Rhesus monkey kidney tissue. (lookformedical.com)
  • ZIKV, an emerging neglected virus, was first documented in 1947 when it was isolated from a sentinel rhesus monkey stationed on a tree platform in the Zika forest, Uganda [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Simian2
  • 2 recent reports classifi ed monkey adenoviruses into 4 hemagglutination have indicated probable human infection with simian subgroups on the basis of their differential agglutination adenoviruses (SAdVs). (cdc.gov)
  • Four types of human T cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) have been described (HTLV-1 to HTLV-4) with three of them having closely related simian virus analogues named STLV-1, -2, and -3. (bvsalud.org)
Primate3
  • Overall, 7.9% of nonhuman primate bushmeat is infected with STLVs. (bvsalud.org)
  • Serologic evidence of SIV infection has so far been documented in 26 primate species, and 20 of these viruses have been at least partially molecularly characterized ( 5 , 10 , 11 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Much of the primate meat sold for consumption derives from infected monkeys, and a comparable number of pet monkeys also carry SIV. (cdc.gov)
Ebola3
  • It is in the same family as the virus that causes Ebola virus disease. (who.int)
  • Marburg virus disease is an extremely infectious viral haemorrhagic fever in the same family as the well-known Ebola virus disease. (africanhealthreport.com)
  • The six species of the Ebola virus are the only other known members of the filovirus family. (africanhealthreport.com)
Organs2
  • The monkeys' organs were used to make kidney cell culture for the production and safety testing of vaccines. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once an individual is infected with the virus, Marburg can spread through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing) contaminated with these fluids. (who.int)
Uganda3
  • Generally, shipments of green monkeys went directly from Uganda to Frankfurt. (wikipedia.org)
  • The monkeys were believed to have been infected in Uganda, although infection from other animals in storage in London was also possible. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is not yet known how the Marburg virus first spreads from its animal host to individuals, however, in 2008, for two cases in tourists visiting Uganda, unprotected contact with infected bat feces or aerosols are the most possible routes of infection. (africanhealthreport.com)
Infection13
  • The incubation time of Marburg virus disease could only be estimated retrospectively, after the source of infection and the date of exposure were known. (wikipedia.org)
  • One person had worked with animals infected with live virus, but it is uncertain how the other person acquired the infection (4,5). (cdc.gov)
  • Human infection with Marburg virus disease initially results from prolonged exposure to mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus bat colonies. (who.int)
  • This may negatively influence the virus-receptor binding and abrogate the infection, with further ramifications by the elevation of vesicular pH, resulting in the inhibition of infection and spread of SARS CoV at clinically admissible concentrations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Favorable inhibition of virus spread was observed when the cells were either treated with chloroquine prior to or after SARS CoV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the severity of SARS-CoV infection, the potential for rapid spread of the disease, and the absence of proven effective and safe in vivo inhibitors of the virus, it is important to identify drugs that can effectively be used to treat or prevent potential SARS-CoV infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chloroquine can affect virus infection in many ways, and the antiviral effect depends in part on the extent to which the virus utilizes endosomes for entry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Together with data presented here, showing virus inhibition in cell culture by chloroquine doses compatible with patient treatment, these features suggest that further evaluation of chloroquine in animal models of SARS-CoV infection would be warranted as we progress toward finding effective antivirals for prevention or treatment of the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Many medically important and emergent arboviruses (arthropod-borne viruses) originated in non-human primates (NHPs), which typically show no clinical signs of infection but become viraemic and help maintain the virus in nature [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First recognized in the early 1980s, AIDS represents the endstage of infection with one of two lentiviruses, termed Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) or type 2 (HIV-2) ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • ZIKV infection diagnosis relies on serology-which is challenging due to cross-reactions with other flaviviruses and/or absence or low titer of IgM and IgG antibodies at early phase of infection- virus isolation, which is labor intensive, time consuming and requires appropriate containment. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The non-specific clinical presentation can be confused with most other arboviruses particularly dengue and chikungunya virus infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Contact with infected1
  • Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission in the community arising from direct or close contact with infected patients, particularly with their body fluids. (who.int)
Subsequently1
  • Two persons working in a U.S. laboratory with material from the original outbreak subsequently became infected, one fatally. (cdc.gov)
Genetically2
  • MVD is caused by the Marburg virus, a genetically unique zoonotic or animal-borne RNA virus of the filovirus family. (africanhealthreport.com)
  • The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Outbreak3
  • The 1967 Marburg virus outbreak was the first recorded outbreak of Marburg virus disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • The outbreak involved 25 primary Marburg virus infections and seven deaths, and six non-lethal secondary cases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Outbreak containment measures include prompt, safe and dignified burial of the deceased, identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Marburg and monitoring their health for 21 days, separating the healthy from the sick to prevent further spread and providing care to confirmed patient and maintaining good hygiene and a clean environment need to be observed. (who.int)
Isolation3
  • In addition, we propagated, purifi ed, and sequenced the 3 monkey adenoviruses (SAdV-6, Isolation of Novel Adenoviruses from SAdV-18, and SAdV-20) from ATCC. (cdc.gov)
  • WHO does not recommend isolation of male or female convalescent patients whose blood has tested negative for Marburg virus. (who.int)
  • Confirmed PCR-positive specimens were aliquoted and refrozen until virus isolation was initiated. (everydayconcerned.net)
Mosquitoes4
  • Arboviruses infecting people primarily exist in urban transmission cycles involving urban mosquitoes in densely populated tropical regions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • For dengue, chikungunya, Zika and yellow fever viruses, sylvatic (forest) transmission cycles also exist in some regions and involve non-human primates and forest-dwelling mosquitoes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the natural forest habitats of the NHPs, arboreal mosquitoes transmit arboviruses from infected to naïve animals in what is termed a sylvatic transmission cycle (NHP-mosquito-NHP-mosquito, etc. (biomedcentral.com)
  • People can become infected if they encroach on forest habitat (either through deforestation, hunting, agriculture, or urbanization) and are fed upon by mosquitoes carrying arboviruses, or if infected forest mosquitoes move into areas of human habitation to obtain a blood meal. (biomedcentral.com)
Primates1
  • Longer sequence data, or full genomes from a greater representation of Asian primates, including gibbons, leaf monkeys, and Sumatran orangutans are needed to fully elucidate these evolutionary dates and relationships using the model criteria suggested herein. (bvsalud.org)
Vaccinia1
Surfaces and materials1
  • The disease can be transmitted through person-to-person contact such as through broken skin or mucous membranes in the eyes, nose, or mouth with blood or body fluids of infected people, and also with contaminated surfaces and materials. (africanhealthreport.com)
Dengue1
  • The Asian tiger mosquito ( Aedes albopictus ), native to South-East Asia, is a vector of a number of human diseases such as Dengue fever and West Nile virus. (policymattersjournal.org)
Antigens1
  • Interferon secreted by leukocytes , fibroblasts , or lymphoblasts in response to viruses or interferon inducers other than mitogens, antigens , or allo-antigens. (lookformedical.com)
Species3
  • SAdV-6, SAdV-18, and SAdV-20) were also completely Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses has 1 defi ned species, sequenced. (cdc.gov)
  • Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
  • The type species of ORTHOPOXVIRUS, related to COWPOX VIRUS , but whose true origin is unknown. (lookformedical.com)
Laboratory1
  • The first infections occurred in laboratory workers who were conducting necropsies on imported African green monkeys. (wikipedia.org)
Infectious1
  • Virus shedding is an important means of vertical transmission (INFECTIOUS DISEASE TRANSMISSION, VERTICAL). (lookformedical.com)
Severe1
  • Illness caused by Marburg virus begins abruptly, with high fever, severe headache and severe malaise. (who.int)
Closely related1
  • Closely related viruses are found in other areas, but their potential for causing human disease is poorly understood. (cdc.gov)
Viral1
  • The term viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) refers to the illness associated with a number of geographically restricted viruses. (cdc.gov)
Single-stranded2
  • Lassa virus, named after a small town in northeastern Nigeria, is an enveloped, single-stranded, bisegmented ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus classified in the family Arenaviridae. (cdc.gov)
  • Like all flaviviruses, ZIKV is a single-stranded RNA virus with a positive-polarity RNA genome of approximately 11 kb. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteria1
  • They include mitogens, lipopolysaccharides , and the synthetic polymers Poly A-U and Poly I-C . Viruses, bacteria, and protozoa have been also known to induce interferons . (lookformedical.com)
20201
  • On January 20, 2020, CDC received a clinical specimen collected from the first reported U.S. patient infected with SARS-CoV-2. (everydayconcerned.net)
Body fluids1
  • The virus can also remain in certain body fluids including the semen of a man who has recovered from MVD. (africanhealthreport.com)
Blood2
  • and by blood products contaminated by infected lymphocytes. (bvsalud.org)
  • Blood was obtained from 788 monkeys wild-caught in Cameroon from January 1999 to April 2001. (cdc.gov)
Multiplication1
  • They confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis, augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. (lookformedical.com)
People1
  • It is estimated that around 10-20 million people are infected with HTLV-1 worldwide. (bvsalud.org)
Diseases2
Transmission1
  • Urban transmission cycles of arboviruses in densely populated tropical regions can result in explosive epidemics and pandemics, although there can also be low levels of transmission only sufficient to maintain the viruses in the population. (biomedcentral.com)
African1
  • The infections were traced back to three laboratories in the separate locations which received a shared shipment of infected African green monkeys. (wikipedia.org)
Samples1
  • Adenoviruses readily detected in fecal samples from monkeys who have were also found in rectal swab and fecal samples taken no symptoms of any clinical adenoviral disease ( 9 ). (cdc.gov)
Exposure2
  • Marburg can be transmitted to individuals from continuous exposure to mines or caves inhabited by Rousettus bat colonies, fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family, are considered to be natural hosts of the Marburg virus. (africanhealthreport.com)
  • These inhibitory effects are observed when the cells are treated with the drug either before or after exposure to the virus, suggesting both prophylactic and therapeutic advantage. (biomedcentral.com)
Differential1
  • Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)
Cell culture2
  • Surely they mean that the virus was placed into a cell culture after it was isolated from the patient. (everydayconcerned.net)
  • Because if the patient sample was immediately contaminated with a cell culture, how could it then be established scientifically that the patient was infected with a new virus? (everydayconcerned.net)
Genetic2
Symptoms1
  • Based on further analysis of ongoing research, WHO recommends that male survivors of Marburg virus disease practise safer sex and hygiene for 12 months from onset of symptoms or until their semen twice tests negative for Marburg virus. (who.int)
Possibility2
  • This similarity raises the possibility that this of several classes of viruses found as outgrowths from patient was, in fact, infected with a monkey adenovirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Since most physicians have little or no experience with these viruses, uncertainty often arises when VHF is a diagnostic possibility. (cdc.gov)
Animals1
  • Process of growing viruses in live animals, plants, or cultured cells. (lookformedical.com)
Human1
  • Human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus type 1 (HTLV-1) was the first oncogenic human retrovirus discovered in 1980. (bvsalud.org)
Live1
  • One of the type I interferons produced by fibroblasts in response to stimulation by live or inactivated virus or by double-stranded RNA. (lookformedical.com)
Fever1
  • Lassa fever was first recognized in 1969 in northern Nigeria (3) when two of three nurses infected in a rural hospital died. (cdc.gov)
High1
  • The rats are infected throughout life and shed high levels of virus in their urine. (cdc.gov)
Data1
  • We also present current putative data that Mayaro, o'nyong'nyong, Oropouche, Spondweni and Lumbo viruses exist in sylvatic cycles. (biomedcentral.com)
Disease3
  • the brother did not develop disease and was seronegative for Marburg virus disease six months later. (wikipedia.org)
  • Marburg Virus Disease has a fatality ratio of up to 88 per cent depending on virus strain and the quality of case management. (africanhealthreport.com)
  • Cause of Marburg virus disease? (africanhealthreport.com)
Family1
  • A genus of the family HERPESVIRIDAE, subfamily ALPHAHERPESVIRINAE, consisting of herpes simplex-like viruses. (lookformedical.com)