AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
Alphavirus InfectionsAlphavirusSindbis VirusEncephalitis Virus, Venezuelan EquineSemliki forest virusChikungunya virusRoss River virusVirus ReplicationRNA VirusesEncephalitis Virus, Western EquineVaccinia virusVirus AssemblyReceptors, VirusRNA, ViralSwallowsRepliconVirus CultivationVirus SheddingCricetinaeEncephalitis Virus, Eastern EquineVirus DiseasesSimian virus 40CimicidaePlant VirusesVero CellsCell LineDNA VirusesDefective VirusesViral ProteinsMeasles virusArbovirusesInfluenza A Virus, H1N1 SubtypeRabies virusCercopithecus aethiopsInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeVirionViral Plaque AssayCulicidaeMolecular Sequence DataTogaviridae InfectionsAntigens, ViralGenetic VectorsInfluenza A Virus, H3N2 SubtypeGenes, ViralHepatitis B virusWest Nile virusArbovirus InfectionsAedesRespiratory Syncytial VirusesEncephalomyelitis, Venezuelan EquineEncephalomyelitis, EquineViral Structural ProteinsSalmo salarAntibodies, ViralVirus ActivationTogaviridaeNeutralization TestsGene Expression Regulation, ViralVesicular stomatitis Indiana virusFish DiseasesEncephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne
TogaviridaeMosquitoesAedesFlavivirusCHIKVZikaMosquitoChikungunya virus infectionVenezuelanRelated O'nyong'nyongVaccinesMedically important alphavirusesMayaroAntibodiesOutbreaksReplicationGenomeArthritogenic alphavirusSalmonid alphavirusPathogenesisSevereApoptosis upon infectionPathogenicDengue Virus InfectionHepatitis E VirParticles are envelopedParvovirus2016FeverSymptomsSindbis VirusEastern equine encepSpeciesFlavivirusesOccurVectorsProteinsImmunologyEncephalitisHumansArbovirusesMeaslesAntiviral responseDiagnosisAntibody2023ArbovirusViral infectionsArboviral infectionsPrimarilyInfectDiseasesTransmit the virusVaccineClinicalSymptomaticRubella virusDisease
Togaviridae16
Mosquitoes33
  • People infected with Zika, chikungunya, or dengue virus should be protected from further mosquito exposure during the first few days of illness to prevent other mosquitoes from becoming infected and reduce the risk of local transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • A viral disease transmitted by the bite of Aedes mosquitoes infected with Zika Virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, non-steroidal should be avoided until dengue can be discarded to reduce the risk of hemorrhage.When traveling to countries where the Zika virus or other viruses transmitted by mosquitoes have been reported, the recommendation is to use insect repellent, long sleeves and pants, and stay in places with air conditioning or window and door fitted with insect screens. (bvsalud.org)
  • The fact that the species of Aedes mosquitoes that transmit the Zika virus are found throughout the world, it is likely that the outbreak from spreading to other countries. (bvsalud.org)
  • The disease is perpetuated by the alphavirus Chikungunya, and is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. (medscape.com)
  • As a Sindbis-like virus (SINLV), XJ-160 virus was isolated from a pooled sample of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China, in 1990. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In 1990, we have reported the isolation of a Sindbis-like virus from a pool of Anopheles mosquitoes collected in Xinjiang, China during an arbovirus survey. (biomedcentral.com)
  • They are transmitted through blood-feeding insects such as mosquitoes and ticks, and include viruses such as chikungunya virus (CHIKV), dengue virus (DENV), West Nile virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), yellow fever virus (YFV), and eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Rift Valley fever virus, transmitted by mosquitoes, is responsible for outbreaks in livestock in Africa and can also be fatal in humans. (pasteur.fr)
  • This pocket is also found in other human pathogenic viruses transmitted by different mosquitoes, such as the Zika and chikungunya viruses. (pasteur.fr)
  • Understanding these interactions should pave the way for the identification of new therapeutic strategies that target viruses transmitted by these mosquitoes. (pasteur.fr)
  • The virus also causes severe disease in humans who come into contact with contaminated animals or who are bitten by infected mosquitoes, resulting in severe encephalitis and hemorrhagic fever that can prove fatal. (pasteur.fr)
  • These viruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes, with various species serving as vectors. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Alphaviruses rely on mosquitoes for transmission. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Alphaviruses are primarily transmitted to humans through the bite of infected mosquitoes. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Mosquitoes act as vectors, serving as carriers of the virus from one host to another. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • New World alphaviruses, such as chikungunya virus, are primarily transmitted by mosquitoes of the Aedes genus, while Old World alphaviruses like eastern equine encephalitis virus are transmitted by mosquitoes of the Culex and Aedes genera. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Infected mosquitoes acquire the virus by feeding on an infected host, which could be a human, bird, or other animal reservoir. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • We established a new generic reverse transcription PCR assay for alphaviruses and tested 8860 tropical mosquitoes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • We detected a novel alphavirus, tentatively named Taï Forest alphavirus (TALV), in Culex decens mosquitoes collected in Ivory Coast. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Importantly, the Alphavirus infection transmits via infected mosquitoes. (pediaa.com)
  • Yata Virus (Family Rhabdoviridae, Genus Ephemerovirus) Isolation from Mosquitoes from Uganda, the First Reported Isolation since 1969. (cdc.gov)
  • As a part of a systematic study of mosquitoes and associated viruses in Uganda, a virus was isolated from a pool of Mansonia uniformis collected in July 2017, in the Kitgum District of northern Uganda. (cdc.gov)
  • It is common viral infection caused by an alpha virus that is spread by the bite of mosquitoes belonging to the genus, Aedes, which are Aedes Aegypti and Aedes Albopicticus. (healthcheckup.com)
  • Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an insect-borne virus, of the genus Alphavirus , that is spread by Aedes mosquitoes. (chikungunyavirusnet.com)
  • Everglades virus (EVEV), an alphavirus in the Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) serocomplex, circulates among rodents and vector mosquitoes and infects humans, causing a febrile disease sometimes accompanied by neurologic manifestations. (cdc.gov)
  • Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne viral disease caused by the chikungunya virus (CHIKV), an Alphavirus virus transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. (globalbiodefense.com)
  • Arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are transmitted to humans primarily through the bites of infected mosquitoes, ticks, sand flies, or midges. (cdc.gov)
  • Best adapted of all are Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, the cosmopolitan vector of epidemic yellow fever, dengue, chikungunya, and Zika viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The chikungunya pandemic that began 10 years ago was fueled in part by a single, nonsynonymous base change that enabled that alphavirus to replicate more efficiently in Aedes albopictus mosquitoes. (cdc.gov)
  • Chikungunya virus is a mosquito-borne alphavirus transmitted by infected mosquitoes, primarily Aedes aegypti and Aedes Albopictus [2]. (cdc.gov)
  • Chikungunya and dengue viruses cocirculate in Paraguay and surrounding countries, are transmitted by the same species of mosquitoes, and have similar clinical presentations during acute illness. (cdc.gov)
  • These mosquitoes primarily bite birds, and are responsible for spreading Eastern equine encephalitis virus among birds. (cdc.gov)
Aedes6
  • Zika virus (ZIKV) is mainly transmitted through Aedes mosquito bites, but sexual and post-transfusion transmissions have been reported. (springer.com)
  • Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa) - 2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus? (springer.com)
  • Packaging of the Aura virus subgenomic mRNA occurred following infection of mosquito (Aedes albopictus C6/36), hamster (BHK-21), or monkey (Vero) cells. (caltech.edu)
  • Previous outbreaks of CHIKV infection have been associated with the mosquito vector Aedes aegypti , which is also the vector of yellow fever and dengue viruses. (who.int)
  • From these collections, two virus isolates were obtained, one each from a pool of Aedes tricholabis and Ae. (cdc.gov)
  • Persistence of human yellow fever, the inexorable expanse of dengue, and the surprising, explosive spread and severity of first chikungunya virus and now Zika virus bear testament to the threat posed by habituated Aedes species. (cdc.gov)
Flavivirus15
  • Zika virus is a single-stranded RNA virus of the Flaviviridae family, genus Flavivirus . (cdc.gov)
  • The main difference between Alphavirus (Togavirus) and Flavivirus is that Alphavirus contains structural proteins at the 5′ end, whereas Flavivirus contains structural proteins at the 3′ end. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two viruses with a positive-strand RNA genome . (pediaa.com)
  • Flavivirus is also a disease-causing virus that causes encephalitis. (pediaa.com)
  • Other forms of Flavivirus include Kyasanur Forest disease virus and sometimes dengue virus, which causes hemorrhagic fever, and yellow fever virus, which causes hemorrhagic fever with hepatitis. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two RNA viruses that contain a positive-stranded RNA genome. (pediaa.com)
  • In contrast, Flavivirus refers to any group of RNA viruses, mostly having arthropod vectors, which cause several serious human diseases. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus contains structural proteins at the 5′ end, while Flavivirus contains structural proteins at the 3′ end. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus produces sub-genomic messages, while Flavivirus does not. (pediaa.com)
  • Alphavirus does not contain polyadenylation at the 3′ end, while Flavivirus contains polyadenylation at the 3′ end. (pediaa.com)
  • In brief, Alphavirus and Flavivirus are two genera of viruses that contain positive-sense RNA genomes. (pediaa.com)
  • St.Louis encephalitis, Japanese encephalitis, Powassan, tick-borne encephalitis viruses, dengue virus, and yellow fever virus are examples of the Flavivirus . (pediaa.com)
  • To achieve these goals, our NIH sponsored READDI-AViDD Center is an international consortium that includes academic institutions, pharmaceutical companies and affiliated entities across five nations who work together to prevent life-threatening human coronavirus, flavivirus, alphavirus and filovirus infections. (readdi.org)
  • Most arboviruses of public health importance belong to one of three virus genera: Flavivirus, Alphavirus, and Bunyavirus. (cdc.gov)
  • Like dengue virus, another flavivirus, Zika virus was likely originally a pathogen of subhuman primates. (cdc.gov)
CHIKV21
  • A new study by researchers at the Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis (WUSTL) has identified broadly neutralizing antibodies that protect against infection in mice from multiple, distantly related alphaviruses-including Chikungunya virus (CHIKV)-that cause fever and debilitating joint pain. (genengnews.com)
  • For example, over the past several years CHIKV has caused millions of infections annually across the globe and so far in 2015, there have been 650 cases seen in U.S. residents, largely among travelers returning from the Caribbean, where they were infected. (genengnews.com)
  • Currently, there is no vaccine or treatment for CHIKV or other alphaviruses. (genengnews.com)
  • In the current study, the researchers screened 60 neutralizing mouse and human antibodies against CHIKV and determined that 10 reacted against three or more different alphaviruses that cause arthritis-like symptoms. (genengnews.com)
  • Retrospective laboratory evaluation of the detection rate of CHIKV infection by real-time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) on urine. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Urine and serum samples from patients with confirmed CHIKV infections from an endemic area (Aruba) and from ITM will be analyzed. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • To assess the added value of RT-PCR for CHIKV on urine samples for diagnosing CHIKV infection in comparison to the reference methods. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • To describe the kinetics of RT- PCR for CHIKV on urine samples for diagnosing CHIKV infection over time. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Prospective cohort study of patients with a confirmed CHIKV infection (positive RT-PCR for CHIKV on the sample at the time of inclusion or seroconversion defined as positive anti-CHIKV Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibody assay on day 14), who attend the outpatient clinic of the Institute of Tropical Medicine in Antwerp and the Horacio Oduber Hospitaal in Aruba within 72 hours after fever onset. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Study population : patients with confirmed CHIKV infection Sample size : panel of 20 CHIKV confirmed cases Data analysis and reporting : The percentages of positive urine RT-PCR (over different time-points of duration of the CHIKV infection) will be calculated. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Endpoints: diagnostic sensitivity of CHIKV RT-PCR on urine samples in patients with a confirmed CHIKV infection, comparison of analytical sensitivity (based on Ct-values) with RT-PCR on serum, positivity rates of RT-PCR urine samples over time Ethical issues: Informed consent will be obtained from study participants. (clinicaltrials.gov)
  • Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) contamination due to an arthropod-borne virus turned into first found in Africa, CHIK-Virus additionally constrained in Southeast Asia. (ijpsr.com)
  • The inflammation caused during the acute phase of CHIKV infection may reduce erythrocyte half-life (RBCs). (ijpsr.com)
  • Currently, the greatest risk to human health among the alphaviruses is chikungunya virus (CHIKV). (unc.edu)
  • CHIKV infection causes a range of symptoms, including fever, rash, and pain and swelling of the muscles and joints that can persist for months or years. (unc.edu)
  • Lastly, we instead provide evidence that mutation of the opal termination codon specifically alters NF-kB signaling in response to CHIKV infection. (unc.edu)
  • In this article we discuss the threat to this region that is posed by the recent evolution of the E1:A226V mutant strains of chikungunya virus (CHIKV). (who.int)
  • Building on existing evidence for mosquito blood-feeding on various frugivorous bat species in Uganda, and seroprevalence for arboviruses among bats in Uganda, we sought to assess if serum samples collected from bats in Uganda demonstrated evidence of exposure to ONNV or the closely related zoonotic chikungunya virus (CHIKV). (cdc.gov)
  • In addition, 2/303 (0.7%) of these Egyptian rousettes contained neutralizing antibodies to CHIKV, and 8/303 (2.6%) contained neutralizing antibodies that were nonspecifically reactive to alphaviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • These data support the interepidemic circulation of ONNV and CHIKV in Uganda, although Egyptian rousette bats are unlikely to serve as reservoirs for these viruses given the inconsistent occurrence of antibody-positive bats. (cdc.gov)
  • Furthermore, it'll be vital that you determine if the other arthritogenic alphaviruses elicit a similar pattern of host responses in animal models and humans, although CHIKV does perturb osteoblast RANKL/OPG ratios in vitro (15). (bassresearch.com)
Zika41
  • Zika virus RNA has been identified in asymptomatic blood donors during an ongoing outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • Many people infected with Zika virus are asymptomatic. (cdc.gov)
  • However, there have been cases of Guillain-Barré syndrome reported in patients following suspected Zika virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Recently, CDC concluded that Zika virus infection during pregnancy is a cause of microcephaly and other severe fetal brain defects. (cdc.gov)
  • Due to concerns of microcephaly caused by maternal Zika virus infection, fetuses and infants of women infected with Zika virus during pregnancy should be evaluated for possible congenital infection and neurologic abnormalities. (cdc.gov)
  • Based on the typical clinical features, the differential diagnosis for Zika virus infection is broad. (cdc.gov)
  • As an arboviral disease , Zika virus is a nationally notifiable condition. (cdc.gov)
  • No specific antiviral treatment is available for Zika virus disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Because of similar geographic distribution and symptoms, patients with suspected Zika virus infections also should be evaluated and managed for possible dengue or chikungunya virus infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Transmission associated with blood transfusion is possible, since the RNA of Zika virus was identified in asymptomatic blood donors during a current surge. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is strong evidence of a possible association of infection by Zika virus in pregnant women in Brazil and the occurrence of microcephaly in newborn infants. (bvsalud.org)
  • About 1 in 5 people infected with the Zika virus become symptomatic. (bvsalud.org)
  • Based on the typical clinical features, differential diagnosis for infection by Zika virus is widespread. (bvsalud.org)
  • There is no vaccine and no specific antiviral treatment available for the condition of the Zika virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • 12. Arthritis Associated with Alphavirus Infections: Dengue and Zika. (booksdo.com)
  • Structure of the thermally stable Zika virus. (springer.com)
  • The emergence of Zika virus as a global health security threat: a review and a consensus statement of the INDUSEM joint working group (JWG). (springer.com)
  • Zika virus replication in the mosquito Culex quinquefasciatus in Brazil. (springer.com)
  • Davidson A, Slavinski S, Komoto K, Rakeman J, Weiss D. Suspected female-to-male sexual transmission of Zika virus - new York City, 2016. (springer.com)
  • Male-to-male sexual transmission of Zika virus--Texas, January 2016. (springer.com)
  • Epidemiology of Zika virus infection. (springer.com)
  • Epidemiological and ecological determinants of Zika virus transmission in an urban setting. (springer.com)
  • Zika virus disease: interim case definitions. (springer.com)
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome after Zika virus infection in Brazil. (springer.com)
  • Guillain-Barre syndrome outbreak associated with Zika virus infection in French Polynesia: a case-control study. (springer.com)
  • Guillain-Barré syndrome associated with Zika virus infection. (springer.com)
  • Acute myelitis due to Zika virus infection. (springer.com)
  • Importantly, this "recognition pocket" is found not only in RVF virus but also in the envelope proteins of other viral families transmitted by arthropods, such as the dengue, Zika and chikungunya viruses, which have caused major worldwide epidemics in recent years. (pasteur.fr)
  • Sexual transmission of Zika virus is possible, while blood transfusion as a mode of transmission is being investigated. (anticimex.com.my)
  • The incubation period (the time from exposure to symptoms) of Zika virus disease is not clear, but it is likely to be a few days. (anticimex.com.my)
  • There is scientific consensus that Zika virus is a cause of microcephaly and Guillain-Barre syndrome. (anticimex.com.my)
  • Since its arrival in the Western Hemisphere about 1 year ago, Zika virus, which had previously been associated with a clinically mild and inconsequential illness, is now increasingly suspected of being the cause of an alarming epidemic of neurologic birth defects and Guillain-Barré syndrome in tropical regions. (cdc.gov)
  • Zika virus, the subject of several articles in the Emerging Infectious Diseases journal, reminds us of some of the impediments to responding to emerging vectorborne pathogens. (cdc.gov)
  • First, Zika virus belongs to the most prevalent class of emerging pathogens, the zoonotic single- stranded RNA viruses, which have mutation rates as high as 1 base per 10 to the 4th power bases, each replication. (cdc.gov)
  • Pathogenicity and transmission dynamics will be factors in determining where Zika virus will become endemic and what will be the most suitable methods of control. (cdc.gov)
  • It might seem as if Zika virus sprang from nowhere, but almost certainly it must have been infecting many more humans in Africa and Asia than we had been aware. (cdc.gov)
  • Zika, dengue, West Nile, and yellow fever viruses can co-circulate, not only among themselves, but possibly with unidentified or poorly characterized flaviviruses. (cdc.gov)
  • The limitations of current diagnostics are a primary reason why the association between Zika virus and birth defects remained speculative so long. (cdc.gov)
  • Fewer than 20 of the 86 known pathogenic arboviruses can be considered major causes of human disease, and 3 of these, West Nile, chikungunya, and Zika viruses, have emerged from relative obscurity within only the past 20 years. (cdc.gov)
  • Zika virus also has similar clinical features and transmission patterns as chikungunya and dengue viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Paraguay has not reported any Zika cases in 2023 and although the risk of Zika virus infection is currently low, clinicians should consider Zika as part of the differential diagnosis for anyone who tests negative for these other pathogens. (cdc.gov)
Mosquito27
  • The disease was first recognized as a unique mosquito borne virus in horses in Venezuela in 1938. (medscape.com)
  • The extensive transmission of the virus was probably due to a combination of unvaccinated horses and a record high level of rainfall leading to an increase in the mosquito population. (medscape.com)
  • Although a mosquito-transmitted disease, researchers determined that these infections can also be acquired from aerosolized virus. (medscape.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis is an arthropod-borne virus, with the mosquito serving as the most common vector. (medscape.com)
  • These viruses are all spread to their hosts through mosquito vectors and typically cause sporadic outbreaks, although Chikungunya has begun to spread more globally leading to more persistent epidemics. (genengnews.com)
  • Different mosquito species have been found to be infected with the virus, including Mansonia venezuelensis , Haemagogus janthinomys , Sabethes spp. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chikungunya is a mosquito-borne infection of the genus alphavirus. (ijpsr.com)
  • The CHIK-Virus is carried thru the mosquito, which functions as a vector for the disease. (ijpsr.com)
  • These viruses are arboviruses, most often transmitted by a mosquito host. (unc.edu)
  • Alphaviruses - mosquito-borne viruses that can trigger brain infections and arthritis - may have met their match. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • The virus incubates in the mosquito for 1 week after the mosquito bites an infected equine or rodent host. (medscape.com)
  • The virus is then transmitted when the mosquito feeds on an uninfected host. (medscape.com)
  • Different alphaviruses are associated with specific mosquito species, making their geographic distribution and transmission patterns diverse. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Alphaviruses require mosquito vectors to complete their life cycle. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Once a mosquito is infected with an alphavirus, it can transmit the virus horizontally to another host, typically through subsequent blood meals. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • This transmission occurs when an infected mosquito bites a susceptible host, injecting the virus into the host's bloodstream. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Some alphaviruses can also be transmitted vertically from an infected female mosquito to her offspring through the mosquito's eggs. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • When an infected mosquito bites a human, the virus is introduced into the human bloodstream. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • While the primary mode of transmission is mosquito-borne, some alphaviruses can be transmitted from person to person through contact with infected blood or other bodily fluids. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • The distribution of alphaviruses is influenced by the presence of suitable mosquito vectors and reservoir hosts. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Effective surveillance of mosquito populations, reservoir hosts, and human cases is crucial for early detection and response to alphavirus outbreaks. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Understanding the modes of transmission and the role of mosquito vectors, reservoir hosts, and human hosts is essential for controlling and preventing alphavirus infections and their associated diseases. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Salmonid alphavirus replication in mosquito cells: towards a novel vaccine production system. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • The initiation of the infection occurs through the mosquito or tick bite. (pediaa.com)
  • After confirmation of two human cases of Rift Valley fever (RVF) in March 2016 in the Kabale district of Uganda, an entomological investigation was conducted with a focus on mosquito species composition and abundance of known and potential mosquito vector species, and virus testing to identify species most likely involved in Rift Valley fever virus transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • The virus are passed on to humans through the bites of an infective female mosquito, which mainly acquires the virus while feeding on the blood of an infected person. (anticimex.com.my)
  • Infection leads to symptomatic disease in up to 97% of humans after four to seven days following the mosquito bite. (globalbiodefense.com)
Chikungunya virus infection2
  • Deaths linked to Chikungunya virus infection were estimated at 0.1% in La Réunion. (medscape.com)
  • This Health Advisory provides information on the current status of the chikungunya outbreak in Paraguay and advises on evaluating and testing travelers returning from Paraguay with signs and symptoms consistent with chikungunya virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Venezuelan8
  • It is caused by the Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus and has a significant presence in the tropical Americas. (medscape.com)
  • In 1952, the first naturally acquired human case of Venezuelan equine encephalitis was reported from Colombia, whereas the first reported natural human infection in the United States was not documented until 1968. (medscape.com)
  • While these epizootic strains are virulent in equines and humans, the enzootic Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus serotypes ID, IE, and IIIA can cause illness in humans but not in equines. (medscape.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is highly infectious by the aerosol route, and numerous laboratory infections have occurred, making it a possible biowarfare agent. (medscape.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus is a positive-strand, unsegmented ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus. (medscape.com)
  • The other branch of alphaviruses, found in the Americas, includes Eastern, Western and Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses and causes brain infections. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Eastern, Western, or Venezuelan equine encephalitis viruses like virus produce one form that shows symptoms such as fever, malaise, headache, and symptoms of encephalitis . (pediaa.com)
  • Alphaviruses are of interest to gene therapy researchers, in particular the Ross River virus, Sindbis virus, Semliki Forest virus, and Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis virus have all been used to develop viral vectors for gene delivery. (genetherapynet.com)
Related O'nyong'nyong1
  • Furthermore, to confirm that the antibodies could protect animals from disease, the researchers infected mice with three different alphaviruses: Chikungunya, the closely related O'nyong'nyong virus, or the more distantly related Mayaro virus. (genengnews.com)
Vaccines13
  • For years, scientists have been on the hunt to develop vaccines that would protect against all or most strains of particularly virulent viruses such as influenza. (genengnews.com)
  • We have more work to do but are encouraged that targeting this epitope could be a viable strategy for developing vaccines or treatments against Chikungunya and other related viruses that cause significant disease worldwide," Dr. Diamond concluded. (genengnews.com)
  • There are currently no vaccines or therapeutics available for Marburg Virus Disease (MVD). (sbir.gov)
  • The Pathophysiology of Arthritis Due to Viruses and Vaccines. (booksdo.com)
  • Vaccines, therefore, provide alternate preventative techniques for the spread of viral infection. (ijpsr.com)
  • There are no effective therapies or vaccines against alphavirus infection, yet serious outbreaks of alphavirus infection continue to occur. (unc.edu)
  • The common influenza viruses have antigens that mutate or combine readily, requiring new vaccines with each mutation. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Most are still uncommon, but together they cause millions of infections and a considerable burden of disease, and we don't have specific therapies or vaccines for any of them. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Taking into consideration the global distribution of the viruses, the severe nature of effects on human wellness, as well as the potential for extra pass on, the introduction of therapeutics and vaccines for his or her treatment is crucial. (bassresearch.com)
  • Some aspects of the immune response and the mechanism of action of experimental vaccines against the infectious pancreatic necrosis virus have been revealed. (fsu.ua)
  • A comparative review on European-farmed finfish RNA viruses and their vaccines. (fsu.ua)
  • Fifth, vector control is a force multiplier that can reduce the risk from many viruses that would require the development of individual vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Encephalitis, Tick Borne Encephalitis or Dengue virus vaccines). (who.int)
Medically important alphaviruses1
  • Other medically important alphaviruses found in the Americas include eastern equine encephalitis virus (neuroinvasive) and Mayaro virus (arthalgic). (cdc.gov)
Mayaro2
  • Endemic in South America countries, the frequency of Mayaro virus disease in humans has increased in number in recent years, and imported cases have been detected in previously unaffected areas, such as Europe and the USA [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viruses such as chikungunya, Mayaro, O'nyong-nyong and Ross River, all of which cause fever, rash and arthritis, historically had been limited to Africa, Asia and Europe. (innovitaresearch.com)
Antibodies24
  • Antibodies to E2 can neutralize virus infectivity. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers have identified 'broadly neutralizing' antibodies that protect against infection by multiple, distantly related alphaviruses-including Chikungunya virus (above)-that cause fever and debilitating joint pain. (genengnews.com)
  • There is a lot of emphasis on identifying and understanding broadly neutralizing antibodies for other viruses-HIV, hepatitis C virus, dengue virus, influenza virus-but most of those antibodies neutralize different strains of the same virus," explained senior author Michael Diamond, M.D., Ph.D., a professor of medicine and director of the Division of Infectious Diseases and Vaccine Development in the Center for Human Immunology and Immunotherapy Programs at WUSTL. (genengnews.com)
  • What we've identified here are antibodies that actually neutralize several different alphaviruses. (genengnews.com)
  • The findings from this study were published online recently in Cell through an article entitled "Broadly Neutralizing Alphavirus Antibodies Bind an Epitope on E2 and Inhibit Entry and Egress. (genengnews.com)
  • Using in vitro cell culture studies, Dr. Diamond and his team observed that antibodies which recognized the alphavirus epitope also protected against infection by multiple alphaviruses. (genengnews.com)
  • Employing the two most potent broadly neutralizing antibodies, the researchers treated the infected mice and saw markedly reduced joint disease caused by any of the viruses. (genengnews.com)
  • Typically, individuals who are infected with alphaviruses produce antibodies against many viral epitopes, some of which are not protective-setting up a weak immune response scenario that allows the virus time to replicate and exert its pathogenic effects. (genengnews.com)
  • Laboratory diagnosis is generally accomplished by testing whole blood, serum, or plasma to detect virus, viral nucleic acid, or virus-specific immunoglobulin M and neutralizing antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis have identified two antibodies that protect animals from disease caused by alphaviruses. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • The antibodies worked for every alphavirus tested, meaning they potentially could form the basis of treatments or serve as a template for a universal vaccine. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Diamond and colleagues previously identified a group of antibodies that neutralize many members of the arthritis-causing branch of the alphavirus group. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • But those antibodies didn't work against all of the viruses that cause arthritis and failed entirely against the ones that cause brain infections. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • To find antibodies that would protect against the whole alphavirus group, Diamond and colleagues - including co-first authors Arthur S. Kim, PhD, then a graduate student, and Natasha M. Kafai, an MD/PhD student - screened a set of antibodies produced by two people who had been infected with chikungunya virus. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • They tested the antibodies against a panel of alphaviruses representing both branches of the group. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Two antibodies recognized all of the alphaviruses tested. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Then, they assessed whether the antibodies could prevent arthritis or brain infection in animals. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Both antibodies protected the animals against all of the viruses. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Further experiments showed that the antibodies worked by blocking developing virus particles from exiting one cell en route to infecting another. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • In a related paper being published in the same issue of Cell, James E. Crowe, MD, of Vanderbilt University Medical Center, also reports that antibodies targeting the E1 protein bind to a wide range of alphaviruses, prevent them from exiting cells and protect animals against both arthritis and brain infections. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • The thrombocytopenia in dengue is caused by the suppression of the platelet producing ability of the bone marrow, the damage of platelets by blood cells affected by the dengue virus, and the destruction of platelets by the antibodies produced by the body during a dengue infection. (healthcheckup.com)
  • Virus-specific IgM antibodies in CSF or serum. (cdc.gov)
  • Virus-specific IgM antibodies in CSF or serum but with no other testing. (cdc.gov)
  • 17. Seropositive for hepatitis C virus (antibodies to HCV). (who.int)
Outbreaks9
  • Nonhuman and human primates are likely the main reservoirs of the virus, and anthroponotic (human-to-vector-to-human) transmission occurs during outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Nonhuman primates and humans are probably the main reservoirs of the virus, and anthroponotic transmission (man-vector-man) occurs during outbreaks. (bvsalud.org)
  • Major Chikungunya outbreaks in the South Republic of India in 2007 and 2008, CHIK virus with new genetic changes had been detected. (ijpsr.com)
  • Serious outbreaks of alphavirus infection occur worldwide and affect millions of people. (unc.edu)
  • Outbreaks of alphavirus diseases are often localized in areas where these factors converge. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • With increased global travel, infected individuals can introduce alphaviruses to new regions, potentially leading to outbreaks in areas where the virus was previously absent. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Despite causing numerous large outbreaks in the 20th century, few isolates of o'nyong nyong virus (ONNV) have been fully sequenced. (cdc.gov)
  • Chikungunya virus often causes sudden large outbreaks with high attack rates, affecting one-third to three-quarters of the population in areas where the virus is circulating. (globalbiodefense.com)
  • In late 2013, local transmission of chikungunya virus was first detected in Caribbean countries and then quickly spread, causing large outbreaks throughout the Americas over the next several years [4-5]. (cdc.gov)
Replication7
  • impairs early viral mRNA translation of the incoming genomic virus RNA, thus preventing alphavirus replication (By similarity). (avivasysbio.com)
  • The opal termination codon is a conserved element within alphavirus genomes that regulates several aspects of alphavirus replication. (unc.edu)
  • The subgenomic RNA is the messenger for translation of the viral structural proteins, and its synthesis is absolutely required for replication of the virus. (caltech.edu)
  • Neutrophils are generally the first leukocytes to be recruited to a site of infection, playing a major role in regulating inflammation and, as a result, viral replication and dissemination. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Eilat virus, a unique alphavirus with host range restricted to insects by RNA replication. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Interferon-induced transmembrane proteins (IFITMs) are antiviral factors that act uniquely and early in viral replication cycles to restrict the entry of a diverse range of primarily enveloped viruses into cells ( 1 ). (life-science-alliance.org)
  • SARS CoV2 is endocytosed into the cytoplasm of pneumocyte where uncoating takes place by the lysosomal enzymes and the virus utilizes the host's RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) for viral genome replication [4]. (biomedres.us)
Genome11
  • Chikungunya virus has a single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. (cdc.gov)
  • Sindbis virus genome is a single strand of positive-sense RNA of approximately 12 kb which is capped at the 5' terminus and polyadenylated at the 3' terminus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viral architecture is very complex, but every virus contains at least a genome and a capsid. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The 400 known viruses are classified in several ways: by genome core (RNA or DNA), host (animals, plants, or bacteria), method of reproduction (such as retrovirus), mode of transmission (such as enterovirus), and disease produced (such as hepatitis virus). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Alphaviruses are a group of small, enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses with a positive-sense genome. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • The structural proteins of the Alphavirus occur at the 5′ end of the genome. (pediaa.com)
  • Complete Genome Sequence of O'nyong Nyong Virus Isolated from a Febrile Patient in 2017 in Uganda. (cdc.gov)
  • The genome of alphaviruses consists of a single stranded positive sense RNA . (genetherapynet.com)
  • Genome organisation of Semliki Forest virus. (genetherapynet.com)
  • Coronavirus belongs to the family of viruses having a single stranded-RNA genome and capable of causing mild to severe symptoms of respiratory distress [3] (Figure 1). (biomedres.us)
  • It has been designed by deleting a part of the chikungunya virus genome. (globalbiodefense.com)
Arthritogenic alphavirus3
  • They also identified an epitope of the alphavirus that is identical across the entire arthritogenic alphavirus family. (genengnews.com)
  • These results, alongside other recent studies (16, 17), suggest that arthritogenic alphavirus infection of periosteal cells may directly lead to arthritis, which shares multiple features of additional human arthritides and could become amenable to identical restorative interventions. (bassresearch.com)
  • Although these scholarly studies represent a substantial step forward, much like human being arthritis rheumatoid, the mechanisms underlying periodic flaring disease observed later on after human being arthritogenic alphavirus infection (4) are yet to become elucidated, which is Pazopanib manufacturer unclear whether this calls for chronic virus reactivation and infection, host immunopathology, or a combined mix of both (19, 20). (bassresearch.com)
Salmonid alphavirus2
Pathogenesis4
  • On basis of pBR-XJ160, the effects of substitutions within nonstructural protein 1 (nsP1) or nsP2 on the infectivity and pathogenesis of Sindbis virus (SINV) have been investigated. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the relative difficulty and risk of handling these dangerous pathogenic alphaviruses, Sindbis virus (SINV), that normally causes a mild rash and arthritis in humans but can cause fatal encephalomyelitis in mice, has been used extensively as a model system for the study of the infectivity and pathogenesis of alphaviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here, we present an investigation of a single viral determinant of alphavirus pathogenesis: the opal termination codon. (unc.edu)
  • The ability of their vector to enhance viral pathogenesis and transmission makes the development of treatments against these viruses challenging. (encyclopedia.pub)
Severe12
  • Throughout her experiences in the clinic, Klein became interested in the neuroprotective role of brain immune responses, as many Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients presented with severe brain infections in their immune compromised state. (wikipedia.org)
  • Therefore, the study of factors that contribute to severe alphavirus-induced disease is essential. (unc.edu)
  • We further investigate how the opal termination codon contributes to severe disease using a related alphavirus, Sindbis virus (SINV). (unc.edu)
  • These findings aid our understanding of factors that restrict severe alphavirus-induced disease, and could contribute to the design of effective therapies against alphavirus infection. (unc.edu)
  • 10 As PD is a notifiable disease in Norway, monthly qPCR antigen testing is carried out on all salmon farms in Norway to monitor PD infection, with severe restrictions and even culling enforced on any site(s) outside the endemic zones. (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
  • Several coronaviruses cause a respiratory infection that can be severe. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronaviruses are enveloped RNA viruses that cause respiratory illnesses of varying severity from the common cold to fatal pneumonia. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Chikungunya infection causes fever and severe joint pain. (chikungunyavirusnet.com)
  • By drawing on expertise and technology from academic and industry partners, including Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Takeda, Chimerix Inc. and Pardes Biosciences, READDI-AC will aid in the discovery and development of broad-spectrum antivirals that reduce the risk of severe illness and death from these highly contagious viruses. (readdi.org)
  • It also highlights those at increased risk for severe disease and prevention measures to mitigate additional spread of the virus and potential importation into unaffected areas, including the United States. (cdc.gov)
  • This paper was prepared in response to the need for clear communication regarding the risk of transmission of the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) that causes COVID-19 in humans and the general societal concern of potential contamination of aquatic animals used as food or their products with the virus. (who.int)
  • recurrent, severe infections and chronic (more than 14 days) immunosuppressant medication within the past 6 months (inhaled and topical steroids are allowed). (who.int)
Apoptosis upon infection1
  • Furthermore, the use of whole alphaviruses for gene therapy is of limited efficacy both because several internal alphaviral proteins are involved in the induction of apoptosis upon infection and also because the alphaviral capsid mediates only the transient introduction of mRNA into host cells. (genetherapynet.com)
Pathogenic3
  • The South American variant, now called Madariaga virus (MADV), is less pathogenic and is confined to Central and South America. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • Understanding the mechanism used by these viruses for insertion in the cell membrane paves the way for the development of therapeutic agents that target the "pocket" involved in the fusion of viral and cell membranes with the aim of preventing pathogenic arboviruses from entering host cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • Marklewitz M , Zirkel F , Kurth A , Drosten C , Junglen S . Evolutionary and phenotypic analysis of live virus isolates suggests arthropod origin of a pathogenic RNA virus family. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Dengue Virus Infection2
  • There were 18 notifications of dengue virus infection acquired in Australia and 1,390 cases that were acquired overseas, while for 38 cases, the place of acquisition was unknown. (health.gov.au)
  • For patients with suspected chikungunya disease, it is important to rule out dengue virus infection because proper clinical management of dengue can improve the outcome. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis E Vir1
  • Hepatitis E Virus: enveloped or non-enveloped, which is more appealing? (uni-heidelberg.de)
Particles are enveloped2
  • The virus particles are enveloped icosahedral capsids and have a diameter of 60-70 nm. (cdc.gov)
  • Alphaviruses particles are enveloped have a 70 nm diameter, tend to be spherical and have a 40 nm isometric nucleocapsid. (genetherapynet.com)
Parvovirus1
  • ABBR: AAV A genus in the parvovirus family whose members cannot replicate without the presence of another virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
20162
  • En este trabajo se presenta una lista de los mamíferos nativos de Paraguay actualizada a 2016 con base en investigación bibliográfica. (scielo.org.mx)
  • The incidence of infection is quite low as there have been only about 690 confirmed cases in the United States over the 1964-2016 period. (ucr.edu)
Fever8
  • The WUSTL investigators were interested in studying arthritogenic alphaviruses-those that cause characteristic symptoms of fever followed by arthritis-like joint pain. (genengnews.com)
  • The infection is highly symptomatic, with fever, skin rash and incapacitating arthralgia, which can evolve to chronic arthritis and rheumatism in elderly patients. (medscape.com)
  • Similar to other SINVs, XJ-160 virus causes fever, rash, and arthritis in humans but causes an age-dependent encephalitis in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some of the most virulent diseases are caused by viruses, e.g., the hemorrhagic fever caused by Ebola virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The clinical characteristics of chikungunya include acute onset of fever which may last up to two weeks and painful, potentially debilitating, polyarthritis in adults which may last for up to a year following infection. (who.int)
  • Rift Valley fever (RVF) virus is a bunyavirus that was first isolated from sheep in Kenya in 1930. (pasteur.fr)
  • Persons with dengue usually present with high fever with no signs of any localizing infection, a petechial rash, and thrombocytopenia with relative leukopenia. (healthcheckup.com)
  • These symptoms usually develop after 4 to 7 days after the patient has acquired the infection, and the fever usually lasts for 5 to7 days followed by a prolonged period of fatigue, joint pains, body pain, and/or rashes. (healthcheckup.com)
Symptoms1
  • The virus transmits through the droplets during respiration and symptoms can occur within 2-14 days. (biomedres.us)
Sindbis Virus10
Eastern equine encep2
  • In the U.S., the alphavirus we worry most about is chikungunya virus, which can cause debilitating arthritis, but we also do see cases of encephalitis caused by Eastern equine encephalitis virus," said senior author Michael S. Diamond, MD, PhD , the Herbert S. Gasser Professor of Medicine and a professor of molecular microbiology and of pathology & immunology. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Evolutionary patterns of eastern equine encephalitis virus in North versus South America suggest ecological differences and taxonomic revision. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Species4
  • The alphavirus group includes more than 30 species, split into two branches. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • Pairwise amino acid identities to EILV ranged between 67 and 88 % for the corresponding proteins, suggesting that TALV defines a proposed new alphavirus species. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Phylogenetic analyses placed TALV as a sister species to EILV with a basal relationship to the western equine encephalitis virus complex. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • There are two types of malaria depending on the species of the parasite causing the infection, and they are Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium falciparum. (healthcheckup.com)
Flaviviruses2
  • This study offers a further illustration of the power of comparative analyses of viruses that appear very distant, such as bunyaviruses, alphaviruses and flaviviruses, which can result in highly significant findings and reveal shared mechanisms of action ," commented Félix Rey, Head of the Structural Virology Unit (Institut Pasteur/CNRS), where the study was carried out. (pasteur.fr)
  • In comparison to the highly abundant insect-specific flaviviruses, insect-specific alphaviruses seem to be rare. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Occur1
  • If we could figure out how to make a vaccine that targets the E1 protein effectively, it would be a cost-effective way to provide broad protection for people in resource-limited places, which is where most alphavirus infections occur," Diamond said. (innovitaresearch.com)
Vectors3
  • Sinde infection with these vectors induced apoptosis in both cell lines, it was determined that the anti-apoptosis genes limit the cell death associated with these virus constructs. (johnshopkins.edu)
  • Alphavirus vectors carrying therapeutic or toxic genes used for intratumoral injections have demonstrated efficient tumor regression. (genetherapynet.com)
  • Alphaviruses are apt to be engineered to create replicon vectors which efficiently induce humoral and T-cell immune responses. (genetherapynet.com)
Proteins5
  • Structural proteins of CHIK-Virus with T and B cells had been used for immuno-informatic approach. (ijpsr.com)
  • Scientists from the Institut Pasteur and the CNRS, working with the University of Göttingen, have characterized the mechanism used by the virus to insert one of its envelope proteins into the host cell membrane, thereby enabling it to infect the cell. (pasteur.fr)
  • Scientists in the Structural Virology Unit (Institut Pasteur/CNRS) directed by Félix Rey, in collaboration with the University of Göttingen, characterized the mechanism used by the virus to insert one of its surface proteins into the host cell membrane and drive fusion. (pasteur.fr)
  • As their name suggests, IFITMs are membrane proteins, allowing them to police the cell surface and endocytic membranes that viruses must cross to invade cells. (life-science-alliance.org)
  • The outer part of the virus has spike proteins that bind with Angiotensin- Converting Enzyme 2(ACE 2) of the host cell in the alveolar wall of the respiratory system. (biomedres.us)
Immunology1
  • Building on generous support and vision provided by the North Carolina legislature, the Governor's office and UNC, we established a collaborative coalition of scientific leaders to develop antiviral drugs against pandemic virus threats of the 21st century," said Ralph Baric, program director and William R. Kenan, Jr. Distinguished Professor in epidemiology, microbiology and immunology in the Gillings School. (readdi.org)
Encephalitis4
  • Although no vaccine for western equine encephalitis has been developed, there are some therapeutic drugs available for the infection. (ucr.edu)
  • Other alphaviruses associated with equine encephalitis are Semliki Forest virus in Africa and Ross River virus in Australia and the South Pacific. (msdvetmanual.com)
  • The viruses that cause encephalitis include St.Louis, Japanese, Powassan, and tick-borne encephalitis. (pediaa.com)
  • Viral encephalitis (alphaviruses [e.g. (cdc.gov)
Humans4
  • #2 . also vector the virus to other mammals, humans and horses. (ucr.edu)
  • The virus is harmless to macaques or may cause only a herpetic rash in macaques, but in humans it often produces fatal infections of the brain and meninges. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • This is the point at which alphavirus infections in humans begin. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • There are 27 alphaviruses, able to infect various vertebrates such as humans, rodents, birds, and larger mammals such as horses as well as invertebrates. (genetherapynet.com)
Arboviruses3
  • [ 5 ] These viruses were known formally as group A arboviruses. (medscape.com)
  • Arthropod-borne viruses or arboviruses have a unique effect on neutrophil function since viral factors as well as vector factors can affect the activity of these cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Our ability to serologically diagnose infections with emerging arboviruses is often compromised by close antigenic relationships within virus families. (cdc.gov)
Measles1
  • Viruses are also responsible for the common cold, childhood exanthems (such as chickenpox, measles, rubella), latent infections (such as herpes simplex), some cancers or lymphomas (such as Epstein-Barr virus), and diseases of all organ systems. (unboundmedicine.com)
Antiviral response1
  • Membrane fusion events during enveloped virus entry have been associated with an innate antiviral response, but the mechanisms are unclear. (mdpi.com)
Diagnosis4
  • In resource limited settings, rapid and accurate diagnosis of infections is critical for managing potential exposures to highly virulent pathogens, whether occurring from an act of bioterrorism or a natural event. (sbir.gov)
  • In the light of the identified gaps in our accumulated knowledge on the subject, we highlight the importance for couples seeking ART to follow the constantly revised guidelines and the need of specific ZIKV diagnosis tools for semen screening to contain ZIKV virus spread and make ART safer. (springer.com)
  • METHODS: Our population of interest included confirmed COVID-19 patients who were diagnosed with a viral infection either concurrently or following their COVID-19 diagnosis. (bvsalud.org)
  • however, serologic testing and necropsy are required for definitive diagnosis of viral infection and subsequent encephalomyelitis. (msdvetmanual.com)
Antibody7
  • The results of this study could have wide implications toward the development of antibody treatment for a vast array of alphaviruses. (genengnews.com)
  • If you can make an antibody response against this region, you may be able to protect against many viruses in the family," noted Dr. Diamond. (genengnews.com)
  • In addition, XJ-160 virus possesses some special biological characteristics, for example, we found that XJ-160 virus can be neutralized by anti-Sindbis antibody, but SINV can't be neutralized by anti-XJ-160 antibody, i.e. it has nonreciprocal serological reaction between XJ-160 virus and SINV. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Using mice, they tested each antibody against two alphaviruses that cause arthritis and three that cause brain infections. (innovitaresearch.com)
  • SAV infection can be confirmed by qPCR (antigen testing) 8 of blood (viraemic fish only), and heart tissue, 9 histology of affected tissues and non-lethal serology testing (antibody detection). (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
  • In Ireland and Scotland, PD is not a notifiable disease but many farms carry out disease monitoring using qPCR and SAV antibody testing to detect and track infection on farm, plus histological examination and biochemical markers such as CPK to determine disease impact. (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
  • There are limitations to the use of alphaviruses in the field of gene therapy due to their lack of targeting, however, through the introduction of variable antibody domains in a non-conserved loop in the structure of E2, specific populations of cells have been targeted. (genetherapynet.com)
20231
  • Neutrophils during Arboviral Infections" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11625 (accessed December 10, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
Arbovirus2
  • Human cases of arbovirus infection and malaria are monitored using the National Notifiable Diseases Surveillance System (NNDSS). (health.gov.au)
  • Next-generation sequencing identified both isolates as Wesselsbron virus, family Flaviviridae, a neglected arbovirus of economic importance. (cdc.gov)
Viral infections4
  • In particular, the RNA interference (RNAi) pathways are of notable significance for the control of viral infections. (mdpi.com)
  • Possible role of a cell surface carbohydrate in evolution of resistance to viral infections in old world primates. (umassmed.edu)
  • Categorizing viral infections by the organ system most commonly affected (eg, lungs, gastrointestinal tract, skin, liver, central nervous system, mucous membranes) can be clinically useful, although certain viral disorders (eg, mumps) are hard to categorize. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Upper respiratory infections are likely the most common viral infections. (msdmanuals.com)
Arboviral infections4
  • In this review, we highlight the major findings from recent years regarding the role of neutrophils during arboviral infections. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Better understanding of neutrophil pathways involved in effective protection against arboviral infections can help identify potential targets for therapeutics. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In this review, we highlight the recent advancements in understanding the beneficial and detrimental nature of neutrophils during arboviral infections. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Most arboviral infections are asymptomatic. (cdc.gov)
Primarily2
  • E2 appears to be primarily responsible for attachment of the viruses to cell surfaces. (medscape.com)
  • It is primarily an arboviral infection of birds, which are the amplifying and maintenance hosts (Service 2008). (ucr.edu)
Infect4
  • New viruses are then released either by destroying their host cell or by forming small buds that break off and infect other cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • In addition, some viruses such as influenza, specifically H5N1, and West Nile virus are known to infect and replicate within neutrophils, using these cells as reservoirs for dissemination, although mechanisms involved in this phenomenon remain unclear [ 4 ] [ 5 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • RVF virus spreads in its host by fusing with cell membranes so that it can proliferate and infect other cells. (pasteur.fr)
  • Most alphaviruses are transmitted by arthropods and infect vertebrate hosts. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Diseases3
  • In this article, we will delve into the intriguing world of alphaviruses, exploring their structure, transmission, associated diseases, and the ongoing efforts to combat them. (kreetankhabar.com)
  • Title : Countries with reported current or previous local transmission of chikungunya virus (as of February 10, 2014) Corporate Authors(s) : National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases (U.S.). Division of Vector-Borne Diseases. (cdc.gov)
  • By READDI, May 20th, 2022 - The National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, part of the National Institutes of Health, awarded the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health and the UNC Eshelman School of Pharmacy a $65 million grant, establishing an Antiviral Drug Discovery Center to develop oral antivirals that can combat pandemic-level viruses like COVID-19. (readdi.org)
Transmit the virus1
Vaccine2
  • Yet, imagine if it were possible to generate a vaccine that would be protective for an entire class of viruses. (genengnews.com)
  • VLA1553 is a live-attenuated, single dose investigational vaccine candidate targeting the chikungunya virus, which has spread to over 110 countries. (globalbiodefense.com)
Clinical1
  • However, studies on the clinical outcomes of different viral reactivations and co-infections are currently in limit. (bvsalud.org)
Symptomatic1
Rubella virus1
  • The other genus is Rubivirus (rubella virus). (pediaa.com)
Disease14
  • Alphavirus infections can either cause arthralgic or neuroinvasive disease. (cdc.gov)
  • Rulli NE, Rolph MS, Srikiatkhachorn A, Anantapreecha S, Guglielmotti A, Mahalingam S. Protection from arthritis and myositis in a mouse model of acute chikungunya virus disease by bindarit, an inhibitor of monocyte chemotactic protein-1 synthesis. (umassmed.edu)
  • Ebola Virus Disease Musculoskeletal Manifestations. (booksdo.com)
  • Members of NAMAC have expertise in virus and disease surveillance, epidemiology, virology, vector ecology, vector control and quarantine, and represent agencies with a substantial interest in this area. (health.gov.au)
  • This work describes the consequences of such mutations on alphavirus disease severity. (unc.edu)
  • When viruses enter a cell, they may immediately trigger a disease process or may remain quiescent for years. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • 3 The virus has six distinct genetic subtypes causing pancreas disease (PD) in farmed Atlantic salmon and sea-reared rainbow trout and sleeping disease (SD) in freshwater rainbow trout and, to date, has only been recorded in Europe. (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
  • 11 The sensitivity and specificity of the qPCR test and virus isolation is high during the acute phase of disease. (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
  • 11 & 12 It will detect all significant subtypes of SAV and low-cycle threshold (CT) values indicate recent infection but not necessarily PD disease or a viable pathogen as this test also detects virus fragments as well as active virus. (veterinaryirelandjournal.com)
  • Alphavirus is a disease-causing virus that occurs in two forms. (pediaa.com)
  • Although the tropism of alphaviruses for osteoblasts and periosteal tissues is well known (11C15), the consequences of this infection to specific disease manifestations have not previously been established in vivo. (bassresearch.com)
  • Furthermore, this function may reveal joint disease caused by other styles of infections as divergent as dengue pathogen, enteroviruses, hepatitis C pathogen, and HIV (18). (bassresearch.com)
  • Pancreas disease was first described in Atlantic salmon in Scotland in 1976 and a similar disease caused by the closely related sleeping disease virus was first described in rainbow trout in France. (sciendo.com)
  • In 2011, Yem- situation, one can only expect that en reported an explosive outbreak the situation will not worsen and the 60 countries and territories have reported transmission so far of chikungunya which was the first disease will not spread further. (who.int)