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FlavivirusFlaviviridaeInfectionType of viral encephalitisCause of viral encephalitisFlavivirusesProteinsDENVPathogenesisTick-borne encephCulexSingle-strandedPathogensZika VirusInhibitionVaccineInfluenza VirusBacteriaZIKVMutationsProteinAseptic meningitisCytoplasmRabiesEndoplasmic ReticulumAntibodyHumansInfectionsInfectNeuroinflammationInfectivityGenesMembraneEnvelopeAntibodiesMosquitoCerebrospinalSecretionGenotypeHepatitis B virRecombinantBrainDiagnosisAntigenSpecimensOutbreaksDiseasesProteaseDependsMortalityAntiviralPreventionInhibitsTransmissionRespiratoryVirology
Flavivirus18
Flaviviridae8
  • Japanese encephalitis virus belongs to the Japanese encephalitis serocomplex, which is composed of 9 genetically and antigenically related viruses of the Flaviviridae family. (medscape.com)
  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) virus belongs to the Flaviviridae family. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The Flaviviridae family of viruses includes the Japanese encephalitis virus, an RNA virus with a diameter of approximately ~ 40-50 nm and cubic symmetry. (microbiologynote.com)
  • The present invention is relative to chimerical peptides, whose primary structure holds at least one segment which inhibits the activation of the NS3 protease of a virus from the Flaviviridae family, they also contain a cell penetrating segment and they are capable of inhibiting or attenuate the viral infection. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • This invention is also relative to pharmaceutical compounds which contain these chimerical peptides for the prevention and/or treatment of the infection caused by a virus of the Flaviviridae family. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 1. Chimerical peptides, characterized by having a primary structure comprising at least one segment inhibitor of the activation of the NS3pro protease from a virus of the Flaviviridae family and a cell penetrating segment and these peptides are able to inhibit or attenuate the infection by the virus. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • 10. Chimerical peptides according to the claim 1, where the mentioned virus from the Flaviviridae family is a Hepacivirus and specifically HCV. (patentsencyclopedia.com)
  • The family Flaviviridae contains a number of viruses that are known to be transmitted by arthropods to warm-blooded animals during blood feeding. (elanco.com)
Infection27
  • Hepatitis E virus (HEV), an important agent of viral hepatitis worldwide, can cause severe courses of infection in pregnant women and immunosuppressed patients. (mdpi.com)
  • Japanese encephalitis is a neurologic infection with a broad range of manifestations. (medscape.com)
  • The Japanese encephalitis virus causes Japanese encephalitis (JE), an infection of the brain (JEV). (microbiologynote.com)
  • Interferons assist the immune response by inhibiting viral replication within host cells, activating natural killer cells, increasing antigen presentation to lymphocytes, and inducing the resistance of host cells to viral infection. (wikidoc.org)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV) infection is a global public health concern linked to adult neurological disorders and congenital diseases in newborns. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pharmacological inhibition of DGAT-1 decreased LD accumulation and ZIKV replication in vitro in human cells and in an in vivo mouse model of infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Our results reveal that LD biogenesis triggered by ZIKV infection is a crucial step for ZIKV replication and pathogenesis in neural cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Time-of-drug addition assay revealed that the maximum reduction of virus titer was observed in post-infection treatment. (biomodul.de)
  • In particular, Lf down-regulates the synthesis of IL-6, which is involved in iron homeostasis disorders and leads to intracellular iron overload, favoring viral replication and infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • The well-known antiviral activity of Lf has been demonstrated against DNA, RNA, and enveloped and naked viruses and, therefore, Lf could be efficient in counteracting also SARS-CoV-2 infection. (frontiersin.org)
  • GI and GIII viruses had similar infection rates and replicated to similar viral titers after blood meal feedings in Culex tritaeniorhynchus. (cdc.gov)
  • ACIP voted to include Heplisav-B (Dynavax), a recombinant hepatitis B vaccine, in the list of recommended vaccines to use against hepatitis B virus infection. (immunize.org)
  • Insights into the immunopathogenesis during Japanese encephalitis virus infection (2017) Cell Immunol Serum Biol 3(1): 83- 86. (ommegaonline.org)
  • The primary focus of this review is to discuss the immunopathogenesis during JEV infection including the future perspectives that might be crucial in understanding the involvement of various cytokines and chemokines in the development of neuroinflammation and encephalitis. (ommegaonline.org)
  • Encephalitis is an acute inflammation of brain caused by either host immune response or viral infection. (ommegaonline.org)
  • This study highlights the findings that infection of JEV changes subcellular localization of GAPDH suggesting that this metabolic enzyme may play a role in JEV replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, emerging epidemiologic and laboratory data indicate that, as is the case with other flaviviruses, Zika virus IgM antibodies can persist beyond 12 weeks after infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Therefore, IgM test results cannot always reliably distinguish between an infection that occurred during the current pregnancy and one that occurred before the current pregnancy, particularly for women with possible Zika virus exposure before the current pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • These limitations should be considered when counseling pregnant women about the risks and benefits of testing for Zika virus infection during pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • Activation of endothelial cells via antibody-enhanced dengue virus infection of peripheral blood monocytes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Since it is an inactivated vaccine, it contains dead virus incapable of infecting people but still able to instruct the immune system to mount a defensive reaction against an infection. (factchecker.in)
  • In addition to acute viral encephalitis, other less established and more unusual manifestations of viral infections include progressive neurologic disorders, such as postinfectious encephalomyelitis (such as may occur after measles or Nipah virus encephalitis) and conditions such as postpoliomyelitis syndrome, which has been considered by some to be as a persistent manifestation of poliovirus infection. (medscape.com)
  • An unusual CNS involvement leading to microcephaly due to infection of pregnant women by Zika virus has also been recently reported and highlights the constant need to look for new types of neurological manifestations of viral infections in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Given that these enhanced responses are triggered by failed attempts to control the infecting virus, VAED typically presents with symptoms related to the target organ of the infection pathogen. (cov19longhaulfoundation.org)
  • Viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, and so must deliver their genetic material into host cells to initiate infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Scientists believe evolution of viruses and infection rates started increasing since the beginning of human civilizations, as we began living in communities, grew plants and domesticated animals. (dupischai.com)
  • Human dengue virus infection without mosquito vector has been reported to occur as a result of mucocutaneous transmission, needlestick in patient care and laboratory accident, blood transfusion, bone marrow transplant, organ transplant, intrapartum and perinatal transmission, and breastfeeding. (biomedcentral.com)
Type of viral encephalitis1
Cause of viral encephalitis2
Flaviviruses4
  • Flaviviruses, such as Dengue (DENV), Zika, Yellow Fever, Japanese Encephalitis and West Nile are important pathogens with high morbidity and mortality. (mendeley.com)
  • Flaviviruses, such as Zika virus (ZIKV), Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV), Dengue virus (DENV), and West Nile virus (WNV), are important arthropod-borne pathogens that present an immense global health problem. (biomodul.de)
  • 2004 . Emerging flaviviruses: the spread and resurgence of Japanese encephalitis, West Nile and dengue viruses . (ajtmh.org)
  • We highlight some reports on dengue virus that have documented non-vector transmission and that are relevant to the transmission of Zika virus and other flaviviruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Proteins11
  • Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)
  • The E (envelope), M (membrane), and C (capsid) proteins of the virus are three viral proteins that are connected to virions. (doctor-dr.com)
  • The replication proteins are produced by the cleavage of the positive-sense genomic ssRNA from a polyprotein, which is translated into all structural and non-structural proteins. (doctor-dr.com)
  • Interferons (IFNs) are natural proteins produced by the cells of the immune system of most vertebrates in response to challenges by foreign agents such as viruses , parasites and tumor cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Programmed ribosomal frameshifting (PRF) is a mechanism used by arteriviruses like porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) to generate multiple proteins from overlapping reading frames within its RNA genome. (uleth.ca)
  • The DENV life cycle occur mainly in the cytoplasm of the infected cells and different cytoplasmic, nuclear and mitochondrial proteins participate in viral replication. (mendeley.com)
  • During many stages of the viral replication cycle in the cytoplasm, + RNA viruses interact with host proteins and alter cell homeostasis to benefit viral replication and assembly [ 12 , 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Host cell signalases and viral encodes proteases would accomplish the processing of poly-protein and give rise to three structural proteins that includes core (C), preMembrane (prM) and envelop (E) and seven non-structural proteins NS1, NS2A, NS2B, NS3, NS4A, NS4B and NS5 which are responsible for the replication, viral transcription and also involves in alteration of host immune responses [3,4] . (ommegaonline.org)
  • viral proteins may decoy some host factors for assisting viral replication. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Oligomeric rearrangement of tick-borne encephalitis virus envelope proteins induced by an acidic pH. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • In addition to its critical role in viral replication, PL pro removes post-translational modifications like ubiquitin and interferon-stimulated gene product 15 (ISG15) from host proteins through its deubiquitinase domain, leading to host immunosuppression and increased ability of the virus to evade the host antiviral immune response. (biorxiv.org)
DENV4
  • In this study, the role of the His residue at position 39 in the M protein (M39) of dengue virus type 2 (DENV-2) in the virus life cycle was investigated. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Mutations encoding basic (Arg), non-polar (Leu and Pro) and uncharged polar (Asn, Gln and Tyr) amino acids at M39 were introduced into a DENV-2 genomic-length cDNA clone and their effects on virus replication were examined. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Dengue virus (DENV) is the most geographically widespread arbovirus causing dengue disease epidemics in tropical and subtropical regions. (ugm.ac.id)
  • Laboratory testing with a rapid conducted at that time showed that 6.1% of the residents assay suggested that a dengue virus (DENV) was the caus- in nearby regions of Uganda had specifi c antibodies to ative agent. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Pathogenesis2
  • In general, the E gene of JEV plays a major role in the pathogenesis of encephalitis ( 7 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Host lipid metabolism, including lipid droplet (LD) biogenesis, has been associated with viral replication and pathogenesis of different viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Tick-borne enceph4
  • Synthesis and secretion of recombinant tick-borne encephalitis virus protein E in soluble and particulate form. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is a viral disease of the central nervous system transmitted through bites of certain vector ticks. (elanco.com)
  • It should be considered as a general term encompassing at least three syndromes caused by three subtypes of the tick-borne encephalitis virus, whose range spans an area from France and Scandinavia, across Europe (Central European tick-borne encephalitis), to far eastern Russia (Russian spring-summer sncephalitis). (elanco.com)
  • Other flaviviral infections include dengue, Japanese encephalitis, and tick-borne encephalitis. (medscape.com)
Culex3
  • [ 1 ] Japanese encephalitis is spread through these regions by bites of culicine mosquitoes, most often Culex tritaeniorhynchus . (medscape.com)
  • The JE virus spreads spontaneously between wild and domestic birds as well as pigs and is contracted by the bite of a Culex mosquito. (doctor-dr.com)
  • A Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) belonging to the genotype I-a (GI-a) has been isolated for the first time from a Culex gelidus mosquito in the Province of Jambi, Indonesia. (biomedcentral.com)
Single-stranded3
  • It is an infectious, single-stranded RNA-based virus with an envelope. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Positive-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded RNA genome that can serve as messenger RNA (mRNA) that can be directly translated to produce an amino acid sequence. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Negative-sense RNA viruses possess a single-stranded negative-sense genome that first must synthesize a complementary positive-sense antigenome, which is then used to make genomic negative-sense RNA. (msdmanuals.com)
Pathogens3
  • Classic examples of VAED are atypical measles and enhanced respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) occurring after administration of inactivated vaccine for these pathogens. (cov19longhaulfoundation.org)
  • Parechoviruses are human pathogens that cause diseases ranging from gastrointestinal disorders to encephalitis. (omicsdi.org)
  • Therefore, putative small molecules that could disrupt HPeV RNA-capsid protein interactions could be developed into antiviral inhibitors.Human parechoviruses (HPeVs) are pathogens that cause diseases ranging from respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders to encephalitis. (omicsdi.org)
Zika Virus12
  • Zika virus (ZIKV), an emerging pathogen, can infect the female reproductive tract (FRT) and cause devastating diseases, particularly in pregnant women. (bvsalud.org)
  • CDC has updated the interim guidance for U.S. health care providers caring for pregnant women with possible Zika virus exposure in response to 1) declining prevalence of Zika virus disease in the World Health Organization's Region of the Americas (Americas) and 2) emerging evidence indicating prolonged detection of Zika virus immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies. (cdc.gov)
  • however, the incidence of Zika virus disease has since declined. (cdc.gov)
  • As the prevalence of Zika virus disease declines, the likelihood of false-positive test results increases. (cdc.gov)
  • For these recommendations, the definition of possible Zika virus exposure has not changed and includes travel to, or residence in an area with risk for mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission or sex with a partner who has traveled to or resides in an area with risk for mosquito-borne Zika virus transmission . (cdc.gov)
  • 1) All pregnant women in the United States and U.S. territories should be asked about possible Zika virus exposure before and during the current pregnancy, at every prenatal care visit. (cdc.gov)
  • CDC recommends that pregnant women not travel to any area with risk for Zika virus transmission. (cdc.gov)
  • It is also recommended that pregnant women with a sex partner who has traveled to or lives in an area with risk for Zika virus transmission use condoms or abstain from sex for the duration of the pregnancy. (cdc.gov)
  • 2) Pregnant women with recent possible Zika virus exposure and symptoms † of Zika virus disease should be tested to diagnose the cause of their symptoms . (cdc.gov)
  • The updated recommendations include concurrent Zika virus nucleic acid test (NAT) and serologic testing as soon as possible through 12 weeks after symptom onset. (cdc.gov)
  • 10 results]) any time before or during the current pregnancy, additional Zika virus testing is not recommended. (cdc.gov)
  • Zika virus (ZIKV) is a mosquito-borne fl avivirus fi rst studies in the absence of epidemics ( 6 - 8 ). (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Inhibition4
  • The kinase inhibition does not alter the viral protein production/secretion or genome replication but impaired the viral yield without altering the percentage of infected cells. (mendeley.com)
  • Pharmacological interference in lipid metabolism and LD inhibition affects viral replication of different viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inhibition of dengue virus by curcuminoids. (ugm.ac.id)
  • 2013. Inhibition of Enveloped Viruses Infectivity by Curcumin. (ugm.ac.id)
Vaccine6
  • Japanese encephalitis vaccine is available. (medscape.com)
  • Pfizer) vaccination among adults ≥65, vaccines for the prevention and treatment of healthcare-associated infections, the epidemiology of meningococcal disease among college students, and activities being conducted by the Japanese encephalitis vaccine workgroup. (immunize.org)
  • Study participants developed increased antibody levels and exhibited increased viral shedding, an indicator of improved vaccine virus replication. (immunize.org)
  • a) Vaccine: A suspension of live (usually attenuated) or inactivated microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, or rickettsiae) or fractions thereof administered to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease or its sequelae. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination and vaccine derive from vaccinia, the virus once used as smallpox vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • An early polio vaccine had been cultivated on pulverized mouse brains and her studies indicated that XMRV had entered the human virome through the blood supply and through the MMR and Polio vaccines given to American children and the Japanese Encephalitis vaccines given to US military personnel. (blogspot.com)
Influenza Virus2
  • Download the latest version of GeneTex's Selected Antibodies for Influenza Virus flyer. (genetex.com)
  • The sculpture entitled "Quarere Veritatem" in the cover represents an influenza virus. (virosin.org)
Bacteria6
  • In contrast to most bacteria, fungi, or parasites, viruses are completely dependent on the host cell for their replication, hijacking the cell's biochemical machinery through the actions of viral genome-encoded factors. (genetex.com)
  • It is estimated that 50% or less of those individuals infected with enteric viruses or bacteria actually become ill (Haas et al. (scienceopen.com)
  • Many types of viruses infect all kinds of living organisms including plants, animals, humans and even microbes like bacteria. (dupischai.com)
  • A myriad of agents can potentially be transmitted through blood transfusions, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites. (medscape.com)
  • The largest virus is smaller than the tiniest bacteria, so tiny they cannot even be seen with a regular light microscope. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
  • And unlike bacteria, viruses, as far as we know, are never good for you. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
ZIKV1
  • Plaque assay, qRT-PCR, and immunofluorescence assay revealed a strong antiviral activity of dec-RVKR-cmk against ZIKV and JEV in terms of the reduction in virus progeny titer and in viral RNA and protein production in both mammalian cells and mosquito cells. (biomodul.de)
Mutations4
  • Major drawbacks of this therapy are that RBV is not approved for administration to pregnant women and that the virus can acquire mutations, which render the intra-host population less sensitive or even resistant to RBV. (mdpi.com)
  • NS2B/NS3 mutations enhance the infectivity of genotype I Japanese encephalitis virus in amplifying hosts. (cdc.gov)
  • However, the mutations that abolished virus replication prevented secretion of prM/E complexes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
  • Sometimes mutations can allow viruses to make a dramatic leap from one species to another, particularly if they are close by and have close contact with the original host. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
Protein8
  • However, the envelope protein contained Lys 84, which was specific to strains of genotype 5 viruses from South Korea. (cdc.gov)
  • 13 , 14 However, the amino acid perfectly maintains the stability of the mutual structural conformation of the virus S-protein and the ACE2 receptor in a holistic manner. (medsci.org)
  • The virus has a small lipoprotein envelope that surrounds a nucleocapsid composed of core protein . (microbiologynote.com)
  • The primary surface protein of the viral particle, the E protein (50 kD), likely interacts with viral receptors and facilitates fusion of the virus-cell membrane. (doctor-dr.com)
  • The maturation of the virus into an infectious form depends on the M protein, a 26 kDa tiny proteolytic fragment of prM protein. (doctor-dr.com)
  • Numerous studies have shown that replication of RNA viruses is involved in many specific RNA-RNA, RNA-protein, and protein-protein interactions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Some viruses have an outer envelope consisting of protein and lipid, surrounding a protein capsid complex with genomic RNA or DNA and sometimes enzymes needed for the first steps of viral replication. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Viruses, as experts know them now, consist of little more than strings of their own genetic information (DNA or RNA) housed in a protein shell. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
Aseptic meningitis2
  • Symptomatic infections typically manifest as non-specific febrile illnesses with diarrhea, rigors, headache, vomiting, decreased level of consciousness, aseptic meningitis, or encephalitis as well as other symptoms. (microbiologynote.com)
  • however, most CNS viral infections involve the meninges to a greater or lesser extent, leading to aseptic meningitis or causing mild meningoencephalitis rather than pure encephalitis. (medscape.com)
Cytoplasm4
  • The release of the virus' RNA genome into the cytoplasm is caused by the fusion of the host endosomal membrane with the viral membrane. (doctor-dr.com)
  • The mechanisms by which viruses gain entry into host cells are diverse and include direct penetration through the plasma membrane or endocytic uptake followed by vesicular transport through the cytoplasm and delivery to endosomes and other intracellular organelles [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In order to facilitate delivery of the virus genome into the cytoplasm, the N termini of VP0s have to be released from contacts between pentamers and exposed at the particle surface, resulting in capsid disruption. (omicsdi.org)
  • DNA viruses typically replicate in the host cell nucleus, and RNA viruses typically replicate in the cytoplasm. (msdmanuals.com)
Rabies2
  • Vaccines for diseases like seasonal influenza, polio, pertussis, rabies and Japanese encephalitis use the same technology to develop inactivated vaccines. (factchecker.in)
  • More recently, provocative studies have found high antibody seroprevalence to viruses such as Ebola, Marburg, and Lyssa viruses in multiple African countries, indicating the presence of a high number of undiagnosed cases every year, including high neutralizing titers of antibodies to rabies virus in 11% of a small cohort of asymptomatic Peruvians living in the Amazon with prior exposure to bats. (medscape.com)
Endoplasmic Reticulum1
Antibody1
  • GeneTex is proud to offer an extensive catalog of antibody reagents that can facilitate your research into these and other viruses. (genetex.com)
Humans4
  • Whole-genome analysis showed 90.4% identity with other genotype 5 viruses from humans. (cdc.gov)
  • Virus isolation from clinical specimens is difficult because viremia in humans is transient and low level. (medscape.com)
  • There are more than 200 virus species that can infect humans, not including many others that affect humanity by targeting plants and animals used by people. (genetex.com)
  • 3,5] Influenza A, Hepatitis B, HIV, SARS, MERS, Dengue and Yellow fever, Measles, Mumps and Smallpox all originate from zoonotic viruses capable of moving between humans and animals and responsible for recent infectious diseases in the past few decades. (dupischai.com)
Infections4
  • All classes of interferon are very important in fighting RNA virus infections. (wikidoc.org)
  • Clinically relevant involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) by viruses is an uncommon event, considering the overwhelming number of individuals affected by the different human viral infections. (medscape.com)
  • There are over 263 different human infecting virus species from 25 viral families that produce an ever-expanding range of illnesses, infections and complications. (dupischai.com)
  • Insects like mosquitos and ticks, of course, host and transmit many kinds of viral infections, including yellow fever, dengue, and encephalitis. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
Infect2
  • As the original cell dies from the cytolytic RNA virus , these thousands of viruses will infect nearby cells. (wikidoc.org)
  • Clathrin-mediated endocytosis is generally accepted to be a major route by which nonenveloped viruses infect cells [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Neuroinflammation1
  • There are currently no effective methods to eliminate the virus or to cure the neuroinflammation, leading to thousands of people succumbing to the devastating illness and the survivors often suffering from permanent neurological deficits. (biomedcentral.com)
Infectivity1
  • Furthermore, our results showed that dec-RVKR-cmk exerts its inhibitory action on the virus release and next round infectivity but not on viral RNA replication. (biomodul.de)
Genes2
  • Three structural genes are involved in antigenicity because they are expressed on the virus and involved in the development of capsids: core (C), pre membrane (prM), and envelope (E). The E gene is the most significant and extensively researched of the three. (microbiologynote.com)
  • Compared to the recombinant GIII virus (rGIII virus), we observed that both the recombinant GI virus and the chimeric rJEVs encoding GI virus-derived NS1-3 genes supported higher replication ability in amplifying hosts. (cdc.gov)
Membrane1
  • This capsid is, for some viruses, enclosed within a lipid envelope usually derived from the host cell membrane. (genetex.com)
Envelope1
  • 8 It has an envelope and contains a very large RNA virus genome. (medsci.org)
Antibodies2
  • The serum is used as it has very little antibodies that can block virus replication. (factchecker.in)
  • Monkeypox virus antigen was readily demonstrated by immunohistochemistry using anti-vaccinia mouse polyclonal antibodies as well as anti-monkeypox rabbit polyclonal antibodies. (blogspot.com)
Mosquito5
  • Individuals infected with Japanese encephalitis virus have a history of mosquito exposure in an endemic area. (medscape.com)
  • The mosquito bite, which contains virus, is the point of entry for the JE virus. (doctor-dr.com)
  • Therefore, we focused our current study on investigating the roles of mosquito vector and amplifying host(s) in JEV genotype replacement by comparing the replication ability of GI and GIII viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • This may lead to more efficient transmission of GI virus than GIII virus in the amplifying host-mosquito cycle. (cdc.gov)
  • The viruses are transferred to the host when he or she has been bitten by a female mosquito. (medscape.com)
Cerebrospinal1
  • Japanese encephalitis virus-specific immunoglobulin M (IgM) capture enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA) on serum or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is the standard diagnostic test for Japanese encephalitis. (medscape.com)
Secretion2
  • Japanese encephalitis (JE) caused by JEV is characterized by extensive inflammatory cytokine secretion, microglia activation, blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown, and neuronal death, all of which contribute to the vicious cycle of inflammatory damage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The formation of intracellular prM/E heterodimers occurs rapidly after translation and is believed to be important for the assembly and secretion of immature virus particles. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Genotype4
  • We isolated Japanese encephalitis virus genotype 5 from human specimens in South Korea. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2010, JEV genotype 1 was the predominant virus circulating. (cdc.gov)
  • We report isolation of JEV genotype 5 virus from patient specimens and differences in sequences among other JEV strains (genotypes 1-5). (cdc.gov)
  • Genotype I (GI) virus has replaced genotype III (GIII) virus as the dominant Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in the epidemic area of Asia. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B vir1
  • Intended for intramuscular administration, IG is primarily indicated for routine maintenance of immunity of certain immunodeficient persons and for passive immunization against measles and hepatitis A. IG does not transmit hepatitis B virus, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), or other infectious diseases. (cdc.gov)
Recombinant1
  • Subsequently we identified the amplification advantage of viral genetic determinants from GI viruses by utilizing chimeric and recombinant JEVs (rJEVs). (cdc.gov)
Brain3
  • The virus penetrates the neuroparenchyma by piercing the capillary walls of the brain and disperses itself through vascular endothelial cells in the substantia nigra, hypothalamus, hippocampus, and medulla oblongata areas of the brain. (doctor-dr.com)
  • Viral encephalitis caused by multiple emerging and re-emerging viruses is characterized by overwhelming inflammation in the brain [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, a small proportion of infected individual may develop inflammation of the brain which is known as encephalitis. (ommegaonline.org)
Diagnosis1
  • In conclusion, this study established a protocol for enterovirus and HPeV virus identification that combines conventional and molecular methods and would be beneficial for HPeV diagnosis. (omicsdi.org)
Antigen1
  • The presence of poxviral antigen, as determined by immunohistochemistry, correlated with ultrastructural identification of replicating virus. (blogspot.com)
Specimens1
  • A third serotype of human parechovirus (HPeV) has been recently isolated from stool specimens of a young Japanese child with transient paralysis. (omicsdi.org)
Outbreaks1
  • This manageable size together with the current advances in nucleotide sequencing technology means that partial and whole virus genome sequencing will become an essential component in epidemiologic investigations of disease outbreaks. (msdmanuals.com)
Diseases2
  • Since the ancient times, specific foods were discovered and used to treat various ailments including virus causing diseases. (dupischai.com)
  • Classification of viruses is principally according to their genome sequence taking into consideration nature and structure of their genome and their method of replication, but not according to the diseases they cause (see International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV), 2021 release ). (msdmanuals.com)
Protease2
  • The genome is translated as a substantial polyprotein, which is then broken down into at least ten distinct products by cellular proteases and a serine protease that is encoded by a virus. (doctor-dr.com)
  • SARS-CoV-2 requires two cysteine proteases for viral polypeptide processing to allow maturation and replication: the 3C-like protease also known as the Main protease (M pro ) and the papain-like protease (PL pro ). (biorxiv.org)
Depends2
  • The manifestation of encephalitis depends on which part of the nervous system that has been affected. (ommegaonline.org)
  • Most commonly, clinically relevant viral encephalitis affects children, young adults, or elderly patients, but the spectrum of involvement depends on the specific viral agent, host immune status, and genetic and environmental factors. (medscape.com)
Mortality1
Antiviral3
  • No antiviral agent is effective against Japanese encephalitis virus. (medscape.com)
  • Signaling and Resistosome Formation in Plant Innate Immunity to Viruses: Is There a Common Mechanism of Antiviral Resistance Conserved across Kingdoms? (mdpi.com)
  • Antiviral is a drug or treatment that is effective against viruses. (dupischai.com)
Prevention1
Inhibits2
  • This prevents viral replication and inhibits normal cell ribosome function, killing both the virus and the host cell if the response is active for a sufficient amount of time. (wikidoc.org)
  • Turmeric curcumin inhibits entry of all hepatitis C virus genotypes into human liver cells. (ugm.ac.id)
Transmission1
  • Replication of the virus in the arthropod vector is observed, which may lead to a more effective transmission to the host, as a constant and high virus titre can be reached in the arthropod. (elanco.com)
Respiratory2
  • The potential for vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 to be associated with disease enhancement is of theoretical concern, given similar observations with other respiratory viruses in general, and in animal models of highly pathogenic coronaviruses in particular [14] . (cov19longhaulfoundation.org)
  • 2013. Fresh ginger (Zingiber officinale) has anti-viral activity against human respiratory syncytial virus in human respiratory tract cell lines. (ugm.ac.id)
Virology1
  • Virology Journal is an open access, peer reviewed journal that considers articles on all aspects of virology, including research on the viruses of animals, plants and microbes. (biomedcentral.com)