PCR is also used to test for the presence of antimicrobial resistance genes in samples. (ijlr.org)
Strains3
Given the high level of sequence conservation found within the species, detection of insertional events in strains of a recent outbreak or of increased virulence provides powerful evidence for the genetic basis of their success. (medscape.com)
The resulting strains produce hyphae reminiscent of early steps in sexual development and display upregulation of genes associated with sexual development as well as others encoding lipases and a protease potentially relevant for pathogenesis of the fungus. (bvsalud.org)
Further research is required to define the actual burden of disease, factors that influence susceptibility, key sources of infection, and differences in virulence between strains of Legionella species. (cdc.gov)
Genome5
Recent advances in genome sequencing have allowed us to catalogue a large variety of organisms' genomes, but the function of the genes they contain is still largely unknown. (wikipedia.org)
If an insertional mutant bacterium exhibits a phenotype of interest, such as susceptibility to an antibiotic it was previously resistant to, its genome can be sequenced and searched (using a computer) for any of the tags used in the experiment. (wikipedia.org)
Here, we report a genome-wide profiling of the S. pneumoniae genes contributing to strong fitness benefits during coinfection with IAV in comparison with bacterial infection alone in mice. (biomedcentral.com)
Lateral gene transfer (LGT) from bacteria to animals occurs more frequently than was appreciated prior to the advent of genome sequencing. (prolekarniky.cz)
In this review, we synthesize our current understanding of the potential for LGT from bacteria to the somatic human genome by examining (a) LGT in animals with a particular emphasis on bacteria-animal LGT, (b) insertional mutagenesis in the human genome, and (c) the role of microbes in oncogenesis. (prolekarniky.cz)
Transposon insertion2
In STM, mutants are created by random transposon insertion and each transposon contains a different 'tag' sequence that uniquely identifies it. (wikipedia.org)
Direct, high-throughput sequencing of transposon insertion sites identified 24 genes required for both coinfection and bacterial infection alone. (biomedcentral.com)
Phenotype1
Additionally, by expressing different MAT alleles in the same cell, we show that Malassezia can undergo hyphal development and this phenotype is associated with increased expression of key mating genes along with other genes known to be virulence factors, providing a possible connection between hyphal development, sexual reproduction, and pathogenicity. (bvsalud.org)
showed the ubiquitous presence of transposon Tn916 carrying inserted genes for resistance to tetracycline and chloramphenicol, which were probably influential in the success of the clone. (medscape.com)
[ 17 ] The analysis also showed that, as the clone spread globally and encountered new selective pressures, there were multiple independent acquisitions of macrolide resistance genes, again inserted into Tn916. (medscape.com)
Sequence analysis revealed that 31 of the isolates had an insertion sequence element ISRP10 disrupting the porin gene oprD, demonstrating that ISRP10 inactivation of oprD conferred imipenem resistance in the majority of the isolates. (nih.gov)
The study of genetic diversity within bacterial species has provided information on aspects such as virulence ( 1 , 2 ), antimicrobial drug resistance ( 3 ), epidemiology, and microbial evolution ( 4 - 7 ). (cdc.gov)
Bacterial2
Targeted deletion of the putative aminotransferase ( PA ) gene decreased bacterial growth, which was restored by supplementation with methionine. (biomedcentral.com)
The bacterial burden in a coinfection with the PA gene deletion mutant and IAV in the lung was lower than that in a coinfection with wild-type pneumococcus and IAV, but was significantly higher than that in an infection with the PA gene deletion mutant alone. (biomedcentral.com)
Bacteria2
Those designed to identify specific pathogen responsible for causing disease and those test which are designed to identify genes coding for virulence factors of a bacteria. (ijlr.org)
A Review of Bacteria-Animal Lateral Gene Trans. (prolekarniky.cz)
Mutant1
Those mutant pathogens that don't survive in the host must have an inactivated gene, required for virulence. (wikipedia.org)
Therapies1
The original and most common use of STM is to discover which genes in a pathogen are involved in virulence in its host, to aid the development of new medical therapies/drugs. (wikipedia.org)
Insertion1
When that gene is transcribed and translated into a protein, the insertion of the transposon affects the protein structure and (in theory) prevents it from functioning. (wikipedia.org)
Factors1
It has been reported that virulence factors, such as pneumococcal surface protein A (PsaP), choline-binding protein A (CbpA), and pneumococcal serine-rich repeat protein (PsrP), can be used for increased adherence to the basement membrane or elements of the extracellular matrix, such as fibrin, fibrinogen, and collagen, in the presence of influenza [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Genetic1
Signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) is a genetic technique used to study gene function. (wikipedia.org)
Infection1
STM can be used to discover which genes are critical to a pathogen's virulence by injecting a 'pool' of different random mutants into an animal model (e.g. a mouse infection model) and observing which of the mutants survive and proliferate in the host. (wikipedia.org)
Sequence1
a transposon is used which inserts itself into the gene sequence. (wikipedia.org)
Biological1
Classification of the deleted genes according to their biological functions supports the hypothesis that M. ulcerans has recently evolved from the generalist environmental M. marinum to become a niche-adapted specialist. (cdc.gov)
Identify1
Until now, there have been no systemic studies to identify genes of S. pneumoniae involved in IAV coinfection. (biomedcentral.com)
Identification1
Analysis of Malassezia genomes revealed that key adaptations to the skin microenvironment have a direct genomic basis, and the identification of mating/meiotic genes suggests a capacity to reproduce sexually, even though no sexual cycle has yet been observed. (bvsalud.org)
Expression2
Certain delivery reagents may also induce altered gene expression 18 . (nature.com)
or loss-of-function models Expression vector encoding the human KPNA2 genes were purchased from Fulen Gen Company (Guangzhou, China). (phosphorylaseinhibitors.com)
Development2
genetically modified cells provide critical information regarding the involvement of genes and gene products in cell development, differentiation and malignancy. (nature.com)
Sexual development and yeast-to-hyphae transitions, governed by genes at two mating-type ( MAT ) loci, are thought to be important for fungal pathogenicity. (bvsalud.org)
Method1
Electroporation is a high-efficiency and low-toxicity physical gene transfer method. (nature.com)
Study1
To facilitate the study of genes, they can be isolated and amplified. (ijlr.org)
High1
Viruses (e.g., retroviruses and adenoviruses) with genetically disabled virulence are high-efficiency gene transfer vectors. (nature.com)
Transfer1
By tuning the electric parameters (e.g., field intensity, field duration and pulse pattern), gene transfer efficiency and cell viability can be optimized. (nature.com)
Copy1
In PCR, DNA is amplified in a thermocycler by repeating the three major steps: denaturation of DNA template into single stranded DNA, annealing of oligonucleotide primers to their complementary targets, and extension of the primers by DNA polymerase to generate a copy of the target gene (Yang and Rothman, 2004). (ijlr.org)