• the sum total of niche-specific genes is the virus' virulence. (wikipedia.org)
  • In a multivariate logistic regression model, risk factors for bloody diarrhea were the eae and stx 2 genes, O groups O157 and O103, and increasing age. (cdc.gov)
  • Risk factors for HUS were presence of the stx 2 (odds ratio [OR] 18.9) and eae (OR undefined) genes, being a child, and having bloody diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
  • This process included full O:H serotyping ( 6 ) and determining the presence of the stx 1 , stx 2 , eae (intimin encoding), and ehxA (enterohemolysin encoding) virulence genes by hybridization to individual DNA polynucleotide probes. (cdc.gov)
  • A pathogen's virulence factors are encoded by genes that can be identified using molecular Koch's postulates. (pressbooks.pub)
  • When genes encoding virulence factors are inactivated, virulence in the pathogen is diminished. (pressbooks.pub)
  • A cluster of virulence genes encoded on a pathogenicity island is responsible for the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes . (pressbooks.pub)
  • These genes are regulated by a transcriptional factor known as peptide chain release factor 1 (PrfA). (pressbooks.pub)
  • Genes encoding virulence factors in Acinetobacter sp. (hmi-us.com)
  • The aims of this research work were to determine the patterns of antibiotic resistance in Escherichia coli isolates from the meat of wild or domestically reared pigeons from Spain, to detect the presence of virulence and antibiotic resistance genes, and to carry out a phylogenetic classification of the isolates. (mdpi.com)
  • There exist, however, only a very limited number of fungal virulence genes databases and applicable prediction algorithms, despite the importance. (unl.edu)
  • Virulence genotype analysis revealed that strain CR1 lacked hemolytic phospholipase C and D, three genes for LPS biosynthesis and had reduced antibiotic resistance genes when compared with clinical strains. (frontiersin.org)
  • We propose that 2-KG is a key metabolite in the stringent transcriptional control of genes involved in virulence and glucose metabolism. (nih.gov)
  • In this study, a large number of virulence factors were examined in S. aureus nasal isolates, and the data obtained from this study can be used for monitoring the prevalence of virulence genes in S. aureus strains isolated from nasal carriers. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • This dictionary contains entries directly or indirectly bearing on factors that are major pathogenicity determinants of pathogens. (copewithcytokines.de)
  • STEC strains also frequently harbor the locus of enterocyte effacement (LEE) pathogenicity island, which encodes intimin and a number of other virulence factors responsible for the intestinal attaching and effacing lesions ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Virulence factors located on chromosomal pathogenicity islands also exist in some strains of V. coralliilyticus . (nature.com)
  • The virulence factors implicated in the pathogenicity of these B. cereus bv anthracis strains remain to be characterised. (rki.de)
  • We report here that myricetin, but not its glycosylated form, can remarkably decrease the production of several S. aureus virulence factors, including adhesion, biofilm formation, hemolysis and staphyloxanthin production, without interfering with growth. (nature.com)
  • Its metabolic versatility, intrinsic and acquired antibiotic resistance, biofilm formation and the production of multiple virulence (disease-causing) factors make a formidable pathogen. (scienza-under-18.org)
  • is related to a combination of factors contributing to their virulence, such as their ability to grow at 37 °C, their phenotypic variability (switching), their transition from budding-to-hyphae or pseudo-hyphae and biofilm formation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antimicrobial peptide temporin derivatives inhibit biofilm formation and virulence factor expression of Streptococcus mutans . (bvsalud.org)
  • In this study, we investigated the effects of SM23, a boronic acid, which was specifically designed as beta-lactamase inhibitor, on biofilm formation and virulence factor production by P. aeruginosa Material and Methods: the bioluminescent P. aeruginosa strain P1242 was employed. (unimore.it)
  • The effect of the boronic acid SM23 on P. aeruginosa were assessed by evaluating a) the biofilm formation and its morphology by crystal violet staining/bioluminescence and confocal microscopy and b) the production in cell supernatant of the virulence factors, pyoverdines and elastase. (unimore.it)
  • Results: the SM23 significantly inhibited the development of biofilm and the production of virulence factors, as pyoverdines and elastase, without affecting bacterial growth. (unimore.it)
  • Role of serotype and virulence determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm bacteria in internalization and persistence in epithelial cells in vitro. (lu.se)
  • Here, live respiratory epithelial cells were inoculated with broth-grown or biofilm bacteria of different M-types, as well as with isogenic mutants lacking common virulence factors. (lu.se)
  • Dive into the research topics of 'Role of serotype and virulence determinants of Streptococcus pyogenes biofilm bacteria in internalization and persistence in epithelial cells in vitro. (lu.se)
  • these microorganisms can be co-aggregate to bacteria in dental biofilm, being considered as an important factor for colonization process of periodontal pockets. (bvsalud.org)
  • Gram-negative bacteria secrete a variety of virulence factors at host-pathogen interface, via membrane vesicle trafficking as bacterial outer membrane vesicles for invasion, nutrition and other cell-cell communications. (wikipedia.org)
  • We plan to construct a comprehensive database with all known fungal virulence factors and develop a novel algorithm to predict putative virulence factors for any given fungal pathogen. (unl.edu)
  • both experimental biologists and computational biologists can use the database and/or the predicted virulence factors to guide their search for new virulence factors and/or discovery of new pathogen-host interaction mechanisms in fungi. (unl.edu)
  • The new factor, an enzyme involved in host-pathogen interactions, may be a viable target for treating staph infections. (vanderbilt.edu)
  • Virulence factors encoded on mobile genetic elements spread through horizontal gene transfer, and can convert harmless bacteria into dangerous pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been found that many pathogens have converged on similar virulence factors to battle against eukaryotic host defenses. (wikipedia.org)
  • This is due to the unique virulence factor s produced by individual pathogens, which determine the extent and severity of disease they may cause. (pressbooks.pub)
  • However, the underlying mechanisms are not understood and a possible role for prophages in driving virulence of coral pathogens, as is the case for V. cholerae , has not yet been considered. (nature.com)
  • The virulence machinery of comprises both cell-associated determinants (such as lipopolysaccharides, pili, and flagella) and numerous secreted factors (such as elastases, proteases, exotoxins, pyocyanin (PCN), and extracellular polysaccharides). (scienza-under-18.org)
  • A few strains release exotoxins that activate certain T cells, triggering release of cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukins, and other immunomodulators. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Putative virulence factor expression by clinical and food isolates of Bacillus spp. (strath.ac.uk)
  • It is concluded that several Bacillus species occurring occasionally in clinical specimens and food samples are of potential medical significance due to the expression of putative virulence factors. (strath.ac.uk)
  • This finding has raised an intriguing question: Does C. jejuni sense, inject and secrete putative virulence factors into host cells? (assignster.com)
  • Deletion of either ROP5 or ROP18 only resulted in around exactly the same degrees of IRG launching and type I parasite damage in IFNγ triggered macrophages suggesting how the putative ROP5-reliant stars may promote virulence individually from the ROP18-mediated evasion of IRG clearance from the parasite. (researchdataservice.com)
  • The ability of a pathogenic bacterium to cause disease depends on the production of brokers termed virulence factors, such as toxins and adhesion molecules, which actively damage host tissues. (scienza-under-18.org)
  • A major group of virulence factors are proteins that can control the activation levels of GTPases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Analysis of virulence related gene expression and computational simulations of pivotal proteins involved in pathogenesis demonstrate that myricetin downregulates the saeR global regulator and interacts with sortase A and α-hemolysin. (nature.com)
  • In the present work, we performed genomic and phylogenomic comparisons of five Monilinia species and inferred differences in numbers of secreted proteins, including CAZy proteins and other proteins important for virulence. (wur.nl)
  • One of these Bcl-2 proteins called K7 binds Toll-like receptor-adaptor proteins and the DEAD-box RNA helicase DDX3 and thereby inhibits the activation of NF-κB and interferon regulatory factor 3. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Synthetic (S)-3-hydroxytridecan-4-one functions as effectively as natural CAI-1 in repressing production of the canonical virulence factor TCP (toxin co-regulated pilus). (princeton.edu)
  • type I or intermediate virulence type II along with a virulent type III parental parasites hereditary mapping analyses determined a dynamic rhoptry kinase ROP18 and an enzymatically inactive pseudokinase ROP5 as primary determinants of virulence (Reese et al. (researchdataservice.com)
  • VACV protein N1 is an intracellular homodimer that contributes to virus virulence and was reported to inhibit nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Given that N1 promotes virus virulence, other possible functions of N1 were investigated and this revealed that N1 is an inhibitor of apoptosis in cells transfected with the N1L gene and in the context of VACV infection. (ox.ac.uk)
  • However, the contribution of K7 to virus virulence is not known. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In this section, we examine various types and specific examples of virulence factors and how they contribute to each step of pathogenesis. (pressbooks.pub)
  • In addiction, these yeasts possess some relevant virulence factors in the pathogenesis of periodontal disease, such as the capacity to adhere in the epithelium and to invade gingival connective tissues. (bvsalud.org)
  • This research aimed to determine the relationship between the color of the pigment produced by isolates of F. verticilliodes and virulence in maize seedlings. (scielo.sa.cr)
  • ETEC virulence factors, specifically enterotoxins and colonization factors (CFs), were detected using multiplex PCR, and prevalence in the total isolate population was compared to ESBL-positive isolates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To investigate the methicillin resistance and frequency of various virulence factors in S. aureus nasal isolates. (balkanmedicaljournal.org)
  • Another significant factor contributing to the virulence of is usually PCN (1-hydroxy-5-methylphenazine), a cytotoxic pigment secreted by the bacterium. (scienza-under-18.org)
  • Moreover, virulence is usually augmented by secreted factors that allow the bacterium to eliminate host tissue, modulate the immune system, create biofilms and initiate the colonization process. (scienza-under-18.org)
  • This process of inducing virulence in an otherwise harmless bacterium through prophage infection and integration of the prophage genome into the bacterial host genome is called lysogenic conversion 8 . (nature.com)
  • A cysteine protease PrtH has been characterized in this bacterium as a virulence factor. (elsevierpure.com)
  • LPG has been proposed to play many roles in the infectious cycle, including protection against complement and oxidants, serving as the major ligand for macrophage adhesion, and as a key factor mitigating host responses by deactivation of macrophage signaling pathways. (pasteur.fr)
  • We show that SylA irreversibly inhibits all three catalytic activities of eukaryotic proteasomes, thus adding proteasome inhibition to the repertoire of modes of action of virulence factors. (cipsm.de)
  • Two bacterial virulence factors are required for effective induction of apoptosis by extracellular GAS: (i) hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits bacterial internalization and (ii) secreted cytolysin, streptolysin O (SLO), that forms. (lu.se)
  • Two bacterial virulence factors are required for effective induction of apoptosis by extracellular GAS: (i) hyaluronic acid capsule that inhibits bacterial internalization and (ii) secreted cytolysin, streptolysin O (SLO), that forms transmembrane pores that permit extracellular calcium influx into the cytosol. (lu.se)
  • Several other factors may be involved in the pathogenic process, among them the enterohemolysin produced by many STEC strains ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These studies have demonstrated for the first time that the virulence factors of the central pathogenic bacteria underlying gum disease are able to spread from the mouth to other parts of the body, most likely in conjunction with the bacteria, and take part in central mechanisms of tissue destruction related to cancer. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The competence to acquire multidrug resistance and new virulence factors makes these strains a potential threat. (frontiersin.org)
  • A comparison of four virulent Y. pestis strains with the human-avirulent strain 91001 provides further insight into the genetic basis of virulence to humans. (asm.org)
  • The kinase activity of native ROP-5 or ROP17-comprising complexes was higher compared to recombinant ROP17 only suggesting the presence of additional enhancing factors activitation of ROP17 appears to be self-employed of ROP5 complexation of ROP17 with ROP5 will likely facilitate IRG-substrate localization and indirectly lead to enhanced ROP17 activity strains that are typically lethal for laboratory mice. (researchdataservice.com)
  • Thus, this work provides evidence-based proof of the susceptibility of drug-resistant to BLT-mediated killing, accompanied by virulence factor reduction, and describes the synergy between antibiotics and sub-lethal BLT. (scienza-under-18.org)
  • Another group of virulence factors possessed by bacteria are immunoglobulin (Ig) proteases. (wikipedia.org)
  • it has a fairly broad substrate range and is thought to Pomalidomide-C2-NH2 act synergistically with other proteases.13 Finally, virulence factors include hemolysins, which lyse red blood cells and release free iron from heme, allowing the bacteria to grow rapidly and leading to greater colonization of the host tissue. (scienza-under-18.org)
  • Unlike antibacterials that aim to inhibit cell growth, antivirulence therapies are based on the inhibition of bacterial virulence. (nature.com)
  • One example of a bacterial virulence factor acting like a eukaryotic protein is Salmonella protein SopE it acts as a GEF, turning the GTPase on to create more GTP. (wikipedia.org)
  • Taken together, we described a previously uncharacterized modification of the VACV protein N1 that provided a new layer of complexity to the biology of this virulence factor, and provided another example of the intricate interplay between poxviruses and the host ubiquitin system. (ox.ac.uk)
  • ETEC attaches to and colonizes cells in the small intestine along the epithelial surface through the interaction of bacterial colonization factors (CFs) with the intestinal cell wall [ 15 , 16 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Here we identify SylA as a virulence factor because a SylA-negative mutant in Pss strain B728a obtained by gene disruption was markedly less virulent on its host, Phaseolus vulgaris (bean). (cipsm.de)
  • No virulence factors were detected for any strain and only the non-transferable erm(49) gene, which confers resistance to erythromycin and clindamycin, was identified in the genome of B. longum KABP042. (frontiersin.org)
  • The gene expression level of virulence factors of S. mutans was detected by qRT- PCR . (bvsalud.org)
  • Adherence of Candida organisms to oral and vaginal epithelium is believed to be promoted by biologic factors (eg, fibronectin in thromboses) and by iatrogenic factors (eg, presence of plastic catheters, disruption of normal bacterial flora). (medscape.com)
  • The virulence factors of Candida spp. (bvsalud.org)
  • We identified eight new regions of genomic plasticity and a plasmid pCR1 with a VirB/D4 complex followed by trimeric auto-transporter that can induce virulence phenotype in the genome of strain CR1. (frontiersin.org)
  • Bacteria like Escherichia coli O157:H7 gain the majority of their virulence from mobile genetic elements. (wikipedia.org)
  • We present an analysis of strain and patient factors associated with the development of bloody diarrhea and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) among Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) patients registered in Denmark in a 6-year period. (cdc.gov)
  • Unlike as described for pXO2-cured B. anthracis, the CA strain cured of the pBCXO2 plasmid was still highly virulent, showing the existence of other virulence factors. (rki.de)
  • Nevertheless the undeniable fact that deletion of ROP18 within the virulent type I history only led to minor attenuation while ROP5 insufficiency results in full loss of capability to trigger lethal disease in mice elevated the query of whether ROP5 controlled the experience of extra virulence elements. (researchdataservice.com)
  • These obtained bacterial virulence factors have two different routes used to help them survive and grow: The factors are used to assist and promote colonization of the host. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of these genetic signatures indicates virulence in V. coralliilyticus is driven by prophages and other horizontally acquired elements. (nature.com)
  • Thus, genetic approaches allow dissection of the roles of this complex family of interrelated parasite virulence factors, and definitively establish the role of LPG itself as a parasite virulence factor. (pasteur.fr)
  • Researchers at Kanazawa University have studied the structure of one of the virulence factors - haemagglutinin (HA) - of avian influenza virus, H5N1. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • N1 is an inhibitor of the nuclear factor NF-κB and apoptosis that contributes to virulence, has a Bcl-2-like fold, and is highly conserved amongst orthopoxviruses. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Acidic endosomal environment is the critical factor for HA to induce fusion between the viral membrane and endosomal membrane in order to release viral materials into host cells. (drugtargetreview.com)
  • We explored the respective effect of the virulence factors on colonisation and dissemination of CA within its host by constructing bioluminescent mutants. (rki.de)
  • Significantly and in contrast to previous LPG mutants, reintroduction of LPG1 into the lpg(-) parasites restored virulence. (pasteur.fr)
  • Inhibiting QS-controlled virulence factors without affecting the growth of P. aeruginosa may represent a promising strategy for overcoming its widespread and constantly increasing drug-resistance. (unimore.it)
  • However, all structural domains of LPG are shared by other major surface or secretory products, providing a biochemical redundancy that compromises the ability of in vitro tests to establish whether LPG itself is a virulence factor. (pasteur.fr)
  • In addition, the GtrS/GltR pair regulates the expression of toxA that encodes exotoxin A, the primary virulence factor. (nih.gov)
  • in periodontal pockets, their virulence factors and possible influence on the periodontal diseases. (bvsalud.org)
  • These enzymes are considered emerging virulence factors during infection because the host glycan changes. (researchgate.net)
  • Many streptococci elaborate virulence factors, including streptolysins, DNAases, and hyaluronidase , which contribute to tissue destruction and spread of infection. (msdmanuals.com)
  • However, nutritional factors, interactions with the microbiota, and the presence of salivary antibodies have been suggested as possible influencing factors in the incidence of these yeasts, which are usually controlled by local factors, such as competition with bacterial cells of the resident microbiota [ 3 - 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)