Virulence factor adenylate cyclase toxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Together with the pertussis toxin it is the most important virulence factor of the causative agent of whooping cough, Bordetella pertussis. (wikipedia.org)
Bordetella bronchiseptica and Bordetella parapertussis, also able to cause pertussis-like symptoms, also produce adenylate cyclase toxin. (wikipedia.org)
Adenylate cyclase toxin from Bordetella pertussis is a 1706 amino acid residue long protein. (wikipedia.org)
Indeed, agonist binding to the high-affinity receptor state was regulated in the presence of GTP gamma S, Gpp(NH)p, and pertussis toxin. (nih.gov)
However, "B. bronchiseptica" has the genes to express the toxin which shows that "B. bronchiseptica" is closely related to "B. pertussis" [4]. (kenyon.edu)
Comparative analysis of B. holmesii and B. pertussis by using 16S rRNA suggests that B. holmesii is closely related to B. pertussis , but further analysis of cellular fatty acid composition, housekeeping genes, and the BvgAS locus suggests that B. holmesii may not share many of the highly conserved virulence factors of B. pertussis ( 16 ). (cdc.gov)
Antibodies against B. pertussis pertactin, pertussis toxin, fimbriae, adenylate cyclase toxin, and filamentous hemagglutinin recognize few, if any, proteins from multiple B. holmesii isolates ( 14 ), results that suggest B. holmesii may be antigenically distinct from B. pertussis . (cdc.gov)
Pertussis toxin is responsible for most of the systemic manifestations associated with whooping cough (e.g., hypoglycemia , lymphocytosis , modulation of host immune response ). (amboss.com)
Pertussis is primarily a toxin-mediated disease. (wikidoc.org)
B. pertussis attaches to the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cells , proliferates and produces virulence factors that paralyze the cilia, and causes inflammation of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions. (wikidoc.org)
B. pertussis utilizes virulence factors - including pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae (FIM), adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) - to attach, proliferate, and and evade the host immune system. (wikidoc.org)
Pertussis Toxin" is a descriptor in the National Library of Medicine's controlled vocabulary thesaurus, MeSH (Medical Subject Headings) . (wakehealth.edu)
One of the virulence factors produced by BORDETELLA PERTUSSIS. (wakehealth.edu)
This graph shows the total number of publications written about "Pertussis Toxin" by people in this website by year, and whether "Pertussis Toxin" was a major or minor topic of these publications. (wakehealth.edu)
Below are the most recent publications written about "Pertussis Toxin" by people in Profiles. (wakehealth.edu)
- Pertussis toxin (PT), is a protein toxin released in part by the germ (various synonyms have been used to describe this toxin, reflecting its various activities: HSF, histamine-sensitizing factor, LPF, lymphocytosis-promoting factor and IPA , islet-activating protein). (medical-actu.com)
- Adenylate cyclase exocellular B. pertussis is excreted in the form of a 200 kDa protein with a 43 kDa fragment corresponds to adenylate cyclase, the other parts having binding functions and internalization, it has a hemolytic activity, it is activated by intracellular calmodulin. (medical-actu.com)
Adenylate cyclase toxin of Bordetella pertussis inhibits TLR-induced IRF-1 and IRF-8 activation and IL-12 production and enhances IL-10 through MAPK activation in dendritic cells. (tcd.ie)
Adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) of Bordetella pertussis binds to CD11b/CD18 on macrophages and dendritic cells (DC) and confers virulence to the bacteria by subverting innate immune responses of the host. (tcd.ie)
A known bacterial toxin, which has a health adverse effect in the lungs, is the pertussis toxin from Bordetella pertussis . (biomedcentral.com)

The enterotoxin works by activating adenylate cyclase in the epithelial cells. (ppdictionary.com)
Another example, the alpha-toxin of Staphylococcus aureus is also involved in pneumonia and attacks pulmonary epithelial cells. (biomedcentral.com)
The toxin forms transmembrane pores, which leads to the collapse of the cells and epithelial cells can no longer exercise their barrier function [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Its virulence factor adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) plays an important role in the course of infection. (uni-wuerzburg.de)
cAMP is generated by adenylate cyclase CyaA, and in complex with cAMP receptor protein (CRP), this nucleotide has been shown to upregulate HapR production through the positive regulation of the CAI-I synthase CqsA and the negative regulation of Fis. (kegg.jp)

It is a toxin secreted by the bacteria to influence the host immune system. (wikipedia.org)
Toxins from many known gram-negative pathogenic bacteria are in the RTX family. (wikipedia.org)
On a broader scale, toxins may be classified as either exotoxins , excreted by an organism, or endotoxins , which are released mainly when bacteria are lysed . (wikipedia.org)
Under zinc deficiency condition, organisms are more susceptible to toxin-producing bacteria or enteroviral pathogens that activate guanylate and adenylate cyclases, stimulating chloride secretion, causing diarrhea and diminishing absorption of nutrients, thus exacerbating an already compromised mineral status. (spandidos-publications.com)
Clinical signs are then due to virulence factors released by the bacteria. (medical-actu.com)
To sustain their virulence mechanisms, many bacteria can sequester free iron in the mammalian host, through the elaboration of iron-binding siderophores. (immunology.org)
these organisms produced significantly more toxin than did bacteria in phase I from other species, or those in phases III and IV. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In this study, we analyzed three bacterial toxins and five culture supernatants of selected bacteria with known toxicity as model agents exposed to the lung epithelial cell line NuLi-1. (biomedcentral.com)

The toxin is secreted by the Type I secretion system, which spans both membranes and periplasm space, allowing the toxin to be secreted from the cytoplasm straight outside the cell. (wikipedia.org)
General secretion pathway (eps) genes required for toxin secretion and outer membrane biogenesis in Vibrio cholerae. (kegg.jp)
Whilst many bacterial pathogens are intracellular in nature, others do not need to invade the host cell, but instead use various secretion processes which effect the delivery of toxins and other virulence factors into the host cell. (immunology.org)
causative of melioidosis or glanders ) have multiple secretion processes through which they deliver virulence factors into the host cell. (immunology.org)
Another serious human pathogen, Bacillus anthracis, causative of anthrax , has well-developed virulence mechanisms involving the secretion of three proteins, one of which, protective antigen (PA), binds host cell receptors to effect entry of either lethal factor (LF) or edema factor (EF). (immunology.org)
Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)

B. bronchiseptica" expresses many protein factors, such as filamentous haemagglutinin (FHA), pertactin and fimbriae. (kenyon.edu)

The activated G protein goes on to activate adenylyl cyclase, producing large amounts of another chemical compound called cAMP. (ppdictionary.com)
Cholera toxin modifies the G protein by adding an ADP-ribosyl group to it. (ppdictionary.com)
As a result, if the G protein is constantly active, there is persistent activation of adenylyl cyclase and, in turn, a nonregulated rise of intracellular cAMP. (ppdictionary.com)
Both cholera toxin and TCP are controlled by the regulatory protein, ToxR. (ppdictionary.com)
It acts on the site controller negative (G-protein) to adenylate cyclase membrane raising inhibition of this enzyme by a ADP-ribosylation reaction. (medical-actu.com)
Bacterial toxins can be single proteins or oligomeric protein complexes that are organized with distinct AB structure-function properties. (springer.com)
Bacterial toxins also catalyze the non-covalent modification of host protein function or can modify host cell properties through direct protein-protein interactions. (springer.com)
protein_coding" "AAC73288","bamA","Escherichia coli","BamABCDE complex OM biogenesis outer membrane pore-forming assembly factor [Ensembl]. (ntu.edu.sg)
Moreover, the protective effect of R1-MVs against H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in HaCaT cells was dependent on the downregulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) phosphorylation and the upregulation of the nuclear factor E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2)/antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway. (biomedcentral.com)

A large proportion of the toxin remains associated with the bacterium exterior proteins, mainly filamentous haemagglutinin, but these toxin molecules are not active. (wikipedia.org)
Besides attachment to bacterial proteins, aggregation also inactivates the toxin. (wikipedia.org)
Toxins can be small molecules , peptides , or proteins that are capable of causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting with biological macromolecules such as enzymes or cellular receptors . (wikipedia.org)

Measurements of adenylyl cyclase activity in membranes from cells expressing m5-HT1B receptors showed that serotonergic agonists mediated the inhibition of adenylyl cyclase activity with a rank order of potency comparable to their affinity constants. (nih.gov)
The inhibition of tumor necrosis factor (TNF) through the use of either antibodies or soluble receptors is a highly effective strategy for the clinical control of chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. (tcd.ie)

and tracheal colonization factor. (bvsalud.org)

They vary greatly in their toxicity , ranging from usually minor (such as a bee sting ) to potentially fatal even at extremely low doses (such as botulinum toxin ). (wikipedia.org)
This review summarizes the major families of bacterial toxins and also describes the specific structure-function properties of the botulinum neurotoxins. (springer.com)

The QS pathway also leads to induction of virulence factors such as toxin coregulated pilus (TCP) and cholera toxin (CTX), essential for colonization of the host and enterotoxicity, respectively. (kegg.jp)
The enterotoxin, cholera toxin, affects the mucous membranes of the epithelial layer of the intestines, which causes diarrhea. (ppdictionary.com)

Field M, Graf LH Jr, Laird WJ, Smith PL (1978) Heat-stable enterotoxin of Escherichia coli: In vitro effects on guanylate cyclase activity, cyclic GMP concentration, and ion transport in small intestine. (springer.com)

A cluster of virulence genes encoded on a pathogenicity island is responsible for the pathogenicity of L. monocytogenes . (pressbooks.pub)
Toxins produced by microorganisms are important virulence determinants responsible for microbial pathogenicity and/or evasion of the host immune response . (wikipedia.org)

The host inhales "B. bronchiseptica" and colonizes on the muccous membranes lining the respiratory tract and produces factors that counteract the host's defense mechanisms. (kenyon.edu)

Adenylate cyclase toxin binds to target cells by the complement receptor 3 (CD11b/CD18, or Mac-1). (wikipedia.org)
Activated Factor X signaling via protease-activated receptor 2 suppresses pro-inflammatory cytokine prodution from LPS-stimulated myeloid cells. (tcd.ie)
The B domain includes two functional domains: a receptor-binding domain, which defines the tropism of a toxin for a cell and a translocation domain that delivers the A domain across a lipid bilayer, either on the plasma membrane or the endosome. (springer.com)
Yamasaki S, Sato T, Hidaka Y, Ozaki H, Ito H, Hirayama T, Takeda Y, Sugimura T, Tai A, Shimonishi Y (1990) Structure-activity relationship of Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin: Role of Ala residue at position 14 in toxin-receptor interaction. (springer.com)

O1 or O139 antigen is also a determining factor of V. cholerae virulence, as well as toxin coregulated pilus (TCP), a colonization factor. (ppdictionary.com)

Its primary role is to increase the pool of adenylate cyclase intracellular and reduce the phagocytic function of neutrophils and macrophages. (medical-actu.com)
Mammalian host cells have also evolved an array of pattern recognition receptors for microbes or microbial factors, such as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs), which when bound, trigger intracellular signalling cascade(s) with antimicrobial effects. (immunology.org)

Translocation of the AC domain into the cell starts the main process by which this toxin influences target cells: the AC domain binds calmodulin, and catalyzes unregulated production of cAMP from ATP. (wikipedia.org)

A pathogen's virulence factors are encoded by genes that can be identified using molecular Koch's postulates. (pressbooks.pub)
When a pathogenic microorganism ( bacterium , viru s or protozoal parasite ) infects the human body, a battle ensues between the host's innate & adaptive immune systems and the pathogen's assorted virulence mechanisms and factors . (immunology.org)

All of the virulence factors of "B. bronchiseptica" allow it to weaken the host's immune defenses, leading to infection. (kenyon.edu)
Zinc status is also tightly associated with risk factors for severe COVID‑19 including ageing, immune deficiency, obesity, diabetes, and atherosclerosis, since these are known risk groups for zinc deficiency. (spandidos-publications.com)

The adenylate cyclase (AC) domain is then translocated across the cytoplasmic membrane into the cytoplasm. (wikipedia.org)

Stool samples can be used to test for the presence of V. cholerae in an individual, although treatment will often be administered before laboratory diagnosis due to the virulence of cholera and its rate of spread during major cholera outbreaks (Figure 4). (ppdictionary.com)

For example, Streptococcus pyogenes and Mycobacterium tuberculosis produce enzyme toxins that trigger necrotic cell death of host macrophages by rapid NAD + depletion. (nature.com)

Translocation of the AC domain is independent of cytotoxic pore-forming activity, as these two activities require to toxin to adopt different conformations. (wikipedia.org)

Intoxication with the adenylate cyclase toxin leads to shift in polarization of macrophages from M1 (proinflammatory) phenotype to M2 (immunoregulatory) phenotype and may lead to macrophage apoptosis. (wikipedia.org)

A toxin is a naturally occurring organic poison [1] produced by metabolic activities of living cells or organisms . (wikipedia.org)
Adenylate cyclase activity of Bordetella organisms. (microbiologyresearch.org)

This is due to the unique virulence factor s produced by individual pathogens, which determine the extent and severity of disease they may cause. (pressbooks.pub)

In this section, we examine various types and specific examples of virulence factors and how they contribute to each step of pathogenesis. (pressbooks.pub)

The adenylate cyclase domain has intrinsic enzymatic activity. (wikipedia.org)
The M. phaseolina genome provides a framework of the infection process at the cytological and molecular level which uses a diverse arsenal of enzymatic and toxin tools to destroy the host plants. (biomedcentral.com)

We confirmed concentration dependent cytotoxic effects of the selected toxins in NuLi-1 cells over a period of up to 48 h. (biomedcentral.com)

One of the genes regulated by PrfA is hyl , which encodes a toxin known as listeriolysin O (LLO), which allows the bacterium to escape vacuoles upon entry into a host cell. (pressbooks.pub)

B. bronchiseptica" also produces many toxins such as bifunctional adenylate cyclase and dermonecrotic toxins. (kenyon.edu)

When genes encoding virulence factors are inactivated, virulence in the pathogen is diminished. (pressbooks.pub)
These genes are regulated by a transcriptional factor known as peptide chain release factor 1 (PrfA). (pressbooks.pub)

The part of the toxin from residue 400 to the C-terminus, called hemolysin, is structurally related to a large family of bacterial toxins - RTX toxins. (wikipedia.org)

Thus to protect itself from such virulence mechanisms, the host cell fights back by synthesising siderocalin receptors which competitively bind iron. (immunology.org)

Differences between the toxins of different Bordetella species are mainly in the calcium-binding domain. (wikipedia.org)
The enzymes harbour a tuberculosis necrotizing toxin (TNT) domain and are predominately present in pathogenic species. (nature.com)

[16] They can also be classified by their source, such as fungal biotoxins , microbial toxins , plant biotoxins , or animal biotoxins. (wikipedia.org)

The transiently opened pores do, however, contribute to AC domain function by potassium leakage and calcium influx into the target cell, which slows endocytosis of CR3/adenylate cyclase toxin clusters, also, the CR3/toxin complex is mobilized by detachment from the cytoskeleton. (wikipedia.org)

The cell types which are vulnerable to this pore-forming activity varies among the toxins. (wikipedia.org)
Each toxin resulted in a different but specific impedance profile over time according to their mode of action, whereas viability assay showed the metabolic activity of the cells at a chosen time point without revealing any information on their mode of action. (biomedcentral.com)
Moreover, the enzymes lack both ADP-ribosyl cyclase and base exchange activity. (nature.com)

Virulence generally involves the employment of various mechanisms to destroy, or cause the malfunction of, host cells. (immunology.org)
Bacterial toxins damage the host at the site of bacterial infection or distant from the site. (springer.com)
We propose that these NADases may represent hitherto unrecognized factors that convey advantages for the fungi during interaction with the host or competing microorganisms in the environment. (nature.com)
2022). Novel Variant Identified in the Enhancer Region of Host Transcription Factor, BRN3A, is a Significant Risk Factor for HPV-Induced Uterine Cervix Cancer. (du.ac.in)

Anatomy3

Organisms6

Diseases3

Chemicals and Drugs34

Phenomena and Processes9

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Information Science2

Pertussis20

Epithelial cells3

CyaA2

Bacteria8

Secretion6

Fimbriae1

Protein9

Proteins3

Inhibition2

Tracheal1

Botulinum2

Cholera toxin2

Guanylate1

Pathogenicity2

Membranes1

Receptor4

Pilus1

Intracellular2

Calmodulin1

Pathogen's2

Immune2

Membrane1

Cholerae1

Enzyme1

Translocation1

Macrophages1

Organisms2

Pathogens1

Pathogenesis1

Enzymatic2

Cytotoxic effects1

Bacterium1

Produces1

Genes2

Residue1

Receptors1

Species2

Fungal1

Pores1

Activity3

Host4