Viral replication through expression of viral genes. Medical search. Frequent questions

A major finding from human NV volunteer studies is that persons with strains containing 2 mutated alleles of the α(1,2) fucosyltransferase ( FUT2 ) gene were resistant to NV infection ( 16 - 20 ). (cdc.gov)
Together, these findings illustrate a mechanism of glioma cell defense against an incoming infection by oHSV and identify possible approaches to enhance oHSV replication and subsequent lysis of tumor cells. (jci.org)
A ) Bioluminescence (measured as RLU) assay was performed 24 hours after infection with a replication-defective HSV-1 encoding a Fluc cDNA of U251 cells (MOI of 3). (jci.org)
Das D, Sarkar N, Sengupta I, Pal A, Saha D, Bandopadhyay M, Das C, Narayan J, Singh SP, Chakravarty R. Anti-viral role of toll like receptor 4 in hepatitis B virus infection: An in vitro study. (wjgnet.com)
Knowing the miRNA expression profile will help understand the role of miRNAs in modulating the host response to adenovirus infection and possibly improve the diagnosis of adenovirus-infected pneumonia. (hindawi.com)
Also, viral infection has proved to have a great impact on cellular small RNA expression and gene expression [ 9 - 11 ]. (hindawi.com)
NSP1 (gene 5) and VP6 (gene 6) are expressed early in infection, and VP6 is expressed in excess over NSP1. (microbiologyresearch.org)
By investigating two of these receptors during infection by dengue and Zika viruses, scientists from the Institut Pasteur discovered that a precise region of the viral genome was recognized by a receptor known as RIG-I. Their discovery paves the way for the future development of vaccines for these diseases. (pasteur.fr)
Further studies revealed that 1246TGG directly inactivated HSV-1 particles, leading to the failure of early infection, including viral attachment and penetration. (unboundmedicine.com)
Knowledge gaps exist with regard to the mechanisms of viral replication within hepatocytes and disease progression during chronic infection. (lancs.ac.uk)
The present study aimed to explore the regulation of gene expression during chronic HCV infection in liver biopsy samples. (lancs.ac.uk)
Conclusions: High-throughput sequencing has shed new light on the pathways that may regulate HCV replication and associated pathology during chronic infection. (lancs.ac.uk)
Interferon research is an emerging avenue that could help us achieve this understanding and improve the quality of viral infection management. (the-scientist.com)
A Morpholino analog has been in a clinical trial as a potential anti-bioterrorism agent for inhibiting replication of deadly Marburg viral infection. (oregonstate.edu)
The presence of ACE-2 in varied tissues might allow viral an infection. (aidstar-one.com)
To identify key genes differentially expressed in the human retinal pigment epithelium (hRPE) following low-level West Nile virus (WNV) infection. (molvis.org)
Low-level WNV infection of hRPE cells induced expression of genes that are typically associated with the host cell response to virus infection. (molvis.org)
We also identified other genes, including IDO1 and BAMBI, that may influence the RPE and therefore outer blood-retinal barrier integrity during ocular infection and inflammation, or are associated with degeneration, as seen for example in aging. (molvis.org)
Together with two other proteins, MDA5 and LGP2, RIG-I-like receptors detect the presence of viral RNA inside our cells and trigger a cascade of events that mobilize immune cells such as macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells to the site of infection. (virology.ws)
When the authors compared the baseline expression of RIG-I-, MDA5-, and LGP2-encoding genes in the upper respiratory tract epithelial cells of healthy children and adults, they found that healthy children expressed significantly higher levels of these genes compared to healthy adults and SARS-CoV-2-positive adults who were in the early phase of infection. (virology.ws)
The increased numbers of innate immune cells and increased expression of pattern recognition receptor genes in the upper airways of children may facilitate a more efficient innate response to SARS-CoV-2 infection, leading to reduced viral replication and faster clearance of virus. (virology.ws)
Comparison of the ChIP-seq profile with whole transcriptome (RNA-seq) data reveals that few of the genes that are differentially regulated in latent infection are occupied by LANA at their promoters. (nih.gov)
However, the interaction between viral infection and allergy is complex and the mechanism is still unclear. (hindawi.com)
Although, the interaction between viral infection and allergy is complex and the mechanisms remain unclear. (hindawi.com)
Soon after infection, the single stranded positive RNA that constitutes the viral genome is efficiently translated using a cap-independent mechanism driven by the internal ribosome entry site element (IRES). (bionity.com)
The arteriviruses are highly species specific, but share many biological and molecular properties, including virion morphology, a unique set of structural proteins, genome organization and replication strategy, and the ability to establish prolonged or true persistent infection in their natural hosts. (bionity.com)
Pharmacological reactivation of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) expression from latent proviruses coupled with fully suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART) has been suggested as a strategy to eradicate HIV infection. (frontiersin.org)
Four distinct lines of evidence indicate that CTL limit HIV replication in both the acute and chronic phase of untreated HIV infection. (frontiersin.org)
In untreated HIV infection, associations between HLA genetic polymorphism and disease progression were identified in several studies, using both candidate gene (reviewed in Carrington and O'Brien, 2003 ), and genome-wide strategies ( The International HIV Controllers Study, 2010 ). (frontiersin.org)
SINEs are normally silent, though in some cases viral infection can promote their transcription into RNA. (medicalxpress.com)
Britt Glaunsinger and her colleagues from the University of California in Berkeley, are interested in potential roles for SINE RNA transcripts during viral infection . (medicalxpress.com)
This activation of SINE expression is a biphasic response, with an initial phase arising as a result of either viral attachment or entry in to cells, and a second wave that requires progression of the infection past entry and expression of immediate early and early viral genes. (medicalxpress.com)
The peak viral load of SARS‑CoV‑2 is estimated to occur ~10 days following fever onset, causing patients in the acute stage to be the primary infection source. (spandidos-publications.com)
Overexpression of hcmv-miR-US5-1 could block the accumulation of GMNN during HCMV infection, and the decrease of GMNN expression caused by hcmv-miR-US5-1 or GMNN specific siRNA reduced HCMV DNA copies in U373 cells. (virosin.org)
These results imply that hcmv-miR-US5-1 may affect viral replication and host cellular environment by regulating expression kinetics of GMNN during HCMV infection. (virosin.org)
2003. Human cytomegalovirus infection leads to accumulation of geminin and inhibition of the licensing of cellular DNA replication. (virosin.org)
Human cytomegalovirus latent infection alters the expression of cellular and viral microRNA. (virosin.org)
This study provides a comprehensive network model of IAV infection in human cells, identifying functional host targets for pan-viral HDT. (cdc.gov)
Interferons are proteins that boost the immune system through their ability to inhibit viral replication within infected cells, protect uninfected cells from infection and stimulate adaptive antiviral immunity. (qmul.ac.uk)
Classification of the 37 genes by Panther System indicated that the dataset contains genes involved in biological processes that sustain HCV replication and/or in pathways potentially implicated in the control of antiviral response by HCV infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The synthetic introduction of five IFN-β-induced miRs into HCV replicon cells may simulate the antiviral effect of IFN-β blocking HCV replication and infection. (biomedcentral.com)
The adaptive immune response is thought to be responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during HBV infection. (medscape.com)
Replication may be categorized into immediate early, delayed early, and late gene expression based on time of synthesis after infection. (medscape.com)
The pathogenesis of hairy leukoplakia is clearly complex, potentially requiring a convergence of factors including EBV co-infection, productive EBV replication, EBV genetic evolution, expression of specific EBV "latent" genes, and immune escape. (medscape.com)
[ 7 , 8 ] Langerhans cells are the antigen-presenting immune cells that are required for an immune system response to the viral infection and their deficiency may permit EBV to persistently replicate and escape immune recognition. (medscape.com)
et 20 témoins en bonne santé ne présentant pas d'infection par le virus de l'hépatite C. Une réduction importante de la fréquence des cellules tueuses naturelles totales dans le groupe des patients porteurs d'une infection chronique a été observée par rapport au groupe des témoins ( P = 0,001) ou au groupe des patients dont l'infection a connu une résolution spontanée ( P = 0,01). (who.int)

The work conducted by Henry and Nils showed that proteins from one gene fusion affect gene expression in the other partner's nucleus, and vice versa. (wikipedia.org)
Our results showed no evidence of NV replication by real-time PCR of viral RNA or by immunocytochemical detection of viral structural and nonstructural proteins. (cdc.gov)
During Adv DNA replication, host cellular proteins such as nuclear factor I and POU2F1 are used by Adv [ 13 , 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
RNA alternative splicing (AS) is an important post-transcriptional mechanism enabling single genes to produce multiple proteins. (nature.com)
Non-structural proteins (NSP) are produced during viral replication. (ncl.edu.tw)
The inactivated vaccines consist of purified viral particle without or with only minor contaminants of NSP and thus induce antibody mainly against structural proteins of virus. (ncl.edu.tw)
The 3A and 3AB proteins were expressed in the E. coli and baculovirus expression systems. (ncl.edu.tw)
They observed greater expression of genes that are stimulated by the body's interferons, proteins that block viral replication. (hemopet.org)
E2's presence also affects the expression of a variety of cellular genes involved in a wide range of biological processes, including cell cycle regulation and apoptosis, which are mediated by E2's interaction with cellular proteins. (elis.sk)
Non-structural proteins are involved in the transcription and replication of the virus. (medsci.org)
Structural proteins are all encoded by the 3' terminus of the viral genome. (medsci.org)
Processing of the viral polyprotein is achieved cotranslationally by viral encoded proteases , giving rise to the different mature viral proteins. (bionity.com)
Viral RNA as well as viral proteins interact with different components of the host cell, acting as key determinants of viral pathogenesis. (bionity.com)
Both viral and cellular proteins are required for replication and transcription. (bionity.com)
Thus, we compared the expression profile of 24 selected miRs in IFN-β-treated Huh-7 cells and in three different clones of Huh-7 cells carrying a self-replicating HCV RNA which express all viral proteins (HCV replicon system). (biomedcentral.com)

The protein encoded by this gene appears to be multifunctional. (nih.gov)
Together with PCBP-1, this protein also functions as a translational coactivator of poliovirus RNA via a sequence-specific interaction with stem-loop IV of the IRES, promoting poliovirus RNA replication by binding to its 5'-terminal cloverleaf structure. (nih.gov)
It has been well demonstrated that viruses deploy host AS machinery for viral protein productions. (nature.com)
The mRNAs are extruded into the cytoplasm where they serve as mRNA for protein synthesis and as templates for packaging and replication into dsRNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We measured the levels of gene 5 and gene 6 mRNA and showed that they were not significantly different, and protein analysis indicated no difference in stability of NSP1 compared with VP6. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Nucleotide sequence and expression in Escherichia coli of the gene encoding the nonstructural protein NCVP2 of bovine rotavirus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Cloning and nucleotide sequence of the simian rotavirus gene 6 that codes for the major inner capsid protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
This response is activated when RIG-I-like protein receptors (also known as RLRs) recognize viral genomes. (pasteur.fr)
Two of these protein receptors, RIG-I and MDA5, had previously been identified as playing a key role in the innate response against the replication of flaviviruses, a family of mosquito-borne viruses that includes dengue, yellow fever and Zika. (pasteur.fr)
Also, in the presence of 1246TGG, the synthesis of viral protein was reduced. (unboundmedicine.com)
By means of oligonucleotide microarray and RNA interference, we reveal that the sensitizing effect of IFN-β was possibly due to attenuation of MGMT expression via induction of the protein p53. (aacrjournals.org)
For instance, the hepatitis C protein NS3/4a, initially thought to be responsible only for processing of the viral polyprotein during replication, is in fact a crucial interferon antagonist ( PNAS , 102:17717-22, 2005). (the-scientist.com)
There is now considerable evidence that the incredible severity and infectivity of the 1918 pandemic flu strain was caused by a mutation in the gene coding for the virus's main interferon antagonist, the NS1 protein ( Arch Virol Suppl , 19:101-15, 2005). (the-scientist.com)
The X-linked tumor suppressor TSPX interacts and promotes degradation of the hepatitis B viral protein HBx via the proteasome pathway PLoS One. (usc.edu)
The early viral gene E2 encodes a protein involved in several key processes in HPV biology, such as replication, genome segregation, and viral gene transcription. (elis.sk)
In HPV16 E2-positive cells, we observed a statistically significant increase in mRNA and protein levels of TAF1 and p27, a basal transcription factor and one of its target genes, respectively. (elis.sk)
To our knowledge, this is the first study showing that the viral protein HPV16 E2 upregulates TAF1 expression. (elis.sk)
Interferon-Induced Protein 44 Interacts with Cellular FK506-Binding Protein 5, Negatively Regulates Host Antiviral Responses, and Supports Virus Replication. (csic.es)
Sensing of viral RNA by RIG-I and MDA5 initiates the production of a cytokine called interferon, a signaling protein that triggers downstream protective defenses. (virology.ws)
Latency-associated nuclear antigen (LANA), a multifunctional protein expressed by the Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) in latently-infected cells, is required for stable maintenance of the viral episome. (nih.gov)
This process occurs concomitantly with the inhibition of cellular protein synthesis, caused by the expression of viral proteases. (bionity.com)
Although the main pathway controlled by activation of the IKKβ kinase (called the NF-κB signaling pathway) is normally detrimental to viral replication, MHV68 co-opts IKKβ kinase activation to boost its own viral transcription activator, using a viral protein called RTA, thereby enhancing viral gene expression and virus production. (medicalxpress.com)
Cyclin A degradation by primate cytomegalovirus protein pUL21a counters its innate restriction of virus replication. (virosin.org)
Whole exome sequencing of patients who experienced severe influenza reveals several genes, including scaffold protein AHNAK, with predicted loss-of-function variants that are also identified in our proteomic analyses. (cdc.gov)
Similarly, dsRNA administration evoked an upregulation of MDA5 and RIG-I gene and protein expression in BALB/c and C57Bl/6J, but not C57Bl/6N, mice. (lu.se)
HBV-X protein: This acts as a transcriptional transactivator for many viral and host genes through interaction with various transcription factors. (medscape.com)
Genotyping of ASFV isolates by partial sequencing of the B646L gene that encodes the major capsid protein p72 has identified 22 genotypes ( 6 ). (cdc.gov)

In depth knowledge of the molecular basis of the viral cycle is needed to control viral pathogenesis and disease spreading. (bionity.com)
2008. Viral and cellular microRNAs as determinants of viral pathogenesis and immunity. (virosin.org)
In conclusion, these genes might play a role in pathogenesis and viral replication. (chinacrops.org)

Most of the target genes were involved in the MAPK signaling pathway and innate immune response. (hindawi.com)
The molecular steps in the replication pathway that regulate the levels of viral gene expression are not well defined. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Of note a signiﬁcant enrichment of the IFIT and PARP gene families was observed as well as upregulation of multiple genes involved in the ISGylation pathway such as ISG15, UBE2L6 and HERC5. (lancs.ac.uk)
Transient activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway by hepatitis C virus to enhance viral entry J Biol Chem. (usc.edu)
This pathway is dependent on expression of LINE-1 elements, which can generate double-stranded RNAs that are sensed by cytoplasmic RIG-I like receptors leading to cells producing type I interferons. (qmul.ac.uk)
To date, the effect produced by HCV on the expression of microRNAs (miRs) involved in the interferon-β (IFN-β) antiviral pathway has not been explored in details. (biomedcentral.com)

Fig. 2: Mutations at the interface of the FluPol A dimer inhibit cRNA to vRNA replication. (nature.com)
and (4) ability of CTL to inhibit HIV replication ex vivo . (frontiersin.org)
COVID-19 leverages the favorable microenvironment to further enhance its inherently strong adaptive mutability as an RNA virus, thus developing robust resistance to effective but non-curative treatments that predominantly inhibit either viral replication or viral spread and making it unlikely to develop effective vaccines. (epicos.com)

Our study provides high-resolution structures of medically relevant FluPol A , as well as insights into the replication mechanisms of the viral RNA genome. (nature.com)
We have investigated potential mechanisms of regulation of rotavirus gene expression by functional evaluation of two differentially expressed viral mRNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Unraveling the molecular mechanisms used by human cells to detect viral infections will help improve understanding of the diseases caused by these viruses. (pasteur.fr)
This disruption can be prevented by the inhibition of viral DNA synthesis, suggesting the existence of novel and potent regulatory mechanisms linked to either viral DNA replication or late gene expression. (nih.gov)
Our research is defining the normal mechanisms of DNA replication and repair, with the aim of understanding how it is deregulated in cancer cells. (birmingham.ac.uk)
2013. Geminin deploys multiple mechanisms to regulate Cdt1 before cell division thus ensuring the proper execution of DNA replication. (virosin.org)
Understanding viral and bacterial genome structures and functions, their mechanisms of pathogenicity and resistance, and conferring virus and bacterial resistance in plants will lead to the development of better disease control measures and increases in both productivity and quality of ornamental plants for industry and the consumer. (usda.gov)
Molecular mechanisms for regulation of gene expression at different levels: remodeling of chromatin, initiation of transcription, nuclear transport and signalling, and RNA interference. (lu.se)
Mechanisms for maintaining genetic information during cell division and the generation of genetic variation: replication, mitosis, meiosis, recombination. (lu.se)
Mechanisms of viral leukaemogenesis / [edited by] J. M. Goldman, O. Jarrett. (who.int)

Samples from healthy children also contained a subpopulation of cytotoxic T cells that was absent in adults, and these T cells produced high levels of interferon gamma, a cytokine that inhibits viral replication and induces macrophages to engulf and digest pathogens. (virology.ws)

The MISSION ® pLKO.1-puro Non-Target shRNA Control Transduction Particles contain an shRNA insert that does not target any known genes from any species, making it useful as a negative control in experiments using the MISSION ® shRNA library clones. (sigmaaldrich.com)
In addition, self-inactivating replication incompetent viral particles can be produced in packaging cells (HEK293T) by co-transfection with compatible packaging plasmids. (sigmaaldrich.com)
Liposome-mediated transfection of intact viral particles reveals that plasma membrane penetration determines permissivity of tissue culture cells to rotavirus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Taken together, it was suggested that 1246TGG might exert anti-HSV activity both by inactivating extracellular viral particles and by inhibiting viral biosynthesis in host cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
However, increased ACE2 expression may upregulate the viral load indirectly by increasing the baseline level of infectious virus particles. (spandidos-publications.com)
The humoral antibody response contributes to the clearance of circulating virus particles and the prevention of viral spread within the host while the cellular immune response eliminates infected cells. (medscape.com)

A DNA polymerase with reverse transcriptase activity: Genomic replication takes place through an intermediate RNA known as pregenomic RNA. (medscape.com)

the EVs-ACE2 had been derived from an engineered cell line with steady ACE2 expression. (aidstar-one.com)
Despite this difference in cell composition in the nasal mucosa of children and adults, the expression level of ACE2 (the SARS-CoV-2 binding target), was similar in both age groups. (virology.ws)
COVID-19 indirectly enhances the activation of the distal promoters of the ACE2 gene in the host cells, resulting in (i) the suppression of ACE2 expression in the host cells, (ii) the hijack of the intracellular machineries of the host cells to enable viral replication and egress, and (iii) the disruption of the homeostatic functions of the host cells. (epicos.com)
COVID-19 leverages the disrupted homeostatic functions of the host cells to create a favorable microenvironment that (i) activates the innate immune response to further reduce ACE2 expression to boost viral replication and egress, and (ii) suppresses the adaptive immune response to further reduce host cell death to sustain viral replication and egress. (epicos.com)

To increase the sensitivity for detecting infectious influenza virus in an aerosol sample, the viral replication assay was developed. (cdc.gov)
With this assay, influenza virus is first amplified by replication in Mandin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells followed by detection with quantitative PCR (qPCR). (cdc.gov)
Compared with the traditional culture-based viral plaque assay, the viral replication assay resulted in a 4.6x10(5) fold increase in influenza virus detection. (cdc.gov)
To demonstrate that the viral replication assay is capable of detecting airborne influenza virus, dilute preparations of strain A/WS/33 were loaded into a nebulizer, aerosolized within a calm-air settling chamber and subsequently collected using NIOSH Two-Stage Bioaerosol Samplers. (cdc.gov)
At the most diluted concentration corresponding to a chicken embryo infectious dose 50 percent endpoint (CEID(50)) of 2.8E+02/ml, the viral replication assay was able to detect infectious influenza virus that was otherwise undetectable by viral plaque assay. (cdc.gov)
The results obtained demonstrate that the viral replication assay is highly sensitive at detecting infectious influenza virus from aerosol samples. (cdc.gov)
For example, MERS coronavirus adopts a survival strategy that prioritizes viral replication over viral spread, whereas influenza viruses adopt a survival strategy that prioritizes viral spread over viral replication. (epicos.com)
Finally, 16 compounds targeting our identified host factors suppress IAV replication, with two targeting CDK2 and FLT3 showing pan-antiviral activity across influenza and coronavirus families. (cdc.gov)

These genes fell into distinct regulatory pathways including immune response, antigen processing and interferon*stimulated genes (ISGs). (lancs.ac.uk)
While designing effective vaccines and viral-entry inhibitors has proven unsuccessful for certain viruses, often due to their high mutagenicity, compounds targeting interferon antagonists may provide a new therapeutic alternative. (the-scientist.com)
Another potential of the field is the production of effective live, attenuated vaccines, where the gene responsible for interferon antagonism has been removed. (the-scientist.com)
Effects of interferon-a/ß on HBV replication determined by viral load PLoS Pathog. (usc.edu)
These nucleic acids are recognised as foreign by the innate immune system leading to their cytoplasmic detection and signalling of type I interferons leading to induction of interferon response genes. (qmul.ac.uk)
ABSTRACT Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the Interleukin (IL)-28B gene, namely rs12979860, could predict response to pegylated interferon--ribavirin (PR) therapy in hepatitis C virus genotype 1 (HCV-1)-infected patients. (who.int)

Surprisingly, RNA viruses such as SARS-CoV2 also depend on host cell eIF4A and we found that inhibitors can block viral replication. (mskcc.org)

Validation of these gene targets was carried out in liver biopsies and tissue culture cells. (lancs.ac.uk)
Here we have examined LANA interactions with host chromatin on a genome-wide scale using ChIP-seq, and show that LANA predominantly targets human genes near their transcriptional start sites (TSSs). (nih.gov)
Microarray analysis revealed that 37 out of 1981 genes, predicted targets of the 3 miRs, showed an inverse expression relationship with the corresponding miR in HCV clones, as expected for true targets. (biomedcentral.com)
The present findings reveal that 3 IFN-β-regulated miRs and 37 genes, which are likely their functional targets, were commonly modulated by HCV in three replicon clones. (biomedcentral.com)
Analyze full-length infectious clones to determine the genes or gene products involved in replication, systemic movements, and pathogenicity to understand the role of viral pathogen genes in disease development and to identify new targets in the pathogen genome and tools for disease management. (usda.gov)

In this report, the effects are assessed of two well-characterized antimicrobial amphipathic peptides (melittin and cecropin) on human immunodeficiency virus 1 (HIV-1) replication and gene expression in acutely infected cells at subtoxic concentrations. (microbiologyresearch.org)
HIV LTR activity was also reduced in human cells stably transfected with retroviral expression plasmids for the melittin or cecropin gene. (microbiologyresearch.org)
We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)
A previous study, which used a 3-dimensional (3-D) intestinal model derived from INT-407 cells reported NoV replication and extensive cytopathic effects (CPE). (cdc.gov)
As OVs enter tumor cells, intrinsic host defenses have the potential to hinder viral replication and spread within the tumor mass. (jci.org)
In glioma cell lines and glioma-stem-like cells, HDAC6 inhibition (HDAC6i) by either pharmacologic or genetic means substantially increased replication of oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1 (oHSV). (jci.org)
B ) Replication of rQNestin34.5 (MOI of 0.1) in tubacin-treated (dashed line) and control U251 cells (solid line). (jci.org)
Ampicillin and puromycin antibiotic resistance genes provide selection in bacterial or mammalian cells respectively. (sigmaaldrich.com)
It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). (frontiersin.org)
Cells defend themselves against viral infections by rapidly triggering an innate immune response. (pasteur.fr)
Angiotensin changing enzyme 2 (ACE-2) performs a key position in viral entry into host cells. (aidstar-one.com)
RNA extracted from mock-infected and WNV-infected cells was assessed for differential expression of genes using Affymetrix microarray. (molvis.org)
The viral replication organelles within cells studied by electron microscopy. (csic.es)
The samples were also analyzed for the presence of different cell types using single cell RNA sequencing, a method that reveals the RNA expression profiles of individual cells. (virology.ws)
5 SARS-CoV-2 was isolated from the airway epithelial cells of patients with viral pneumonia in Wuhan. (medsci.org)
More interestingly, a large number of noncoding fragments were found in peripheral blood cells of patients with asthma, including natural antisense chains, pseudogenes, and differential expression of ncRNA between genes [ 14 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition, some scholars found a large number of lncRNA in CD4 + and CD8 + T cells, with phased expression [ 15 , 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
In addition, Th2 cells are important mediators of type I allergy, and it has been reported that ncRNA promotes Th2 cell migration to target organs by regulating chemokine gene expression [ 17 ]. (hindawi.com)
Viral regulation of B7 family inhibitory molecules in epithelial cells leads to suppression or termination of immune responses [ 19 ]. (hindawi.com)
In order for this strategy to be effective, latently infected cells must be killed either by the cytopathic effect of reactivated HIV gene expression, or by HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). (frontiersin.org)
However, this strategy for the eradication of HIV hinges on the assumption that latently infected cells will be killed by the reactivation of latent proviruses, either as a result of cytopathic effects of HIV gene expression, or through lysis by HIV-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL). (frontiersin.org)
The proper copying and repair of DNA to maintain the correct sequence and structure of genomes is critical to the proper function of cells, and repair and replication is frequently disrupted in cancers and targeted by cancer treatments. (birmingham.ac.uk)
In this study, we show that inactivation of the HUSH complex in human primary fibroblasts - connective tissue cells that are involved in wound healing and launching immune responses - results in the activation of interferons and inflammatory genes. (qmul.ac.uk)
Each step of viral replication is ultimately governed by the interaction of a virus with its host cells. (bvsalud.org)
Because of the demands of viral replication, the nutritional needs of virus-infected cells differ from those of uninfected cells. (bvsalud.org)
The expression profile of 24 selected miRs in IFN-β-treated Huh-7 cells and in HCV replicon 21-5 clone with respect to Huh-7 parental cells was analysed by real-time PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
While the percentages of CD56 (dim) cells and their CD16 expression were lower in the chronic group, this was not statistically significant. (who.int)
Studies sug- terized by flow cytometry using anti between the immune response and the gest that HCV inhibits receptor genes in CD3, CD56 and CD16 monoclonal virus replication rate [5] and play a cru- the activation of NK cells [20], and the antibodies. (who.int)

It is known that the innate immune response is based on the recognition of viral genomes by cellular receptors. (pasteur.fr)
Using an RLR-purification technique in conjunction with high-throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, "we demonstrated that a precise region of the genomes of the dengue and Zika viruses (known as the 5' untranslated region) was recognized by RIG-I," explains Nolwenn Jouvenet, a scientist in the Viral Genomics and Vaccination Unit at the Institut Pasteur and last author of the paper. (pasteur.fr)
can reactivate HIV expression from latent proviral genomes. (frontiersin.org)

Abstract Environmental or genetic perturbations lead to gene expression changes. (csic.es)
In addition, K-2157 harbored two plasmids: one of 113,644 bp (KPC+) and another of 230,602 bp, containing virulence genes, in addition to an integrative and conjugative element (ICE) embedded on its chromosome, revealing that the presence of these mobile genetic elements mediates the convergence between virulence and antibiotic resistance. (bvsalud.org)
Gene technology: basic and applied molecular genetic methods. (lu.se)

Oncolytic viral (OV) therapy, which uses genetically engineered tumor-targeting viruses, is being increasingly used in cancer clinical trials due to the direct cytolytic effects of this treatment that appear to provoke a robust immune response against the tumor. (jci.org)
However, knowledge on viral AS is limited to a few disease-causing viruses in model species. (nature.com)
In addition research into animal viruses has made an important contribution to our understanding of viruses in general, their replication, molecular biology , evolution and interaction with the host. (bionity.com)
COVID-19 adopts a unique unbiased survival strategy of balancing viral replication with viral spread, in stark contrast to other viruses that typically trade off one against the other. (epicos.com)
To improve their chances of survival and replication, viruses have evolved to commandeer cellular processes, including cell metabolism, augmenting these processes to support their needs. (bvsalud.org)
We then discuss how different viruses target these signaling pathways to reprogram host metabolism to favor the viral needs. (bvsalud.org)
The Committee noted that not all viral isolates held in the two collections are viable, and that hybrid viruses in the United States collection are still being preserved. (who.int)

The ongoing Ebola outbreak should remind us that a more thorough under-standing of zoonotic viral infections is necessary, especially in the face of the changing environment. (the-scientist.com)
Sachse M, Fernández de Castro I, Tenorio R, Risco C. Abstract Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) has been crucial to study viral infections. (csic.es)
Some respiratory viral infections can aggravate allergic rhinitis, such as a respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV). (hindawi.com)
However, the risk varies widely depending on differences in factors such as co-occurrence with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), level of viral load, stage of disease, and circumcision. (benthamscience.com)
Translational mouse models are a valuable tool for medical research, including research on respiratory viral infections. (lu.se)
Of particular note, the highlighted differences in the inflammatory response of C57Bl/6J and C57Bl/6N substrains underscore the value of strain selection in mouse models of respiratory viral infections. (lu.se)
90,000 animals died or were destroyed (www.oie.int). Experimental infections of pigs confirmed that isolates obtained after introduction of ASF into Armenia and the Russian Federation cause acute disease and result in high mortality rates (www.efsa.europa.eu/en/scdocs/scdoc/1556.htm). (cdc.gov)

Potential host target genes were predicated and validated by qRT-PCR to study the impact of microRNAs on the host genes. (hindawi.com)
Prediction of target genes of 3 miRs, confirmed in all HCV clones, was performed by means of miRGator program. (biomedcentral.com)

Coronavirus (CoV) genome replication takes place in the cytoplasm in a membrane-protected microenvironment, and starts with the translation of the genome to produce the viral replicase. (bionity.com)

Studies have concluded that ORF10 acts as a precursor of additional RNAs in roles concerning gene expression, controlling cellular antiviral pathways, or within viral replication (Taiaroa et al. (presscore.ca)

Effective but non-curative treatments or vaccines may induce a latent preservation of COVID-19 in patients instead of a complete eradication, and the adversity of latent COVID-19 will inevitably trigger a viral rebound, an accelerated progression, and an increased mortality rate. (epicos.com)

The frequent mutations in immune receptor genes (HVEM, BTLA, EPHA7, beta-2 micro-globulin) that control lymphoma cell growth and shape the local immune environment. (mskcc.org)
Enhancement of hepatitis B virus replication by androgen and its receptor in mice J Virol. (usc.edu)
Functional annotation clustering of the microarray data showed that gene clusters involved in immune and antiviral responses ranked highly, involving genes such as chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 ( CCL2 ), chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 ( CCL5 ), chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 10 ( CXCL10 ), and toll like receptor 3 ( TLR3 ). (molvis.org)
These genes are receptor like kinase (RLK), which play a significant role in plant development and biological stress. (chinacrops.org)

Control the host cell cycle: viral regulation of the anaphase-promoting complex. (virosin.org)
Next, we characterized the cis -regulatory elements, which identified 32 different types of cis elements in the gene promoters, primarily involved in light response, stress response, regulation of hormone mechanism, and plant growth. (chinacrops.org)
Additionally, some genes expressed differently during distinct periods of day and night, suggesting that they were associated with plant growth regulation and photosynthesis. (chinacrops.org)
Principles for regulation of gene expression through intercellular signalling. (lu.se)
Gene regulation in developmental biology and the cell cycle. (lu.se)

Persons who lack a functional FUT2 gene cannot generate ABH antigens in secretions and, thus, are termed nonsecretors ( 23 , 24 ). (cdc.gov)
This data provides a preliminary theoretical basis for the functional study of LRRII-RLK gene during photosynthesis, growth and development, and disease conditions in sugarcane. (chinacrops.org)

HCV induces the expression of Rubicon and UVRAG to temporally regulate the maturation of autophagosomes and viral replication PLoS Pathog. (usc.edu)

Inhibition of cellular proteasome activities mediates HBX-independent hepatitis B virus replication in vivo J Virol. (usc.edu)

While each DNA blueprint, or gene, encodes for a different machine or structure, the genome, the collection of DNA wrapped up inside the nucleus, is much more active than a quiet library of neatly stacked blue-prints. (birmingham.ac.uk)

A human cytomegalovirus-encoded microRNA regulates expression of multiple viral genes involved in replication. (virosin.org)

These findings could also pave the way for the development of viral strains that induce a robust innate response and thus could be used as live attenuated vaccines. (pasteur.fr)
The expression of Tat and Nef in Salmonella vaccines has not previously been investigated. (ajol.info)

Small RNAs include microRNA (miRNA), siRNA, tRFs, piRNA, and rasiRNAs, which regulate gene expression in a wide range of processes such as viral replication and host immune response. (hindawi.com)
miRNAs regulate gene expression in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes such as in immune response and viral replication [ 18 ]. (hindawi.com)
They enhance viral replication and down-regulate expression of MHC Class I molecules, respectively. (ajol.info)

This multiexon structural mRNA is thought to be retrotransposed to generate PCBP-1, an intronless gene with functions similar to that of PCBP2. (nih.gov)
Polyribosome analysis showed that the majority of gene 6 mRNA was present on large polysomes. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In contrast, sedimentation of more than half of the gene 5 mRNA was subpolysomal. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The change in distribution of gene 5 mRNA in polyribosome gradients in response to treatment with low concentrations of cycloheximide suggested that gene 5 is a poor translation initiation template compared with gene 6 mRNA. (microbiologyresearch.org)
A viral microRNA down-regulates multiple cell cycle genes through mRNA 5′UTRs. (virosin.org)
vated mRNA expression. (lu.se)

Though SINE RNAs activate the innate immune response , MHV68 has co-opted SINE-mediated innate immune activation to enhance the viral lifecycle. (medicalxpress.com)
To date, host innate immunity may be the only identified direct factor associated with viral replication. (spandidos-publications.com)

Maternal-Derived Hepatitis B Virus e Antigen Alters Macrophage Function in Offspring to Drive Viral Persistence after Vertical Transmission Immunity. (usc.edu)
Viral-load-dependent effects of liver injury and regeneration on hepatitis B virus replication in mice J Virol. (usc.edu)
Autophagy required for hepatitis B virus replication in transgenic mice J Virol. (usc.edu)
Krüppel-like factor 15 activates hepatitis B virus gene expression and replication Hepatology. (usc.edu)
Transgenic expression of entire hepatitis B virus in mice induces hepatocarcinogenesis independent of chronic liver injury PLoS One. (usc.edu)

These data define a regulatory mechanism for the difference in amounts of VP6 and NSP1 and provide evidence for post-transcriptional control of rotavirus gene expression mediated by the translational efficiency of individual viral mRNAs. (microbiologyresearch.org)
LANA has also been suggested to affect host gene expression, but both the mechanism(s) and role of this dysregulation in KSHV biology remain unclear. (nih.gov)
Although QACs may play an important role in the propagation of antibiotic resistance gene (ARGs), the potential contribution and mechanism remains unclear. (bvsalud.org)

Antisense oligonucleotide (AO)-mediated exon-skipping therapeutics shows great promise in correcting frame-disrupting mutations in the DMD gene for Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (oregonstate.edu)
We are investigating the impact of specific classes of gene mutations, such as ATM, BRCA1, and MYBL2 on genome integrity. (birmingham.ac.uk)

We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
It inhibited HSV-1 E and L gene expressions as well as viral DNA replication but did not affect the RNA synthesis of IE gene in our study. (unboundmedicine.com)

From these critical studies, putative NV receptors were identified, and thus it was hypothesized that a successful in vitro cell culture system would most likely possess these receptors to support NV replication. (cdc.gov)

Fig. 4: Nb8205, which binds FluPol A at the dimer interface, inhibits cRNA to vRNA replication and virus growth. (nature.com)
An in vitro model for NoV replication remains elusive, making study of the virus difficult. (cdc.gov)
Spanning a 20-h replication period, matrix gene expression levels from infectious virus were measured at several time points using qPCR and found to exponentially increase. (cdc.gov)
Detailed analysis of the splicing junctions showed clusters of AS events occurred in two regions of the virus genome, demonstrating that transcriptome analysis could gain valuable insights into viral splicing. (nature.com)
RNA splicing plays important roles in viral replication and virus-host interactions 38 . (nature.com)
Recognition of the genome of a virus initiates a signaling cascade that results in the expression of several hundreds of genes that are capable of blocking various stages of viral replication. (pasteur.fr)
Replication of hepatitis C virus RNA on autophagosomal membranes J Biol Chem. (usc.edu)
Hepatitis C virus translation preferentially depends on active RNA replication PLoS One. (usc.edu)
However, data from the macaque simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) model indicate that in vivo , SIV-specific CTL are only effective during the early stages of the viral replication cycle, and this constitutes an alternative explanation why HIV-specific CTL do not appear to have an impact on HIV reservoirs during ART. (frontiersin.org)
In in vivo mouse models, synthetic dsRNA can be used as a surrogate for ssRNA virus replication. (lu.se)
RÉSUMÉ Les polymorphismes mononucléotidiques du gène de l' Interleukine (IL)-28B , en l'occurence le rs12979860, permettent de prédire la réponse au traitement par interféron- pégylé associé à la ribavirine chez des patients infectés par le virus de l'hépatite C de génotype 1. (who.int)
4 comparés à 22 sujets ayant connu une clairance spontanée du virus de l'hépatite C et à 70 volontaires en bonne santé. (who.int)
These studies furthered understanding of specific organ and tissue sites of virus replication at different phases of disease progression and were thus considered useful in studies designed to assess the efficacy of antiviral drugs. (who.int)
Lassa fever is an acute viral zoonotic illness caused by Lassa virus, an arenavirus known to be responsible for a severe haemorrhagic fever characterised by fever, muscle aches, sore throat, nausea, vomiting and, chest and abdominal pain. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)
Lassa fe- Lassa virus in many more districts and states in en- ver is endemic in West Africa and has been reported demic countries of the West African sub-region and from Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, and Nigeria4-7. (folkhalsomyndigheten.se)

Interfering with expression of the HUSH complex may make cancers more immunogenic through the release of LINE-1 double-stranded RNAs to induce interferons and potentially increase anti-tumour immunity. (qmul.ac.uk)
Bioaccumulation, oxidative stress, nonspecific immunity, and the expression of genes encoding xenobiotic detoxification-related enzymes were examined. (bvsalud.org)

Profiling of KSHV LANA positioning on the host genome and examination of gene expression from promoters bound by KSHV LANA. (nih.gov)

We examine the impact that processes such as transcription and replication have on genome stability. (birmingham.ac.uk)

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are associated with viral replication and host immune response. (hindawi.com)

Expression profiles of whole blood microRNAs were altered and distinctly different in adenovirus-infected children. (hindawi.com)

This is mediated by two interactions: LANA binds to specific sequences (LBS1 and 2) on viral DNA, and also engages host histones, tethering the viral genome to host chromosomes in mitosis. (nih.gov)
Major distinctions in the gene sequences between SARS‑CoV and SARS‑CoV‑2 include the spike gene, open reading frame (ORF) 3b and ORF 8. (spandidos-publications.com)

The role of the 3′-untranslated region of non-polyadenylated plant viral mRNAs in regulating translational efficiency. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The long-term objective of this project is to develop effective means for the detection and identification of new and emerging plant viral and bacterial diseases of ornamentals, thus allowing growers to select pathogen-free or pathogen-indexed plants (tested for absence of specific pathogens) for propagation. (usda.gov)

Moreover, several genes involved in siderophore biosynthesis (ybt, iro, and iuc), bacteriocins (clb), and capsule hyperproduction (plasmid-borne rmpA [prmpA] and prmpA2) were found, which is congruent with the positive string test displayed by K-2157. (bvsalud.org)

and as this inevitably occurs in a normal environment, HIV replication continually reignites from the smoldering ember of proviral DNA, leading to rebound viremia and a resumption of disease progression when ART is discontinued. (frontiersin.org)

Finally, we discuss the potential to harness these processes to combat viral diseases, as well as other diseases, including metabolic disorders and cancers. (bvsalud.org)

Norovirus (NoV) has been identified as the primary etiologic agent of acute epidemic viral gastroenteritis in industrialized countries ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)

Here we report a novel approach to characterizing viral AS using whole transcriptome dataset from host species. (nature.com)
Most surprisingly, the association of LANA to both host and viral DNA is strongly disrupted during the lytic cycle of KSHV. (nih.gov)
Meanwhile, ectopic expression of hcmv-miR-US5-1 and consequent lower expression of GMNN influenced host cell cycle and proliferation. (virosin.org)

In addition, both trifluridine and adefovir dipivoxil inhibited VACV DNA replication and downstream viral gene expression. (bvsalud.org)
Both compounds inhibited VACV DNA replication and downstream viral gene expression. (bvsalud.org)

Considering a very small fraction of fungal species has been discovered and only a few percent of these extracts are tested for various viral diseases. (hemopet.org)
Biopsies from noninfected patients with other liver diseases were used as controls to focus on HCV-associated changes in hepatic gene expression. (lancs.ac.uk)
and the public is widely unaware of the threat of emerging viral diseases. (the-scientist.com)
Pestiviruses account for important diseases in animals such as Classical swine fever (CSF) and Bovine viral diarrhoea / Mucosal disease (BVD/MD). According to the current O.I.E. list CSF and BVD/MD are notifiable diseases and eradication programms are administered in many countries worldwide. (bionity.com)

However, the exact nature of the viral motifs recognized by RLRs was not known. (pasteur.fr)
Interestingly, SsLRRII-RLK genes were detected to be conserved with 35 collinear gene pairs and multiple conserved motifs. (chinacrops.org)

Anatomy22

Organisms54

Diseases12

Chemicals and Drugs77

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment24

Phenomena and Processes78

Information Science3

Health Care2

Infection46

Proteins15

Protein27

Pathogenesis3

Pathway6

Inhibit3

Mechanisms10

Inhibits viral replication1

Particles6

Genomic1

ACE24

Influenza8

Interferon6

Block viral replication1

Targets5

Cells28

Genomes3

Genetic3

Viruses7

Infections7

Target genes2

Genome replication1

Pathways1

Latent1

Receptor4

Regulation5

Functional2

PLoS Pathog1

Inhibition1

Encodes1

Multiple viral1

Vaccines2

Regulate3

MRNA6

Innate2

Hepatitis B vir5

Mechanism3

Mutations2

Synthesis2

Receptors1

Virus15

Immunity2

Promoters1

Transcription and replication1

Immune response1

MicroRNAs1

Sequences2

Plant viral2

Several genes1

Progression1

Processes1

Acute1

Host3

Downstream2

Diseases4

Motifs2