Viral regulatory and accessory proteins. Medical search. Frequent questions

The vpx gene products of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 (HIV-2) and of the closely related simian immunodeficiency viruses from sooty mangabeys (SIVsm) and macaques (SIVmac) comprise a 112-amino-acid virion-associated protein that is critical for efficient virus replication in nondividing cells such as macrophages. (duke.edu)
Importantly, mutations in Vpx which impaired nuclear localization also reduced virus replication in macaque macrophages, suggesting an important role of the carboxyl terminus of Vpx in nuclear translocation of the viral preintegration complex. (duke.edu)
One such target is the interaction between Tat, an HIV-1 regulatory protein essential for viral replication, and trans-activation-responsive (TAR) RNA. (elsevierpure.com)
nef gene products were originally found as factors that trans-suppress viral replication and function as negative regulators of transcription. (musc.edu)
We also showed that MMTV encodes several different regulatory and accessory proteins that contribute to viral replication and tumorigenesis, including superantigen (Sag), Rem, signal peptide (SP), and Rem-CT. (utexas.edu)
Accessory proteins only are required during MMTV replication in mice. (utexas.edu)
However, reactivation during immunosuppression, associated with mutations in the transcriptional control region (TCR) that up-regulates viral replication, can cause life-threatening disease. (ox.ac.uk)
While the tat and rev genes encode regulatory proteins absolutely required for virus replication, nef, vif, vpr, vpx and vpu encode for small proteins referred to "auxiliary" (or "accessory"), since their expression is usually dispensable for virus growth in many in vitro systems. (hal.science)
However, these auxiliary proteins are essential for viral replication and pathogenesis in vivo. (hal.science)
HIV-1 also has regulatory genes ( tat and rev ) and genes that encode for accessory proteins ( vpu , vpr , vif , and nef ) that are important in viral replication and interaction with the host. (medscape.com)
Upon virus illness the IFN induction pathway is definitely induced by dsRNA molecules (intermediates of viral replication) that can be sensed by cellular retinoic acid-inducible gene I product (RIG-I)-like helicases (RIG-I and melanoma differentiation-associated protein 5 [MDA5]) (20). (biomasswars.com)
The accessories proteins are necessary for establishment and persistence of disease in the sponsor but are dispensable for HIV replication in vitro PHA-848125 (14). (cancer-pictures.org)
Of particular importance is the DC-specific C-type lectin DC-SIGN, which is a strong HIV binding partner and enhances both viral replication and trans-infection. (jscimedcentral.com)
Transcription regulatory sequences have important role in the pausing of replication/transcription and generation of subgenomic RNAs. (springeropen.com)
In order to translate the viral proteins and package the RNA genome into virion particles, the SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cell and undergoes replication of the positive sense RNA genome. (springeropen.com)
During coronavirus infection, in addition to synthesis of the coronavirus genome (referred to as coronavirus replication), a 3′-coterminal nested set of subgenomic mRNAs (sgmRNAs) are also produced (in referred to as coronavirus transcription), from which structural and accessory proteins are translated [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Although highly conserved (88% sequence identity with SARS-CoV-2, 50% with MERS, and 43% with HCoV-229E), nsp15 has been found to be non-essential for viral replication in Mouse Hepatitis Virus [6] (MHV), SARS-CoV, and HCoV-229E. (insidecorona.net)
As a result, the loss of RNA synthesis is thought to be a knock-on effect on neighbouring polyprotein components that are critical for replication, as opposed to a genuine effect on viral replication through lack of nsp15 [6]. (insidecorona.net)
Further evidence of nsp15's non-essential role in viral replication comes from insect nidoviruses and invertebrate roniviruses, which completely lack EndoU activity [8,9]. (insidecorona.net)
Although not essential for viral replication, recent studies suggest nsp15 plays a role in repressing activation of the host innate immune response [11-13]. (insidecorona.net)
During viral replication, positive-sense RNA is translated to produce the viral replication complex, which replicates the positive-sense RNA to produce negative-sense RNA. (insidecorona.net)
Animations provided deal with topics such as protein purification, transcription, splicing reactions, cell division and DNA replication and SDS-PAGE. (vet-ebooks.com)
Virus was isolated from T- and B- lymphocytes and NK cells in blood (but not macrophages), prostate epithelial cells, vaginal tissue, and there was evidence for viral replication in spleen, lung, lymph nodes and liver (5). (phoenixrising.me)
In this study, two deep learning generative models were developed and used in combination with molecular modeling tools for de novo design of small molecule compounds that can inhibit the catalytic activity of SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), an enzyme critically important for mediating viral replication and transcription. (bvsalud.org)
Therefore, targeting the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro enzyme with small molecules can block viral replication. (bvsalud.org)
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase type 2α (PI3KC2α) is an essential member of the structurally unresolved class II PI3K family with crucial functions in lipid signaling, endocytosis, angiogenesis, viral replication, platelet formation and a role in mitosis. (nature.com)

1.5 x 10(5) viral genome copies per 10(6) cells. (ox.ac.uk)
Promptly released genome sequence info (15) was used to forecast putative protein localizations and motifs including transmembrane domains using TMpred glycosylation sites and putative double-stranded RNA (dsRNA)-binding domains using DELTA-BLAST. (biomasswars.com)
Besides coding for the normal retroviral Gag Pol and Env protein the HIV-1 genome also encodes the regulatory Tat and Rev protein and the accessories Vif Vpr Vpu and Nef protein (14). (cancer-pictures.org)
The 70-75% genome consists of ORF1a and ORF1b that encodes for non-structural proteins and remaining ORFs encodes for structural and accessory proteins (Fung and Liu 2021 ). (springeropen.com)
The 5′ two-thirds of the genome contains two ORFs (ORF 1a and ORF 1b) that encode 15-16 nonstructural proteins (nsps), and the other one-third of the genome consists largely of genes encoding structural and accessory proteins [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The RNA genome of SARS-CoV-2 is one of the largest RNA genomes among RNA viruses [1], comprised of a replicase gene which encodes non-structural proteins (nsps), structural proteins, and accessory proteins. (insidecorona.net)

Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1-associated dementia (HAD) is a metabolic encephalopathy caused by the viral infection of brain mononuclear phagocytes (MP) (perivascular and parenchymal brain macrophages and microglia) and sustained by paracrine-amplified, inflammatory responses. (nebraska.edu)
Researchers at Karolinska Institutet have now, in collaboration with colleagues at the Karolinska University Hospital, investigated the early response to SARS-CoV-2 infection of NK cells, a cell type in the immune system known to be important in the control of viral infections. (debuglies.com)
Previous studies indicate the importance of these viral proteins in the ability of the virus to maintain viral loads and persist in an animal model of HTLV-1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
Timeline of CD4 T-cell and viral-load changes over time in untreated human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. (medscape.com)
HIV infection can be diagnosed based on detection of antibodies that are directed against the proteins encoded by the 3 major genes, the detection of the p24 antigen, the viral nucleic acid, and, finally, by means of culturing the virus. (medscape.com)
Specifically, during HIV infection, the maturation state and abundance of DCs during infection is correlated with HIV viral load, disease progression, and immune dysregulation. (jscimedcentral.com)
In addition, the ability of HIV to exploit DC surface receptors or intracellular routing mechanisms to avoid antigen-processing machinery also contributes to viral persistence and promotes trans or cis-infection of CD4 T cells. (jscimedcentral.com)
Here we outline the current status of the viral evasion mechanism underlying the regulation of the cGAS-STING pathway, focusing on how post-transcriptional modifications, viral proteins, and non-coding RNAs involve innate immunity during viral infection, attempting to inspire new targets discovery and uncover potential clinical antiviral treatments. (frontiersin.org)
In addition, Northern blotting was also employed to determine the regulatory features of noncanonical transcripts under different infection conditions, including different cells, multiplicities of infection (MOIs) and coronavirus strains. (biomedcentral.com)
On the other hand, zero of six rabbits inoculated with 729.ACH.p13 cells didn't create viral infection, whereas six of six rabbits inoculated with wild-type HTLV-1-expressing cells (729.ACH) were contaminated seeing that measured by antibody replies, proviral fill, and HTLV-1 p19 matrix antigen creation from former mate vivo-cultured PBMC. (arcticcirclescotland.com)
2012). This is due to the establishment, early after primary infection, of a viral reservoir that is responsible for the persistence of low levels of plasma viremia in patients under suppressive ART (Chun et al. (europa.eu)
Thus, it is urgent to develop therapeutic strategies to face the SARS-CoV-2 viral infection at the severe stage. (medsci.org)
genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)

Coronavirus RNA-dependent RNA polymerases produce subgenomic RNAs (sgRNAs) that encode viral structural and accessory proteins. (hal.science)
all genes associated with this syndrome (ie, DKC1 , TERT, TERC, NOP10 ) encode proteins in the telomerase complex responsible for maintaining telomeres at the ends of chromosomes. (medscape.com)

Tax orchestrates multiple interactions with cellular transcription factors and activates transcription from the viral promoter and modulates the transcription or activity of numerous cellular genes involved in cell growth and differentiation, cell cycle control, and DNA repair [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
MMTV causes tumors by insertional mutagenesis, i.e., viral DNA integration near Wnt or Fgf genes, for breast cancer induction. (utexas.edu)
The env genes contain a cis-acting RNA target sequence for the rev protein (= GENE PRODUCTS, REV ), termed the rev-responsive element (RRE). (lookformedical.com)
Temperate phages are capable of protecting their host from phage reinfection and may change the bacterial phenotype through the expression of viral genes, a process known as lysogenic conversion ( 1 ). (asm.org)
Predicated on the lengthy amount of and the reduced percentage of people ASP9521 who develop ATL latency, transformation of contaminated lymphocytes is thought to be initiated through the induction of mobile genes and modifications in mobile activation and loss of life pathways by HTLV-1 protein (18, 35). (arcticcirclescotland.com)
XMRV is a simple retrovirus with gag, pol and env genes and unlike HIV or HTLV, has no accessory or regulatory genes. (phoenixrising.me)
Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)

The protein is composed of 86 amino acids with a molecular weight of 10,3 kDa. (uni-goettingen.de)
Viral ion channels are short auxiliary membrane proteins with a length of ca. 100 amino acids. (ox.ac.uk)
Putative accessory proteins comprised 103 to 246 amino acids (aa) with expected molecular people of 11 to 29 kDa (Table 1). (biomasswars.com)

Our early studies revealed that the types of tumors induced by MMTV depended on cell-type specific enhancers within the viral transcriptional regulatory region (LTR). (utexas.edu)

Only recently has it become clear that viral encoded proteins, the so-called "accessory" gene products of this complex retrovirus, play an integral role in the pathogenic process. (biomedcentral.com)

The structural proteins are spike (S), membrane (M), envelope (E), and nucleocapsid (N) proteins, whereas non-structural proteins are nsp1 to nsp16 (Kumar et al. (springeropen.com)
Once translated, these polyproteins are cleaved by one of the two encoded proteases (3C-like protease (nsp5) or papain-like-protease (nsp3)) to yield between 15 and 16 non-structural proteins, which assemble into a large membrane-bound replicase complex (RTC). (insidecorona.net)
One of these non-structural proteins is nsp15, a 346 amino acid nidoviral RNA uridylate‐specific and Mn 2+ -dependent [3] endoribonuclease (NendoU). (insidecorona.net)

A stable set of (two or more) interacting macromolecules such as proteins which can be co-purified by an acceptable method and have been shown to exist as an isolated, functional unit in vivo. (geneontology.org)
Our data will be the first to point the fact that HTLV-1 mitochondrion-localizing proteins p13II comes with an important biological function through the early stage of virus infections in vivo. (arcticcirclescotland.com)
These scholarly studies, however, still left open up the relevant issue from the function of p13IWe by itself in viral infectivity in vivo. (arcticcirclescotland.com)

Individual T-lymphotropic pathogen type 1 (HTLV-1) is certainly classified being a complicated retrovirus and an associate from the genus as well as the 3 lengthy terminal do it again that encodes the regulatory proteins Taxes and Rex, aswell as several non-structural accessories proteins, p12I, p27I, p13II, and p30II (12, 16, 28, 30). (arcticcirclescotland.com)

Much less is well known about the accessories proteins p13II, a singly spliced item of the next open reading body (ORF II) from the pX gene area. (arcticcirclescotland.com)

Therefore, we construct and use efficient recombinant expression systems for the proteins of our interest. (hhu.de)
Cell line development is the process of creating stable cell lines for use in a variety of applications, including the creation of biologics (recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies), drug screening, and gene functional investigations. (alliedmarketresearch.com)
Some subunits (e.g. transmembrane subunits) cannot be expressed as recombinant proteins and are 'left out' of detailed studies. (geneontology.org)

The topics of the group are structural and functional aspects of viral proteins with the main focus on accessory and regulatory proteins of viruses. (hhu.de)
Unlike human complex viruses, such as HIV-1 or human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-I), mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV) provides a model system that allows biochemical, genetic, and biological studies of viral pathogenesis. (utexas.edu)
Layers of protein which surround the capsid in animal viruses with tubular nucleocapsids. (lookformedical.com)
Proteins synthesized by HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUSES such as the HIV-1 and HIV-2 . (lookformedical.com)
For instance, due to their genetic flexibility, viruses have developed various viral proteins and non-coding RNAs to interrupt several checkpoints of cGAS-STING. (frontiersin.org)
XMRV was identified using a viral detection DNA microarray composed of oligonucleotides corresponding to the most conserved sequences of all known viruses (1). (phoenixrising.me)
By encoding proteins that interfere with this process, some viruses (eg, cytomegalovirus) can evade elimination. (msdmanuals.com)

It is likely that the type of NK cell response observed in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients with moderate disease is a canonical NK cell response shared between many types of viral infections, according to the researchers. (debuglies.com)
However, SARS-CoV-2 mutations resulting in the emergence of new viral strains that can be resistant to the drugs used currently in the clinic necessitate the development of novel potent and broad therapeutic agents targeting different vulnerable spots of the viral proteins. (bvsalud.org)
Analysis of the SARS-CoV-2 sequence revealed a multibasic furin cleavage site at the S1/S2 boundary of the spike protein distinguishing this virus from SARS-CoV. (bvsalud.org)
Cleavage of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein by furin promotes viral entry into lung cells. (bvsalud.org)
While furin knockout is embryonically lethal, its knockout in differentiated somatic cells is not, thus furin provides an exciting therapeutic target for viral pathogens including SARS-CoV-2 and bacterial infections. (bvsalud.org)
Confocal immunofluorescent analysis of transgenic A549 cells stably expressing SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid (N) protein (A549-N protein) (left, positive) or SARS-CoV-2 envelope (E) protein (A549-E protein) (right, negative), using SARS-CoV-1/2 Nucleocapsid Protein (1C7C7) Mouse mAb (green), DyLight ™ 554 Phalloidin #13054 (red), and DAPI #4083 (blue). (cellsignal.com)

Viral+regulatory+and+accessory+proteins at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Akari H, Bour S, Kao S, Adachi A, Strebel K (November 2001). (wikipedia.org)

We also compared the level of sgRNA production with other types of viral RNA products such as defective interfering viral genomes. (hal.science)

The human being immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) Vpu accessory protein is a transmembrane protein that down regulates CD4 expression and promotes the discharge of new virions. (cancer-pictures.org)
or the transmembrane protein gene cassettes of some pathogenic bacteria ( Santoyo and Romero, 2005 ), gene conversion can also generate sequence diversity. (elifesciences.org)
Furin, the best-characterized member of the mammalian proprotein convertases, is an ubiquitously expressed single pass type 1 transmembrane protein. (bvsalud.org)

Our data suggest that Rem precursor is the first known protein inhibitor of AID, which functions in antiviral innate immunity. (utexas.edu)

The mechanisms for immune and viral-mediated neural injury in HAD are made even more complex by the effects of abused drugs on cognitive function. (nebraska.edu)
They play a role as accessory proteins that influence the rate of viral infectivity and the destruction of the host immune system. (musc.edu)
Therefore the Vpu proteins also plays a part in viral persistence by attenuating immune system reactions during HIV disease. (cancer-pictures.org)
A failure of DCs to mature, as witnessed during HIV uptake, however, leads to attenuation of antigen-specific immune responses and may significantly contribute to induction of T cell regulatory responses. (jscimedcentral.com)
PD-L1, PD L2) on DCs and production of soluble immune regulatory mediators (e.g. (jscimedcentral.com)
This results in dampened immunogenicity [11], and potentially drives regulatory immune responses [12]. (jscimedcentral.com)
The models of most immune evasion during innate immune responses are conserved, including altering the post-transcriptional modifications (PTMs) of vital proteins to inactivate or degrade these components, eluding DNA sensing from PRRs, decreasing cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP) cellular abundance, and modifying metabolism approach in host cells ( Eaglesham and Kranzusch, 2020 ). (frontiersin.org)
The etiology of bone marrow failure (BMF) includes defective stem/progenitor cells and/or stroma/accessory cells/growth factors, as well as deficient nonspecific nutrients or, as in the case of acquired aplastic anemia, immune-mediated abnormalities. (medscape.com)
The persistence of HIV in treated patients results from the establishment of a viral reservoir insensitive to ART and poorly visible to the immune system. (europa.eu)

Intriguing new studies indicate that p30 II is a multifunctional regulator that differentially modulates CREB and Tax-responsive element-mediated transcription through its interaction with CREB-binding protein (CBP)/p300 and specifically binds and represses tax/rex mRNA nuclear export. (biomedcentral.com)
We identified the virally encoded protein, Rem (regulator of MMTV mRNA export and expression). (utexas.edu)
its steady association with Vpu impacts the Wnt and nuclear element kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathways (1 5 In HIV-infected cells Vpu can be synthesized from a bicistronic mRNA that also rules for the viral envelope (Env) proteins gp160. (cancer-pictures.org)

They are usually synthesized as protein precursors (POLYPROTEINS) and later cleaved into the final viral envelope glycoproteins by a viral protease. (lookformedical.com)
Among coronaviruses, the main protease (Mpro) is an essential drug target which, along with papain-like proteases catalyzes the processing of polyproteins translated from viral RNA and recognizes specific cleavage sites. (bvsalud.org)

Vpu is an 81 amino acid auxiliary protein in HIV-1 which exhibits channel activity. (ox.ac.uk)

Thus, it appears that HTLV-1 has yet another multifunctional protein with transcriptional and post-transcriptional roles in regulating viral gene expression. (biomedcentral.com)

Although initial research reported that HTLV-1 ORF II was dispensable for viral infections in vitro (15, 37), disruption of pX ORF II within an HTLV-1 proviral clone that blocks appearance of full-length p30II by itself or both p30II and p13II significantly decreased viral infectivity and web host humoral response in rabbits (2, 39). (arcticcirclescotland.com)

However, the risk varies widely depending on differences in factors such as co-occurrence with other sexually transmitted infections (STIs), level of viral load, stage of disease, and circumcision. (benthamscience.com)
Among the first responders to viral infections, tissue-resident macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) (55) recognize evolutionarily conserved microbial structures termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) via germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) (56). (debuglies.com)
Latest research reveal a substantial function for HTLV-1 accessories proteins in the entire lifestyle routine of HTLV-1, particularly through the early stage from the viral infections of lymphocytes (evaluated in sources 12, 28, and 32). (arcticcirclescotland.com)

Any interacting non-protein molecules (e.g. small molecules, nucleic acids) will also be included. (geneontology.org)

DNA sequences that form the coding region for the viral envelope (env) proteins in retroviruses. (lookformedical.com)
Whether Vpu can be a virulence element remains to become established but in comparison to HIV-1 carefully related retroviruses such as for example PHA-848125 HIV-2 and SIV that absence expression of a completely functional Vpu proteins also cause much less severe disease results. (cancer-pictures.org)
Early research showed that manifestation of Vpu could improve the launch of varied retroviral contaminants from human being cells whether those retroviruses normally bring a Vpu protein (17). (cancer-pictures.org)

This process produces short and long double-stranded RNA intermediates with polyuridine tracts at the 5′ end which can be recognized by pattern recognition receptors in the host cell such as RIG-I-like receptors (RLRs), protein kinase R (PKR), oligoadenylate synthases (OASes), and melanoma differentiation-associated gene 5 (MDA5). (insidecorona.net)

Enveloped virus entry requires fusion of the viral envelope with a host cell membrane. (bvsalud.org)
Retroviral proteins, often glycosylated, coded by the envelope (env) gene. (lookformedical.com)
External envelope protein of the human immunodeficiency virus which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
The envelope consists of an inner layer of lipids and virus specified proteins also called membrane or matrix proteins. (lookformedical.com)
Transmembrane envelope protein of the HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS which is encoded by the HIV env gene. (lookformedical.com)
It serves as a precursor for both the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP120 and the HIV ENVELOPE PROTEIN GP41 . (lookformedical.com)
Newer studies claim that Vpu aswell as the Vpu-like activity PHA-848125 of HIV-2 envelope protein works by overcoming a book species-specific host limitation to HIV launch (51). (cancer-pictures.org)

Counterstaining of the marker proteins for the 1-NA-PP1 endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-Golgi intermediate compartment (ERGIC) representing the CoV budding site was performed with anti-ERGIC-53 IgG. (biomasswars.com)
they are improvement of disease launch from contaminated cells (26 41 47 50 and degradation from the HIV receptor Compact disc4 proteins in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) (53). (cancer-pictures.org)

It is of fundamental importance in determining PROTEIN CONFORMATION. (lookformedical.com)

Rem-null mutants showed increased cytidine mutations within viral DNA, which were typical of the Apobec family member, activation-induced cytidine deaminase (AID), but AID-knockout mice did not. (utexas.edu)
Downstream signaling entails activation of IFN regulatory element 3 (IRF-3). (biomasswars.com)
At the first stage of viral invasion, virus-derived double-stranded DNAs (dsDNAs) trigger the conformational change and activation of cGAS. (frontiersin.org)

However, molecules of a size similar to that of the protein itself do not penetrate vesicles. (uni-goettingen.de)
In GO, 'protein complex' is defined as "A stable macromolecular complex composed (only) of two or more polypeptide subunits along with any covalently attached molecules (such as lipid anchors or oligosaccharide) or non-protein prosthetic groups (such as nucleotides or metal ions). (geneontology.org)

Scholars@Duke publication: Functional analysis of the simian immunodeficiency virus Vpx protein: identification of packaging determinants and a novel nuclear targeting domain. (duke.edu)
Proteins associated in a pulldown/coimmunoprecipitation assay with no functional link or any evidence that this is a defined biological entity rather than a loose affinity complex. (geneontology.org)

Thus, understanding HIV persistence and developing drugs able to flush out HIV, in order to achieve viral eradication or "sterilizing cure" remain outstanding challenges. (europa.eu)

Innate immunity is essential in disease prevention and viral clearance. (debuglies.com)

Analyzing this domain in greater detail, we identified a 26-amino-acid (aa 60 to 85) fragment that was sufficient to mediate the transport of a heterologous protein (green fluorescent protein [GFP]) to the nucleus. (duke.edu)
Table 1 Features of MERS-CoV accessory proteins For heterologous manifestation and cellular protein localization studies accessory open reading frames (ORFs) 3 4 and 4b were PCR amplified from MERS-CoV cDNA (primer sequences in Table S1 in the supplemental material) whereas ORF 5 was synthesized (Existence Systems). (biomasswars.com)

Recent work indicates that unintegrated retroviral DNA activates a cellular signaling pathway that results in increased cap-dependent viral translation. (utexas.edu)
Proteins coded by the retroviral gag gene. (lookformedical.com)

Common to both classes is the interaction between receiver and output domain in the unphosphorylated protein. (nih.gov)
Full length Tat is capable of translocating across a membrane even though an attached fluorescent dye alters the interaction of the protein with the membrane. (uni-goettingen.de)
Interactions can then be captured by a protein-protein interaction DB such as IntAct. (geneontology.org)

The products are usually synthesized as protein precursors or POLYPROTEINS, which are then cleaved by viral proteases to yield the final products. (lookformedical.com)

sgDI-tector allowed detection of sgRNA without initial knowledge of the transcription-regulatory sequences. (hal.science)
The viral gene sequences identified in CFS patients clustered with sequences from PC and both sequences were virtually identical. (phoenixrising.me)

By means of confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) the translocation of fluorescently labeled full length Tat (Tat-AF633) across lipid bilayers was visualized with a concomitant accumulation of the protein at the membrane interface. (uni-goettingen.de)
These results illustrate that the translocation mechanism is not directly dependent on the pore formation process but presumably relies on an accumulation of the protein at the membrane, which causes a disturbance of the membrane structure to let the protein through. (uni-goettingen.de)

Does the HIV-1 tat protein translocate across lipid membranes? (uni-goettingen.de)
By means of atomic force microscopy (AFM) and fluorescence microscopy binding of the protein onto solid supported planar lipid membranes was ruled out. (uni-goettingen.de)

Unlike overall download the heritage of time that is site of well transient tailor components transient to the computationally full models, study process cell vectors regulatory plants that have far appealing predictions and cells of translation. (scoutconnection.com)

The microenvironment, consisting of lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts, endothelial elements, and stroma in which hematopoietic cells reside, creates a regulatory niche that determines the local area network. (medscape.com)

The failure of DCs to properly process and present HIV antigens and stimulate specific adaptive responses can prevent viral clearance and aid in establishment of viral reservoirs, two of the main obstacles to a therapeutic cure. (jscimedcentral.com)

Caveolin-1 (CAV1) is a membrane-sculpting protein that oligomerizes to generate flask-shaped invaginations of the plasma membrane known as caveolae. (bvsalud.org)

HTLV-1 pX ORF II encodes two proteins, p13 II and p30 II whose roles are beginning to be defined in the virus life cycle. (biomedcentral.com)
The Vpr protein from HIV-1: distinct roles along the viral life cycle. (hal.science)

Interestingly, p30 II is an overall repressor of cellular gene expression, while selectively favoring the expression of regulatory gene pathways important to T lymphocytes. (biomedcentral.com)

Anatomy28

Organisms21

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Chemicals and Drugs108

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Viruses7

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