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ReceptorsCanine distemperProteinsInfectionVaccineEdmonstonVectorsEncephalitisAdenovirusGenomeTissuePathogensProteinDiseasesProliferationRespiratoryResponsesCellularModalityToxicityTumor cellsOncolytic virusGenesAntitumorProgressionDetectionMolecularTherapiesTherapeuticVirotherapyCellsAutophagyInfections2019HumanSingle strandedClinical trialsIncludeStudiesTreatmentAnti-cancerPatientsCasesVaccinesExplore
Receptors8
  • Viruses are chosen because they can target specific receptors expressed by cancer cells that allow for virus entry. (wikipedia.org)
  • Viruses can also be engineered to target specific receptors on tumor cells as well. (wikipedia.org)
  • The H protein targets the cellular receptors of the CD46 and CD150. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Measles trojan (MV) interacts with cellular receptors on the top of peripheral bloodstream lymphocytes (PBL) which mediate trojan binding and uptake. (careersfromscience.org)
  • The info suggest that proliferation inhibition induced by MV get in touch with is in addition to the existence or absence of the virus-binding receptors SLAM and CD46. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Wild-type MV strains WTFb and Wü5679 (same as TC5679 in reference 35) were isolated from patients with acute measles (Erlangen Germany 1990 and Würzburg Germany 1996 respectively [35]) and propagated on BJAB cells since these cells in contrast to B95a cells do not IDH-C227 contain EBV and express CD46 and SLAM and therefore do not exert a selective pressure for one of the receptors. (careersfromscience.org)
  • On the other hand, the proliferation of oncolytic viruses into target cells and subsequent recognition of viral elements by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors can positively affect the development of the innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor cells (Fig. 1 ) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The efficacy of a therapeutic antibody depends on the Fab fragment and its binding activity to the target antigen, but also depends on the Fc fragment and its interaction with key Fc receptors.Therefore, candidates must be tested against a panel of receptors during antibody engineering. (acrobiosystems.com)
Canine distemper2
Proteins4
  • We also characterized the first interactome connecting many RNA viral proteins with dozens of key proteins involved in autophagy. (cfatg.org)
  • There are two membranes that enclose the virus proteins. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • The measles virus genome encodes 8 proteins, 6 structural proteins and 2 are responsible for viral entry. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • These proteins are the components of the viral envelope that together they mediate integration of the virus into the cells in the upper respiratory tract. (bestessaywriters.com)
Infection9
  • this has been largely attributed to the production of interferon and tumour necrosis factors in response to viral infection, but oncolytic viruses are being designed that selectively target and lyse only cancerous cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, we have described a molecular link between CD46 and autophagy, which is engaged upon measles virus infection. (cfatg.org)
  • We detailed then the close relationship between this virus and autophagy, describing for the first time that several waves of autophagy can be induced in the course of an infection. (cfatg.org)
  • In some cases, measles could lead to the infection of the respiratory tract or other organs including the skin, Kidney, bladder and viscera (Koehlmoos, Uddin, & Sarma, 2011). (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) specifically induce cancer cells death by infection of and spreading on tumor cells through different mechanisms such as direct lysis effect or adjacent cells fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • This stress condition can also lead to the attraction of immune cells, notably antigen presenting cells (APCs) (i.e. immature dendritic cells), natural killer cells (NK cells), and cytotoxic T-cells to the site of infection [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In infection with the morbillivirus prototype measles virus (MeV), cellular and humoral immunity contribute to protection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Usually, general laboratory studies are not helpful, except for identifying a viral infectious process (eg, a lymphocytic predominance in the complete blood count [CBC], rather than the polymorphonuclear predominance indicative of bacterial infection). (medscape.com)
  • Anti-West Nile virus IgM is detectable in CS) and serum 10 days after infection onset. (medscape.com)
Vaccine4
  • Forty years after the licensing of an effective vaccine, measles continues to cause severe complications and death in children in the world. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • The first measles vaccine was given license in the USA in 1963. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Objective: To review the latest published evidence on the vaccine used in our country against the herpes zoster virus, breaking down the results according to the efficacy, efficiency, effectiveness and safety of the vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
  • Conclusions: We have a safe and effective vaccine against the herpes zoster virus that allows us to protect the most vulnerable population groups against this virus. (bvsalud.org)
Edmonston1
Vectors1
Encephalitis6
  • The most common complications from measles include pneumonia and encephalitis. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • During epidemics, viral encephalitis is diagnosed readily on clinical grounds. (medscape.com)
  • However, sporadic cases of viral encephalitis are often difficult to distinguish from other febrile illnesses (eg, gastroenteritis with dehydration and convulsions) or from intoxication. (medscape.com)
  • Although specific treatment for most causes of viral encephalitis is still not available, establishing the final diagnosis is important to avoid unnecessary treatments with potential side effects. (medscape.com)
  • Reliance on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings to make the diagnosis of encephalitis or to distinguish among the different viral etiologies is usually not advisable. (medscape.com)
  • However, there is significant cross-reactivity among flaviviruses (Japanese encephalitis virus, St Louis encephalitis virus, and West Nile virus). (medscape.com)
Adenovirus1
  • It also exhaustively introduces the concrete mechanism of invading GC cells and the viral genome composition of adenovirus and herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). (frontiersin.org)
Genome2
  • This is followed with RNA polymerase transcription of the Virus genome into the host mRNA. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • The first generation (G1) of engineered OVs mainly focus on manipulating within virus genome. (biomedcentral.com)
Tissue2
  • The virus was isolated in 1954 in monkey and human kidney tissue by Enders and Peebles. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • These noninvasive visualization systems provide real-time follow-up of viral progression within the cancer tissue by the ability of engineered oncolytic viruses (OVs) to encode reporter transgenes based on recombinant technology. (biomedcentral.com)
Pathogens5
  • In a slightly different context, virotherapy can also refer more broadly to the use of viruses to treat certain medical conditions by killing pathogens. (wikipedia.org)
  • Antigen presentation by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an essential step to initiate an adaptive immune response to efficiently fight pathogens. (cfatg.org)
  • Since numerous antigens which are presented by MHC molecules traffic via the lysosomes, autophagy is an important reservoir for the production of antigenic peptides derived from the degradation of intracellular pathogens. (cfatg.org)
  • We seek to understand the molecular connections between autophagy and antigen presentation and to measure their impact on the diversity of the presentation, especially in the context of self antigens (those of the cell), and non-self antigens (those from pathogens). (cfatg.org)
  • Measles computer virus (MV) is among the most widespread human pathogens causing approximately 1 million deaths worldwide each year mainly due to its immunosuppressive potential (for reviews see recommendations 4 11 and IDH-C227 37). (careersfromscience.org)
Protein5
  • and Hemagglutinin (H protein) that causes the integration of the measles virus into the host cells. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • These are the Hemagglutin (H) as well as the measles virus fusion (F) protein. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • This is attributable to the cell-mediated memory that causes the creation of neutralising antibodies that target the H protein of the measles virus (Walsh, 2011). (bestessaywriters.com)
  • The measles virus life cycle starts with virus adsorption to host's cell membranes surface using the H protein. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • CSF examination is critical to establish the diagnosis and reveals, acutely, a typical viral profile: mildly to moderately elevated protein (60-80 mg/dL), normal glucose, and a moderate pleocytosis (up to 1000 leukocytes/µL). (medscape.com)
Diseases3
  • Virotherapy is a treatment using biotechnology to convert viruses into therapeutic agents by reprogramming viruses to treat diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although it is significantly managed in the USA, measles is still one of the major fatal diseases in the world. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • Originally, viruses were known as the cause of human diseases, including some cancers [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Proliferation3
  • Although anti-SLAM and/or anti-CD46 antibodies stop virus binding they don't hinder the contact-mediated proliferation inhibition. (careersfromscience.org)
  • One aspect of the viral immunosuppression is the proliferation inhibition in response to mitogens T-cell receptor cross-linking or recall antigens of IDH-C227 peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) isolated from patients (ex vivo) and in vitro. (careersfromscience.org)
  • We investigated the virus-mediated SLAM modulation and the effect of SLAM engagement around the viral contact-mediated proliferation inhibition of lymphocytes. (careersfromscience.org)
Respiratory1
  • Viral cultures from throat, stool samples, and antigen detection for herpes and respiratory viruses are recommended during the first week. (medscape.com)
Responses2
  • Autophagy in immune responses to viruses. (cfatg.org)
  • During and weeks after acute measles delayed-type hypersensitivity skin test responses to recall antigens are suppressed and there is an increased susceptibility to opportunistic infections which aggravates the course of the disease. (careersfromscience.org)
Cellular1
Modality1
  • Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising anti-tumor modality that utilizes oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially attack cancers rather than normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Toxicity1
  • Human sodium/iodide symporter (hNIS) is considered as one of the most prevalent nuclear imaging reporter transgenes that provides precise information regarding the kinetics of gene expression, viral biodistribution, toxicity, and therapeutic outcomes using the accumulation of radiotracers at the site of transgene expression. (biomedcentral.com)
Tumor cells7
  • It is believed that oncolytic virus achieve their goals by two mechanisms: selective killing of tumor cells as well as recruitment of host immune system. (wikipedia.org)
  • Once viruses have entered the tumor cell, the rapid growth and division of tumor cells as well as decreased ability of tumor cells to fight off viruses make them advantageous for viral replication compared to non-tumorous cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • The replication of viruses in tumor cells causes tumor cells to lyse killing them and also release signal to activate the host's own immune system, overcoming immunosuppression. (wikipedia.org)
  • The ability of OVs to selectively infect tumor cells is mainly associated with the disruption of type-I interferon pathway, which represents the first line of defense against viral infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With the understanding particularly in the characteristics of viruses and tumor cells, numerous innovative OVs have been engineered to conquer cancers, such as Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) and tasadenoturev (DNX-2401). (biomedcentral.com)
  • OVT has its unique advantages and prospects, because oncolytic viruses (OVs) preferentially infect and replicate in tumor cells and destroy them, while leaving healthy cells largely untouched [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By the genetic recombination the viruses were conferred with high specificity against tumor cells without targeting normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
Oncolytic virus6
  • as of 2019, it is the only oncolytic virus approved for clinical use. (wikipedia.org)
  • It was the first oncolytic virus approved in the West. (wikipedia.org)
  • Oncolytic Virus to Target CD46 and SLC5A5 for Oncology is under clinical development by Vyriad and currently in Phase I for Atypical Teratoid Rhabdoid Tumor. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • GlobalData uses proprietary data and analytics to create drugs-specific PTSR and LoA in the Oncolytic Virus to Target CD46 and SLC5A5 for Oncology LoA Report. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • The company develops two oncolytic virus platforms such as Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) and Measles Virus (MV-NIS). (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • The company also develops oncolytic virus in clinical phases of development. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
Genes3
  • Currently, there are many viruses being used and tested, all differing in their ability to lyse cells, activate the immune system, and transfer genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • Two genes were removed from the virus - one that shuts down an individual cell's defenses, and another that helps the virus evade the immune system - and a gene for human GM-CSF was added. (wikipedia.org)
  • The second generation (G2) of engineered OVs armed with viral and/or non-viral genes. (biomedcentral.com)
Antitumor2
  • a Mechanisms by which oncolytic viruses (OVs) stimulate antitumor immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • With the leap of gene cloning in the molecular virology, the scientists focus on improvement of their antitumor specificity and efficiency by manipulating the viral genomes. (biomedcentral.com)
Progression1
  • At that time, the application of tumor treatment with the spontaneous viruses or wild type viruses which quite often being scavenged by immune system, merely induces a subtle inhibition to tumor progression in patients. (biomedcentral.com)
Detection2
  • A PCR-based test for rapid detection of West Nile virus has been developed in California. (medscape.com)
  • ELISAs for detection of dengue virus IgM and IgG are available for serum and CSF. (medscape.com)
Molecular1
  • Tumor antigens and danger-associated molecular patterns are also released during the lysis process which helps recruit host immune cells. (wikipedia.org)
Therapies2
  • Vyriad is a clinical stage bio-pharmaceutical company that develops viral-based novel oncolytic therapies for the treatment of cancer. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • Cancer immunotherapies can be divided into four major categories: - Cytokines/immunomodulation agents - Monoclonal antibodies - Cell‑based therapies - Oncolytic viruses Though monoclonal antibodies currently represent the largest class of commercialized cancer immunotherapies, cell‑based therapies are rapidly making headway. (technologynetworks.com)
Therapeutic1
  • Virus-based immunostimulatory cytokine and chemokine expression can recruit and activate T cells, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and natural killer (NK) cells, and subsequently, improve the therapeutic activity of OVs. (biomedcentral.com)
Virotherapy1
  • The first application of virotherapy with the engineered thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient herpes simplex viruses (HSV) was initiated in 1991 [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Cells7
  • One example of this is the targeting of CD46 on multiple myeloma cells by measles virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • MV-NIS attacks cells expressing the human CD46 antigen and it also acts as an activator of human thyroidal sodium iodide symporter. (pharmaceutical-technology.com)
  • The virus then enters to the host cells where it uncoats. (bestessaywriters.com)
  • SLAM is usually a glycoprotein belonging to the CD2 subset of the immunoglobulin (Ig) superfamily and is expressed on the surface of a proportion of primary B cells and Epstein-Barr computer virus (EBV)-transformed B cells activated T cells memory T cells T-cell clones and immature thymocytes (39). (careersfromscience.org)
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS Antibodies cells and viruses. (careersfromscience.org)
  • 40). For computer virus production cells were infected with a multiplicity of contamination (MOI) of. (careersfromscience.org)
  • Meanwhile, these non-engineered viruses sometimes inevitably infect and spread to normal tissues, indiscriminately killed both tumor and normal cells, causing a series of unpredicted side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
Autophagy1
  • This study highlighted the fact that common strategies could have been evolved by different viruses in order to manipulate autophagy. (cfatg.org)
Infections1
  • For most arboviral infections, the viremia is usually of low magnitude and short duration, so blood viral cultures are low yield tests most of the time. (medscape.com)
20191
  • citation needed] As of 2019, there are over 100 clinical trials looking at different viruses, cancers, doses, routes and administrations. (wikipedia.org)
Human2
  • In the 1940s-1950s some of the earliest human clinical trials with oncolytic viruses were started. (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1993, the team of Prof. Chantal Rabourdin-Combe (1952-2011) identified the first human receptor for this virus, CD46. (cfatg.org)
Single stranded1
Clinical trials1
Include1
  • Types of tumor that are currently being study with oncolytic viruses include CNS tumors, renal cancer, head and neck cancer, ovarian cancer, and more. (wikipedia.org)
Studies2
  • citation needed] In the 1940s and 1950s, studies were conducted in animal models to evaluate the use of viruses in the treatment of tumours. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, recent studies have reported changes in the H glycoprotein of the virus. (bestessaywriters.com)
Treatment1
  • The viruses originally used for treatment are usually spontaneous viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
Anti-cancer1
  • It was not until early 1950s that the potential of viruses as anti-cancer agents had been recognized and applied [ 7 , 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Patients1
  • CD46 (3 16 23 It has been exhibited that MV can efficiently be isolated from patients using B-cell lines such as B95a (19) which lack a complete CD46 (15 28 indicating the presence of another receptor. (careersfromscience.org)
Cases1
  • In the past one decade, annual reports on measles have decreased by 77% that is from 146 per million populations to 33 cases per million people. (bestessaywriters.com)
Vaccines1
  • Current vaccines are based on live attenuated viruses that control the disease but cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (the so-called DIVA approach) [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Explore1