Viral defective viruses. Medical search. Frequent questions

Infection by a first virus could enhance or reduce infection and replication of a second virus, resulting in positive (additive or synergistic) or negative (antagonistic) interaction. (cdc.gov)
At the host level, the course of infection of 1 virus might be influenced by prior or concurrent infection by another virus. (cdc.gov)
Positive virus‒virus interaction corresponds to a co-infection that might result in an increased disease severity and pathogenesis (e.g., severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2] and influenza A[H1N1]pdm09 virus) ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Homologous virus‒virus interaction implies that cross-reactive immunity against a first virus prevents infection with a second virus (e.g., among different influenza subtypes or lineages) ( 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Heterologous viral interference relies on induction of a nonspecific innate immune response by a first virus that reduces or prevents infection and replication of a second virus (e.g., influenza A virus [IAV] and respiratory syncytial virus [RSV]) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
The type of virus‒virus interaction (negative or positive) is probably dependent on the respiratory viruses involved, the timing of each infection, and the interplay between the response of the host to each virus. (cdc.gov)
Induction of ISGs by a first virus might limit infection and replication of a second virus, especially if they show a differential ability to induce an IFN response or different degrees of susceptibility to immune mediators. (cdc.gov)
Influenza A Virus Infection Induces Viral and Cellular Defective Ribosomal Products Encoded by Alternative Reading Frames. (bvsalud.org)
We further show that IAV infection enhances a model cellular ARF translation, which potentially has important implications for virus -induced autoimmunity . (bvsalud.org)
Routine screening for hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is not recommended. (cdc.gov)
Each type of viral hepatitis may cause illness during acute infection (2 weeks to 6 months following exposure). (cdc.gov)
Because of the high rate of asymptomatic infection with these viruses, information about the prevalence of these diseases is needed to monitor prevention efforts. (cdc.gov)
NHANES testing for markers of infection with hepatitis viruses is used to determine secular trends in infection rates across most age and racial/ethnic groups and will provide a national picture of the epidemiologic determinants of these infections. (cdc.gov)
however, highly effective, well-tolerated treatment can cure hepatitis C virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis D virus infection is less common in the US and can occur only among persons with hepatitis B virus infection. (cdc.gov)
Co-infection with hepatitis D virus (HDV) in persons with acute or chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection can lead to fulminant hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), derived from the viral envelope, is the first antigen to appear following infection and can be detected serologically as an aid in the laboratory diagnosis of acute HBV infection. (cdc.gov)
How susceptible an individual is to HIV infection is in part dependent on viral receptors on the surface of their own white blood cells. (forbes.com)
The goal is for harmless TIPs to outnumber flu virus genetic elements so infected cells would generate relatively few infectious viruses and a bumper crop of "dud viruses" with TIP genes, rapidly diluting the harmful viruses and halting the infection, according to DARPA. (rutgers.edu)
Chronic infection with viral hepatitis affects half a billion individuals worldwide and can lead to cirrhosis, cancer, and liver failure. (wjgnet.com)
In an R&D setting, this becomes preferable if the same reagent is transfected (for example, CAS9 delivery vectors) since all the work is in the generation of the viral stock, not in the infection," Carstens says. (biopharminternational.com)
The goal of the PEACHI project is to develop simple, affordable and effective vaccine strategies that can be given alone or in combination to prevent hepatitis C virus (HCV), human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and co-infection. (europa.eu)
Here, we demonstrated the interferon (IFN)-independent protection conferred by the influenza DI virus against homologous virus infection in mice deficient in type I and III IFN signaling. (flu.org.cn)
DI-treated mice exhibited reduced viral transcription, less intense inflammatory and innate immune responses, and primed multiciliated cell differentiation in their lungs at an early stage of infection, even in the absence of type I or III IFNs. (flu.org.cn)
An international research team has examined which factors are important for the virus in the course of its reproductive cycle and how it manages to maintain the infection. (sflorg.com)
During infection with the hepatitis E virus, random mutations often result in virus variants that can coexist within an infected person. (sflorg.com)
Sheep have co-opted some defective enJSRV loci to (i) counteract infection by exogenous viruses and likely (ii) to cope with the continuous retroviral invasion of their genome. (gla.ac.uk)
HIV is grouped into the genus Lentivirus (lentus, from Latin) due to the slow course of infection and thus disease, with a long latency period, persistent viral replication and central nervous system involvement ( 1 ). (scielo.sa.cr)
This severe phase of the disease is thought to be triggered by a viral infection (usually the Epstein-Barr virus, EBV). (intelligentdental.com)
Currently, her research focuses on cellular and viral pathways involved in KSHV infection and pathogenesis. (biu.ac.il)
We have studied the ability of adenovirus type 12 (Ad12) to complement the Ad5 transformation-defective host rang (hr) mutants during infection of human cells (HeLa) or hamster cells (BHK-21). (mcmaster.ca)
The deficiency is partly due to viral infection of the liver, which ceases processing fatty oils, but also can be attributed in part to inadequate consumption of animal fats due to the two-year Swine Flu pandemic that killed off the national hog herd. (rense.com)
When diagnostic tests for hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection were developed, HAV was found to be the major cause of infectious hepatitis and HBV was found to be the major cause of serum hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
However, some patients with typical signs and symptoms of viral hepatitis did not have serologic markers of HAV, HBV or HDV infection and were categorized based on epidemiologic characteristics as having either parenterally transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis or enterically transmitted non-A, non-B hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
SLIDE 4] Acute Viral Hepatitis, by Type, United States, 1982-1993 Of acute hepatitis cases in the United States from 1982 through 1993, 47% were attributable to hepatitis A, 34% to hepatitis B, 16% to hepatitis C, and 3% were negative for serologic markers of HAV, HBV, and HCV infection. (cdc.gov)
Characteristic skin lesion of variola viral infection on the arms and the legs of an adolescent. (medscape.com)
Small child with pustular lesions due to variola viral infection. (medscape.com)
Infant with advanced lesions due to variola viral infection. (medscape.com)
Moreover, The use of animals as surrogate rine host, can provide a platform for animal models for tumour viruses in hosts for the study of human tu- in vivo infection. (who.int)
genic models are inadequate for number of activated CD8-positive T LMP1 was strongly expressed in the understanding the cancer etiology in cells increased considerably in the lymphoma tissues but was hardly the context of natural viral infection. (who.int)

Many viral infections can cause liver inflammation, but the term viral hepatitis usually refers to infections with one of the five hepatotropic viruses (viruses known to target the human liver): HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, and HEV. (cdc.gov)
Infections caused by these viruses vary in their epidemiologic features and natural history, including incubation period, routes of transmission, geographic and demographic distribution, patterns of clinical disease, and propensity for becoming chronic. (cdc.gov)
HAV and HEV cause predominantly acute hepatitis and are the leading causes of symptomatic viral hepatitis infections globally. (cdc.gov)
Because chronic HBV and HCV infections are asymptomatic and refugees often come from settings where these viruses are endemic, it is important to consider these infections during the domestic medical screening for newly arrived refugees. (cdc.gov)
Hepatitis viruses constitute a major public health problem because of the morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
Viral hepatitis is a major public health problem of global importance because of the ongoing transmission of viruses that cause the disease and increased morbidity and mortality associated with the acute and chronic consequences of these infections. (cdc.gov)
The new research provides first-of-its-kind evidence that this receptor also helps fight DNA viruses, known to cause lifelong infections. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
DNA viruses are known for their ability to cause chronic infections. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Working with Sendai and influenza viruses in mice, Carolina López and colleagues show that defective viral genomes accumulate during acute viral respiratory infections. (plos.org)
One example is the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), infections of which have surged since the start of the pandemic, causing 177,000 hospitalizations and 14,000 deaths annually in the US alone, according to GSK. (ubs.com)
These are found in natural infections as part of the virus population within the infected host. (flu.org.cn)
An important defense mechanism against viral infections in our body are special proteins, the antibodies. (sflorg.com)
The host has evolved the intrinsic, innate and adaptive immunity to fight viral infections. (gla.ac.uk)
They predominantly act against viral infections and in tumor cell surveillance. (pediatriconcall.com)
Most patients present with varicella, cytomegalovirus {CMV}, Epstein Barr virus {EBV} and herpes simplex virus {HSV} infections. (pediatriconcall.com)
In some persons, the symptoms of CFS develop following an otherwise self-limited illness, such as influenza, infectious mononucleosis, acute cytomegalovirus (cy-to-meg-lo-virus) infections, or a nonspecific acute viral syndrome. (cdc.gov)
Title : Iatrogenic Blood-borne Viral Infections in Refugee Children from War and Transition Zones Personal Author(s) : Goldwater, Paul N. Published Date : Jun 2013 Source : Emerg Infect Dis. (cdc.gov)
Epidemiology and Prevention of Viral Hepatitis A to E: An Overview Hepatitis Branch Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [SLIDE 1] Title Slide [This slide set presents an overview of the clinical and epidemiologic features for viral hepatitis A, B, C, D, and E and prevention measures for these infections. (cdc.gov)
More detailed information regarding the epidemiologic features and prevention measures for hepatitis B are presented in two previously published slide sets: 1) "Elimination of hepatitis B virus transmission in the United States: routine childhood vaccination," and 2) "Prevention of perinatal and early childhood hepatitis B virus infections in the United States," both of which are available from the National Technical Information Service (800-CDC-1824). (cdc.gov)
Patients have extreme susceptibility to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections in the first year of life and usually results in death by age of four. (lu.se)
Neurological manifestation due to viral infections have been diagnosed in a number of patients. (lu.se)

Defective genomes arise when the viral polymerases lose processivity during virus replication at high titers. (plos.org)
by Gertrud U. Rey Errors during viral replication can give rise to shortened and/or rearranged genomic sequences known as "defective viral genomes" (DVGs). (virology.ws)
Third, reverse transcription is responsible for the insertion of oncogenes into retroviral genomes as well as some proto-oncogene and tumour suppressor gene alterations in non-virus induced cancers. (alliedacademies.org)
Gene therapy relies mainly on viruses-which transport genomes inside the cells they infect-to deliver genetic material into a patient's cells. (health.am)

E1-deleted (including E1a-deleted) adenoviruses are replication defective and are commonly used as viral vectors to carry therapeutic genes for gene therapy. (hindawi.com)
Viral vectors show promise as a delivery mechanism for gene therapy, but which virus types are commercially viable? (biopharminternational.com)
Several virus types have been studied for use as viral vectors in gene therapy, including adenovirus, lentivirus, retrovirus, and adeno-associated virus (AAV). (biopharminternational.com)
The vaccines are based on novel and powerful viral vectors for in vivo delivery of antigens.The PEACHI Consortium members have employed replication-defective simian adenovirus (ChAd) and modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector technology to develop the most immunogenic HCV and HIV-1 vaccines to date. (europa.eu)
Dr. Ho did her PhD work in herpesvirus pathogenesis and postdoctoral research in CNS gene therapy with viral vectors at Stanford University. (stanford.edu)
Replication defective adenovirus vectors with low sero-prevalence and low T-cell reactivity in the relevant human populations. (nih.gov)
Replication competent viral vectors (e.g. (nih.gov)
Adeno-associated virus ( AAV) vectors for the delivery of broadly neutralizing antibodies. (nih.gov)
The project will focus on the development of a continuous manufacturing platform for commercially relevant viral gene therapy vectors. (mpg.de)
The most common delivery method for gene therapy are with viral vectors: genetically engineered viruses used as vehicles to introduce genetic material into the patient's cells to replace defective genes by healthy ones. (mpg.de)
A significant increase in the demand for viral gene therapy vectors is expected in the future, evidenced by both the market authorization of the first gene therapies in Europe and the US in recent years, and more than a thousand treatments in clinical phase. (mpg.de)
It is estimated that nowadays the demand for viral gene therapy vectors is five times higher than the current supply. (mpg.de)
A major bottleneck in the supply of viral vectors is requirement for high dose titers and inefficient production techniques based on batch technologies meant for laboratory use. (mpg.de)
The viral vectors produced in the tubular bioreactor will be purified with a membrane-based chromatography technique developed by Pavel Marichal in the Downstream Processing team of Prof. Dr. Michael Wolff (now at the Technische Hochschule Mittelhessen, University of Applied Sciences in Giessen, Germany). (mpg.de)
Both technologies will be integrated in a fully continuous manufacturing process that has the potential to meet the future demand of viral vectors to make gene therapies widely available to the general population. (mpg.de)
The virus-driven delivery tools are called "viral vectors. (health.am)
Unfortunately, the success rate of viral vectors is uneven. (health.am)
And lentiviral vectors, while stable, fail to deliver genetic material to enough defective human cells. (health.am)
Ultimately, introducing GRPE elements into viral vectors could enhance the ease and effectiveness of gene therapy, which typically uses transplanted human stem cells. (health.am)

The replicase proteins p33 and p92 of Cymbidium ringspot virus (CymRSV) were found to support the replication of defective interfering (DI) RNA in Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
DARPA says it wants to harness TIPs - tiny virus-like entities with engineered genetic material that encodes defective viral proteins. (rutgers.edu)
In a cell infected with both a flu virus and a TIP, the cell makes copies of the TIP genome that compete for viral proteins. (rutgers.edu)
The adenovirus early region 1 (E1) gene, which comprises E1a and E1b, encodes the viral early proteins that are necessary for adenoviral replication and the consequent oncolysis of permissive host cells. (hindawi.com)
Infectivity, he explains, is usually dictated by the envelope proteins present in a virus and the cellular surface components to which those proteins bind. (biopharminternational.com)
Recombinant HIV protein including HIV envelopes, envelope derivatives, Virus Like Particles, as well as formulations of HIV proteins with immune enhancers such as adjuvants and immune modulators. (nih.gov)
These usually bind specifically to surface proteins of the virus in order to make it harmless. (sflorg.com)
Rohrschneider focused initially on cell-surface proteins in cells infected with avian oncorna viruses, identifying the envelope and group-specific antigens (gag proteins). (fredhutch.org)
The isolation of temperature-sensitive transformation-defective mutants of Rous sarcoma virus led to the hypothesis that the viral protein or proteins should be temperature-sensitive in its expression or function, and Dr. John Wyke and Rohrschneider found that expression of some of the cell-surface tumor antigens correlated with transformation, suggesting that they were under control of the transforming gene. (fredhutch.org)
A variety of extracellular stimuli including mitogens, cytokines, antigens, stress inducing agents, UV light and viral proteins initiate a signal transduction pathway that ultimately leads to NF-κB release and activation. (justia.com)
Results from two other forms of HIV-1 NC (NCp9 and NCp15) and NC proteins from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and Murine Leukemia Virus are also reported. (umd.edu)
A study to evaluate safety, reactogenicity and immunogenicity of GSK Biologicals' RSV investigational vaccine based on viral proteins encoded by chimpanzee-derived adenovector (ChAd155-RSV) (GSK3389245A) in infants. (biosafety.be)
These proteins may be prematurely degraded by MMP-9 in the lung, leading to defective immunity and reduced viral clearance. (cdc.gov)

He found that when viruses were expanded at high doses, "incomplete viruses" or "particles" were produced and that these interfered with viral replication. (wikipedia.org)
Before we can understand how to make these therapeutic particles, we need to understand how viral mutation works," said Fabris, an associate professor in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering . (rutgers.edu)
Viral vector systems are gutted viruses where the packaging signals (e.g., the genetic signals that target the wrapping into the viral particles) are fused to the genes of interest (the payload), and the remaining necessary elements are placed on separate genetic elements, often three or more, says Carsten Carstens, senior scientist, R&D, Agilent Technologies. (biopharminternational.com)
Faulty virus particles could be a deception to distract the immune system from fighting infectious viruses. (sflorg.com)
This mutation affects the capsid protein, which is essential for the packaging of virus particles. (sflorg.com)
This could be an advantage for the virus if these defective viruses practically intercept the antibodies, so that there are no longer enough for correctly composed, infectious virus particles," says Eike Steinmann. (sflorg.com)
This bioreactor is the first fully continuous system for the production of virus particles and has a footprint twenty times smaller than current batch systems. (mpg.de)
Image desription: ContiVir's continuous tubular bioreactor system for virus particles (model II). (mpg.de)
oBST-2A prevents the release of JSRV/enJSRV viral particles by 'tethering' them at the cell membrane similarly to what observed by human BST-2. (gla.ac.uk)
Several lines of evidence obtained in this thesis suggest that oBST-2B reduces significantly Env incorporation into viral particles. (gla.ac.uk)

In addition, various genes of the innate and intrinsic immunity of the host have evolved to block viral replication. (gla.ac.uk)
A new technology that relies on a moth-infecting virus and nanomagnets could edit defective genes that give rise to diseases like sickle cell, muscular dystrophy, and cystic fibrosis. (futurity.org)
Researchers have combined magnetic nanoparticles with a viral container drawn from a particular species of moth to deliver CRISPR/Cas9 payloads that modify genes in a specific tissue or organ with spatial control. (futurity.org)
Second, we seek to target different regions of HIV-1 to excise crucial viral genes and/or to introduce mutations to render the provirus replication defective. (usz.ch)
Inoculation with a high dose strains of LMP1 transgenic mice vide a powerful tool in mechanistic of EBV caused a B-cell lymphopro- were established that express LMP1 studies on the role of individual viral liferative disorder in these mice, under the control of the immunoglob- genes in cancer. (who.int)

Once the sanitary restrictions are lifted, circulation of seasonal respiratory viruses is expected to resume and will offer the opportunity to study their interactions, notably with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. (cdc.gov)
Although acute viral hepatitis can be severe or fatal, it is often asymptomatic. (cdc.gov)
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the main cause of acute viral hepatitis. (sflorg.com)
Acute liver failure is caused most often by drugs and hepatitis viruses. (msdmanuals.com)
Hepatitis B, Acute Hepatitis B is caused by a DNA virus that is often parenterally transmitted. (msdmanuals.com)
In addition, some patients with typical signs and symptoms of acute viral hepatitis do not have serologic markers of any of these types of viral hepatitis and can be classified as having non-ABCDE hepatitis. (cdc.gov)
SLIDE 5] Estimates of Acute and Chronic Disease Burden for Viral Hepatitis, United States Viral hepatitis causes substantial morbidity and mortality in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus , in the Poxviridae family (see the image below). (medscape.com)

The physiological interaction between DIPs and the host, and the effect of DIPs on the replication of infectious standard virus, have since been studied. (wikipedia.org)
Compatible with multiplexed RT-PCR and NGS-based assays, AccuPlex custom recombinant virus materials are constructed with a replication-defective mammalian virus, producing a safe, non-infectious material (Figure 1). (seracare.com)
Preliminary results from in vivo experiments indicated that virus with the N27D mutation is infectious at near wt NC levels. (umd.edu)
Quantitative viral outgrowth assays (QVOAs) are the gold standard for identification of rebound-competent sequences, because they measure the number of cells that can be reactivated in vitro to produce infectious virus 4 , 16 . (nature.com)
The group I mutant hr3 (mapped within 1.3 to 3.7 map units), which is incapable of synthesizing viral DNA, was complemented for both DNA synthesis and infectious virus production in nonpermissive HeLa cells during coinfection with Ad12. (mcmaster.ca)
SLIDE 2] Viral Hepatitis: Historical Perspective Before the discovery of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) during the 1960s and 1970s, patients with viral hepatitis were classified based on epidemiologic studies as having either infectious (transmitted person to person by the fecal-oral route) or serum (transmitted by transfusion of blood products) hepatitis. (cdc.gov)

Due to the limited supply of inactivated virus, the Danish institute administered the vaccine subcutaneously, requiring smaller doses. (wikipedia.org)
Phase 1 safety and immunogenicity evaluation of a multiclade HIV-1 candidate vaccine delivered by a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus vector. (emmes.com)
The development of an effective human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine is a high global priority. (emmes.com)
Here, we report the safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of a replication-defective recombinant adenovirus serotype 5 (rAd5) vector HIV-1 candidate vaccine. (emmes.com)
A defective rubella vaccine was proposed to be related to CFS, but this hypothesis has not been substantiated. (cdc.gov)

In this study, we describe an epitope (NS1-ARF21-8) present in a predicted 14-residue peptide encoded by the +1 register of NS1 mRNA in the influenza A virus (IAV). (bvsalud.org)
He represented Denmark at the 1959 Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs where he explained that respiratory viruses such as influenza and the common cold were unsuitable as biological weapons. (wikipedia.org)
Von Magnus became Doctor of Medical Science in 1952, after defending his doctoral dissertation Propagation of the PR8 strain of influenza A virus in chick embryos. (wikipedia.org)
In 1959, von Magnus represented Denmark at the 1959 Pugwash Conferences on Science and World Affairs, where he explained that respiratory viruses such as influenza and the common cold were unsuitable as biological weapons as they rarely produced severe effects and were already common among human populations, resulting in some level of immunity. (wikipedia.org)
Here, using crystallography and cryo-electron microscopy, we determine the structures of FluPol A from human influenza A/NT/60/1968 (H3N2) and avian influenza A/duck/Fujian/01/2002 (H5N1) viruses at a resolution of 3.0-4.3 Å, in the presence or absence of a cRNA or vRNA template. (nature.com)
An influenza virus. (rutgers.edu)
They're called TIPs and their task would be to infiltrate and outcompete influenza , HIV , Ebola and other viruses. (rutgers.edu)
For the first time in virology, Fabris and her team will use imaging tools with gold nanoparticles to monitor mutations in the influenza virus, with unprecedented sensitivity, when it enters cells. (rutgers.edu)
RNA viruses like influenza are coated by a protein-studded membrane envelope, Fabris noted. (rutgers.edu)
The focus is on discovering how the influenza virus mutates at the cellular, animal and population levels, said Fabris, who works in the School of Engineering . (rutgers.edu)
Ideally, the TIPs will be introduced into influenza virus populations and compete for protein, so the virus will starve and not be able to reproduce," she said. (rutgers.edu)
Her role will be to provide imaging and quantification methods to study, in cells and eventually animals, which parts of the influenza virus genome have mutated and to what degree. (rutgers.edu)
Wang C, Honce R, Salvatore M, Chow D, Randazzo D,. Influenza Defective Interfering Virus Promotes Multiciliated Cell Differentiation and Reduces the Inflammatory Response in Mice . (flu.org.cn)
Influenza defective interfering (DI) viruses have long been considered promising antiviral candidates because of their ability to interfere with replication-competent viruses and induce antiviral immunity. (flu.org.cn)
IMPORTANCE During replication, the influenza virus generates genetically defective viruses. (flu.org.cn)
Mice that were infected with a mix of wild-type influenza and DI viruses had less intense inflammatory and innate immune responses than did mice that were infected with the wild-type virus only, even when type I or III interferons, which are cytokines that play a prominent role in defending the respiratory epithelial barrier, were absent. (flu.org.cn)
The emerging influenza virus threat: status and new prospects for its therapy and control. (cdc.gov)

The Koch laboratory used antibodies from model organisms bearing oncorna-virus cancers as tools to identify transformation antigens. (fredhutch.org)
The transforming protein of Rous sarcoma virus, Src, had just been identified by Dr. Ray Erikson's group using antibodies from tumor-bearing model organisms. (fredhutch.org)
Rohrschneider's strengths in raising antibodies and skillful immunofluorescence soon led him to investigate the subcellular localizations of the oncoproteins of other oncorna viruses, by then known by the current name of retroviruses. (fredhutch.org)
One study reported that about 70% of CFS patients, 85% of persons with miscellaneous other disorders, and 12% of healthy persons had antibodies against this virus, suggesting that persons with a variety of illnesses may have secondarily increased HHV-6 titers. (cdc.gov)
As is true with EBV and other viruses, levels of HHV-6 antibodies do not correlate with clinical activity of the virus and may be nonspecific immune responses to a variety of stimuli. (cdc.gov)

Daniel Todt, Eike Steinmann and Toni Meister (from left) look at the image of a cell infected with the hepatitis E virus. (sflorg.com)
Over three million people become infected with the hepatitis E virus every year. (sflorg.com)
During the past decade, two additional viruses have been discovered: hepatitis C virus (HCV) and hepatitis E virus (HEV). (cdc.gov)

The more probable mechanism of negative viral interactions relies on the induction of a transient innate immunity by the interfering virus. (cdc.gov)
Some versions of these defective viruses are thought to have protective effects through their interference with replication-competent viruses and induction of antiviral immunity. (flu.org.cn)
We hypothesize that alcohol alters anti-viral immunity by disrupting immune cell chemotaxis in the lung. (cdc.gov)
Cowpox virus "scarification" by Jenner, used to induce protective immunity against smallpox, is not a single species but a group of up to 5 virus species that infects cows, humans, and other animals. (medscape.com)

Global and US goals have been established for elimination of viral hepatitis as a public health threat by 2030 (HHS Healthy People, 2022 and HHS 2020). (cdc.gov)
NHANES viral hepatitis data are used to monitor progress toward goals in Healthy People and the HHS Viral Hepatitis National Strategic Plan , which in turn support US and global viral hepatitis elimination goals (HHS Healthy People, 2022 and NASEC, 2017). (cdc.gov)
NEEDHAM, Mass., March 30, 2023 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Candel Therapeutics, Inc. (Candel or the Company) (Nasdaq: CADL), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing viral immunotherapies to help patients fight cancer, today reported financial results for the fourth quarter and full year ended December 31, 2022 and provided a corporate update. (tmcnet.com)
Our 2022 achievements reaffirm our belief that using our viral immunotherapies to mobilize the patient's immune system to fight cancer represents a promising approach for the treatment of solid tumors," said Paul Peter Tak, MD, PhD, FMedSci, President and Chief Executive Officer of Candel. (tmcnet.com)
On December 6, 2022, Candel hosted its R&D Day during which the Company's leadership team and renowned external experts in oncology provided an in-depth review of the Company's viral immunotherapy platforms and clinical pipeline. (tmcnet.com)

Structural components of viruses are sensed by pattern recognition receptors in epithelial and immune cells ( Figure ) ( 4 ). (cdc.gov)
So neither her immune cells nor her lung cells were able to crank out interferon when exposed to the flu virus. (newscientist.com)
That same protein, the Johns Hopkins team found, also appears to regulate the body's immune response to CMV by initiating a chemical signaling cascade that curbs viral spread. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Although healthy adults who carry the virus rarely exhibit symptoms, CMV can cause serious problems in people with certain immune-deficiency disorders, those with advanced HIV, and in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy to treat cancer or prevent organ rejection. (hopkinsmedicine.org)
Our investigational viral immunotherapies have shown early clinical promise, including a persistent immune response and have been generally well tolerated," said W. Garrett Nichols, MD, MS, Chief Medical Officer of Candel. (tmcnet.com)
The researchers analyzed various mutations in the virus and found changes that may allow the virus to outsmart the immune system. (sflorg.com)
Thereby, we want to favor subsequent elimination of formerly latently infected cells and also of the reactivated virus by cytopathic viral effects, immune surveillance mechanisms, and antiretroviral therapy. (usz.ch)
Immune cell recruitment is necessary for viral clearance. (cdc.gov)

But as the world learned in 2021, anti-virals and vaccines put pressure on viruses to evolve, so new treatments will always be needed. (ubs.com)
This manufacturing platform can also be used to support the production of viral vaccines in large quantities during pandemics, such as the current coronavirus outbreak that is considered by many countries as the worst crisis since World War 2. (mpg.de)

But the INTERCEPT program, seeking enhanced anti-viral performance, will support testing of TIP safety and effectiveness in animal models, DARPA says. (rutgers.edu)
This happened in 2014-15, for example, with the introduction of new curative anti-viral therapies for hepatitis C (HCV). (ubs.com)

Although virus-based gene therapy is a promising strategy to combat advanced prostate cancer, its current effectiveness is limited partially due to inefficient cellular transduction in vivo . (hindawi.com)
Each viral vector system is characterized by an inherent set of properties that affect its suitability for gene therapy or other specific applications, says Florence Vicaire, global gene therapy business development leader, Cytiva (formerly part of GE Healthcare). (biopharminternational.com)
Gene therapy, for example, uses an attenuated virus to deliver a corrective gene directly into the patient's cells, where it replaces a defective, disease-causing gene. (ubs.com)
Our current research projects comprise investigations on (1) the evolution of HIV-1 and the mechanisms of viral escape from the selective pressure of antiretroviral drugs (2) identifying factors underlying latency and the impact of HIV-1 integration sites on pathogenesis, and (3) the development of gene therapy approaches to combat HIV-1. (usz.ch)

TIPs, like viruses, can enter cells, but they don't replicate unless the cells are also infected with the virus. (rutgers.edu)
Replication-competent viruses, also known as oncolytic viruses, replicate within transduced cells and force these cells into a lytic cycle. (hindawi.com)
Hepatitis D Hepatitis D is caused by a defective RNA virus (delta agent) that can replicate only in the presence of hepatitis B virus. (msdmanuals.com)
Hepatitis Delta virus (HDV), discovered in 1977, is a defective virus requiring the presence of HBV in order to replicate. (cdc.gov)
Poxviridae are linear, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. (medscape.com)

So we know the severity of the disease was all down to genetics, her innate viral defences. (newscientist.com)

Transgenic mice bearing PB promoter fused to simian virus 40 large tumor antigen gene all consistently develop prostate adenocarcinoma [ 13 ]. (hindawi.com)

It was not until 1970, more than ten years after von Magnus identified the virus, that monkeypox was first identified in humans. (wikipedia.org)
In their Pearl, James Wynne and Lin-Fa Wang focus on bat viruses that have caused zoonotic disease outbreaks in humans and domestic animals. (plos.org)
Dengue virus (DV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus that causes hemorrhagic fever in humans. (unboundmedicine.com)
KSHV is one few viruses proven to be associated with cancer in humans and she has been engaged on the study of this virus almost from its discovery. (biu.ac.il)
One exception is hu- humanized SCID mice, the use of al oncogenic viruses that are strictly man T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 surrogate hosts has not proven very species-specific, causing cancer in (HTLV-1): in addition to its ability to useful for defining tumour site con- humans only. (who.int)
For this reason, the infect humans, this virus can infect cordance between humans and ex- question about tumour site concor- several other species - including perimental animals. (who.int)
For other human tumour virus- primate species are related to the hu- tween data in humans and in experi- es, the use of humanized severe man tumour viruses, the incidence of mental animals is not obvious. (who.int)
For instance, mice are able to reconstitute most lymphomas in monkeys and humans woodchuck hepatitis virus induces major components of the human provides strong support for a direct hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) haematolymphoid system including oncogenic role of EBV in vivo. (who.int)

People with a specific mutation (called Δ32) on the CCR5 gene develop defective receptors, so the HIV virus can't enter the cell. (forbes.com)
The viruses with this mutation are put together incorrectly, are probably smaller than the wild-type virus, and the capsid protein does not accumulate in the cell," says Daniel Todt. (sflorg.com)

Therefore, strategies to use conditional oncolytic virus, or the so-called attenuated replication-competent viruses, to specifically target prostate tissue have been developed [ 2 - 4 ]. (hindawi.com)
The objective here is to prevent formation of a replication-competent viral particle," Carstens emphasizes. (biopharminternational.com)
The primary objective of these viral vector systems is to achieve the highest possible titers without forming replication-competent variants. (biopharminternational.com)

Other intriguing findings are differences in the continuous accumulation of majority mutations, i.e., fixation of viral variants in HIV-1 populations, and the different dynamics of viral diversity in the two environments. (usz.ch)

The GMO MVA-HBV is a modified vaccinia virus Ankara vector (MVA) encoding a fusion of sequences derived from two hepatitis B virus (HBV) protein antigens. (biosafety.be)

Where available, anti-retroviral drugs can control HIV viral loads, effectively turning HIV into a manageable chronic condition. (ubs.com)
He found that adhesion plaques also contained the oncoproteins of Abelson leukemia virus (Abl, now best known at the cause of chronic myelogenous leukemia) and the Susan McDonough and Gardner-Rasheed strains of feline sarcoma virus (Fms and Fgr), while, with colleague Dr. Bob Eisenman, the Myc oncoprotein was found in the nucleus. (fredhutch.org)
Previously, chronic ethanol consumption was shown to prolong inflammation and delay viral clearance in respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)-infected mice. (cdc.gov)

Throughout the year, we presented encouraging data, expanded our leadership team, and announced a partnership with the University of Pennsylvania, leveraging Candel's enLIGHTEN™ Discovery Platform to create novel viral immunotherapies to enhance CAR-T cell therapies in solid tumors. (tmcnet.com)
Therefore, assessing therapies to prevent viral rebound hinges on specifically quantifying intact proviruses. (nature.com)

Binding of mannosylated N-glycans on DV E protein to DC-SIGN triggers a rapid and efficient internalization of the viral glycoprotein. (unboundmedicine.com)

Most proviruses persisting in people living with HIV (PWH) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) are defective. (nature.com)

Although groups of CFS patients have been found to have higher antibody levels, or titers, against these viruses than healthy control groups, the results overlap sufficiently to make the tests useless in diagnosing CFS in an individual case. (cdc.gov)

HIV-1, when converted from virus to lentiviral vector, loses a specific RNA element required to pack its "container" with its own genetic material to be effective. (health.am)
During virus production, GRPE coordinates the production and filling of the container with the genetic material of HIV-1, or the desired human gene. (health.am)

An estimated 300 million people worldwide are persistent carriers of hepatitis B virus (HBV). (cdc.gov)

We use a combination of cell-based and in vitro assays to show that the interface of the FluPol A dimer is required for vRNA synthesis during replication of the viral genome. (nature.com)
These five hepatitis viruses, also called hepatitides, are well-characterized for detection with laboratory assays and are monitored in U.S. public health surveillance systems. (cdc.gov)
These assays designate proviral DNA as intact or defective based on hybridization of PCR-amplified proviral DNA to probes in two to five relatively conserved locations on the HIV-1 genome. (nature.com)
Characterization of the epidemiology and clinical features of these and other possible agents of viral hepatitis will await the development of diagnostic assays. (cdc.gov)

However, rarer intact proviruses almost always reinitiate viral rebound if ART stops. (nature.com)
Neither assay suggested defective proviruses decay over 10 years. (nature.com)
To reconcile this difference, we modeled additional longitudinal IPDA data and showed that decelerating intact decay could arise from very long-lived intact proviruses and/or misclassified defective proviruses: slowly decaying defective proviruses that are intact in IPDA probe locations (estimated up to 5%, in agreement with sequence library based predictions). (nature.com)

Most of the experimental laboratory studies by virus-hunters have been based on the use of inbred mice, inbred implying a totally unnatural genetic background. (ratical.org)

Several viruses have been investigated as possible causes of CFS, including the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), cytomegalovirus (CMV), Coxsackie B virus, and adenovirus (a-den-o-virus) type 1. (cdc.gov)

Multiple respiratory viruses can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract and lead to virus‒virus interactions. (cdc.gov)
Several respiratory viruses can circulate during the same period and can concurrently or sequentially infect the respiratory tract, leading to virus‒virus interactions. (cdc.gov)
Released virus is then able to infect neighboring cells until all susceptible cells are eliminated. (hindawi.com)
Carstens points out that the greatest limitation of viral vector systems is their tropism, that is, the type of cells that a virus will naturally infect. (biopharminternational.com)

They also highlight questions about the interactions between bat viruses and their flying mammalian hosts. (plos.org)
With a protein coat and lipid bilayer, these mammalian virus-based reference materials resemble the complexity of virus targets found in clinical samples. (seracare.com)

To overcome this obstacle, conditional oncolytic viruses (such as conditional replication adenovirus (CRAD)) are developed to specifically target prostate without (or with minimal) systemic toxicity due to viral self-replication. (hindawi.com)
Systemic delivery is a major goal in the field of oncolytic viruses. (karger.com)

It also seeks to determine whether TIPs, through spontaneous mutations, can keep up with new tricks that viruses may develop while evolving. (rutgers.edu)
One goal is to predict whether TIPs will keep up with flu virus mutations. (rutgers.edu)
The problem of mutations is not limited to viruses. (ubs.com)
This was one of the initial discoveries that mutations in a cell surface receptor could initiate oncogenesis, just one year after the avian erythroblastosis virus oncogene was found to be a mutant EGF receptor. (fredhutch.org)

Labelling with BrUTP showed that peroxisomes were the sites of nascent viral synthesis, whereas in situ hybridization indicated that DI RNA progeny were diffused throughout the cytoplasm. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Of note, the study of KSHV is important from clinical and public health standpoints, but also provides a source of basic information on how viruses might induce cellular proliferation and transformation. (biu.ac.il)

This process leads to an antiviral defense program consisting in the production of effectors that directly inhibit viral replication, as well as cytokines and chemokines. (cdc.gov)
Nor has she succumbed to any other severe viruses, suggesting that IRF7 isn't a widely used antiviral defence in people. (newscientist.com)
The antiviral agent ribavirin, which many chronically infected people receive, can even increase the formation of such viral variants. (sflorg.com)

We also show that a nanobody (a single-domain antibody) that interferes with FluPol A dimerization inhibits the synthesis of vRNA and, consequently, inhibits virus replication in infected cells. (nature.com)
When the host cells were BHK-21, an established hamster cell line that is permissive for Ad5 but nonpermissive for Ad12 DNA synthesis and virus production, coinfection with Ad5 and Ad12 did not overcome the block to Ad12 DNA synthesis. (mcmaster.ca)

So-called 'healthy' salads and vegan diets input hordes of microorganisms and zoonotic viruses into the gut. (rense.com)

A number of PSPs have been defined over the years that include, but not limited to, promoters of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), probasin (PB), mouse mammary tumor virus (MMTV LTR), prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), human glandular kallikrein 2 (hK2), and prostatic steroid-binding protein C3. (hindawi.com)
The virus hijacked human cells in order to be able to reproduce more of itself since it does not contain reproductive organs of its own due to the simplicity of the viral cell. (veteranstoday.com)
Second, both strongly transforming retroviruses and non-virus induced malignancies, including human cancers, contain comparable oncogenes. (alliedacademies.org)
Forensic microbiology is a scientific area that has emerged with the need to investigate biocrimes, as in the case of intentional transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). (scielo.sa.cr)
The need for the study of microbiological expertise can be applied in biocrimes linked to the transmission of microorganisms intentionally, such as the intentional transmission of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), a pathogen that causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). (scielo.sa.cr)
Oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) can be delivered intravenously to target primary and metastatic lesions, but the interaction between human peripheral blood leukocytes (PBLs) and VSV remains poorly understood. (karger.com)
Recent attention has been focused upon human herpesvirus type 6 (HHV6, also known as human B-lymphotropic (lymph-o-tropic) virus, or HBLV), a recently discovered virus that now seems unlikely to be the cause of CFS. (cdc.gov)
Animal models for human tumour mental animals is not easy to answer does induce adult T-cell leukaemia/ viruses that make use of animal virus- for these agents, because cancer bi- lymphoma (ATLL), albeit in monkeys es are scarce. (who.int)
These in vitro, and their expression in these human tumour virus. (who.int)

Anatomy4

Organisms41

Diseases5

Chemicals and Drugs7

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment5

Phenomena and Processes15

Information Science3

Infection40

Infections21

Genomes4

Vectors19

Proteins13

Particles10

Genes5

Acute8

Infectious6

Vaccine5

Influenza17

Antibodies5

Hepatitis E vir3

Immunity4

20225

Immune8

Vaccines2

Anti-viral2

Gene therapy4

Replicate5

Innate1

Simian1

Humans8

Mutation2

Replication-competent3

Dynamics of viral1

Sequences1

Chronic3

Therapies2

Glycoprotein1

Antiretroviral therapy1

Titers1

Genetic material2

Persistent1

Assays4

Proviruses3

Inbred mice1

Cytomegalovirus1

Infect4

Mammalian2

Oncolytic viruses2

Mutations4

Hybridization1

Clinical1

Antiviral3

Synthesis2

Zoonotic1

Human9