Vibrio vulnificus isolates. Medical search. Frequent questions

Present in marine environments such as estuaries, brackish ponds, or coastal areas, V. vulnificus is related to V. cholerae, the causative agent of cholera. (wikipedia.org)
It contains larger chromosomes and >1000 genes as compared to Vibrio cholerae and contains a conjugative plasmid, pYJ016. (up.ac.za)
In addition three Vibrio species including V. parahaemolyticus, Vibrio alginolyticus and Vibrio cholerae were isolated from moribund shrimp and used as pathogen in this study. (scialert.net)
Cholera is an acute infection of the small bowel by the gram-negative bacterium Vibrio cholerae , which secretes a toxin that causes copious watery diarrhea, leading to dehydration, oliguria, and circulatory collapse. (msdmanuals.com)

Vibrio vulnificus is a species of Gram-negative, motile, curved rod-shaped (vibrio), pathogenic bacteria of the genus Vibrio. (wikipedia.org)
About a dozen species of Vibrio are pathogenic to humans. (cdc.gov)
One species, V. vulnificus , is known to cause life-threatening infections. (cdc.gov)
Unlike other Vibrio species, V. vulnificus is primarily transmitted through open-wound contact with salt water or brackish water, but occasionally (in approximately 10% of cases) the bacteria also can infect people if they eat raw or undercooked shellfish. (cdc.gov)
In the year 2007, infections caused by V. vulnificus and additional Vibrio species became nationally notifiable. (disabled-world.com)
Dendrograms of intraspecific genetic similarity showed the genetic diversity among the isolated species and bacterial strains. (usp.br)
Vibrio vulnificus is a nu species of vibrio pathogenic to man. (yonsei.ac.kr)
Many autochthonous yeasts have been isolated and identified from fish species with potential probiotic characteristics. (bvsalud.org)
Toxin-antitoxin (TA) genes were found in all three species: on the V. diabolicus fitness island, and on the V. parahaemolyticus and V. vulnificus PAIs. (springeropen.com)
Pathogenesis of both species is complex, and while some virulence factor genes have been implicated, the mechanisms underlying V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus virulence are not well understood (Broberg et al. (springeropen.com)
In humans, members of this bacterial species can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, but how V. vulnificus makes it past the gut's defenses has remained unclear. (researchsquare.com)
Vibrio can affect shellfish, finfish, and other marine animals and a number of species are pathogenic for humans. (up.ac.za)
Among 102 (94.4%) Vibrio isolates for which the species was identified, 59 (57.8%) were parahaemolyticus, 18 (17.7%) were alginolyticus, and 13 (12.8%) were vulnificus. (marlerblog.com)
The 50 isolates consisted of different Vibrio species namely V. fluvialis (14), V. vulnificus (12), V. parahaemolyticus (12), V. metschnikovii (3) and 9 others unidentified to the specie level. (ufh.ac.za)
Rate of kill studies were carried out against three different Vibrio species namely V. vulnificus (AL042), V. parahaemolyticus (AL049) and V. fluvialis ( AL040) using the n-Hexane, dichloromethane and methanol extracts at 1× to 4 × MICs and 2 hour exposure. (ufh.ac.za)
We conclude that the Garcinia kola seeds have promise in the treatment and management of infections caused by Vibrio species. (ufh.ac.za)
A variant of necrotizing fasciitis type I is saltwater necrotizing fasciitis, in which an apparently minor skin wound is contaminated with saltwater containing a Vibrio species . (medscape.com)
B isolate GS: is human giardiasis caused by two different species? (mirnainhibitor.com)
The pathogenicity of three Vibrio species was tested on shrimp L. vannamei by injecting 0.1 mL of 10 7 CFU mL -1 of each pathogen into the third abdominal segment. (scialert.net)
Among three Vibrio species only V. parahaemolyticus found to be highly virulent to shrimp with 43% cumulated mortality after 10 days. (scialert.net)
isolates were tested for antibacterial activity against three Vibrio species using cross streak assay. (scialert.net)
isolates these species may be considered for future challenge experiments in shrimp as a very promising alternative to the use of antibiotics. (scialert.net)
Vibrio species are among the most important bacterial pathogens of cultured shrimp, responsible for up to 100% stricken. (scialert.net)
including several known toxigenic species in addition to the human pathogens Vibrio parahaemolyticus (Vp) and V. vulnificus (Vv). (edu.au)
Vibrios are a known issue for TRO aquaculture and we need to fill knowledge gaps for northern Australia including 1) identifying vibrio baselines in TRO and develop tests for toxigenic species, 2) assess post-harvest management to identify the best storage and transport temperatures, and 3) assess TRO shelf life at realistic storage temperatures. (edu.au)
This means our work could help future-proof the south because tests and risk profiles we develop for tropical vibrio toxigenic species will be needed if these species expand their geographic range south. (edu.au)
Objective 1 Measure vibrio baseline in Tropical Rock Oysters and develop tests to vibrio species that are toxigenic to oysters and humans We will measure the vibrio microbiome baseline in TRO in the NT, Qld and WA to identify toxigenic species and develop tests for these known toxigenic species. (edu.au)
in seawater and oysters (King et al 2020 in press) has shown that NT seawater has 42 vibrio species including several known toxigenic species including but not limited to Vp and Vv (Padovan et al in prep). (edu.au)
1 Measure vibrio baseline in Tropical Rock Oysters and develop tests to vibrio species that are toxigenic to oysters and humans. (edu.au)

Complete genome sequence of the Vibrio vulnificus strain VV2014DJH, a human-pathogenic bacterium isolated from a death case in China. (pacb.com)
citation needed] Vibrio vulnificus is an extremely virulent bacterium that can cause three types of infections: Acute gastroenteritis from eating raw or undercooked shellfish: V. vulnificus causes an infection often incurred after eating seafood, especially raw or undercooked oysters. (wikipedia.org)
Vibrio vulnificus is a ubiquitous marine bacterium that is responsible for infections and some seafood-related illnesses and deaths in the United States, mainly in individuals with compromised health status in the Gulf of Mexico region. (ifremer.fr)
It may be that oysters were colonized with a more salt-tolerant bacterium during the drought, displacing V vulnificus , and may be preventing recolonization. (medscape.com)
The bacterium Vibrio Vulnificus may cause disease in people who consume contaminated seafood, or have an open wound exposed to seawater. (disabled-world.com)
Vibrio vulnificus is a bacterium in the same family as ones that cause Vibrio parahaemolyticus and cholera. (disabled-world.com)
The bacterium is often times isolated from oysters and other shellfish in warm coastal waters. (disabled-world.com)
V. vulnificus is a motile, gram-negative, curved rod- shaped bacterium with a single polar flagellum. (ac.ir)
Vibrio vulnificus, a gram-negative halophilic estuarine bacterium, is an opportunistic human pathogen that causes rapidly progressive fatal septicemia and necrotizing wound infection. (elsevierpure.com)
The infection is caused by Vibrio vulnificus, a bacterium commonly found in warm waters during the summer months. (matzavblog.com)
The brown seaweed, Sargassum myriocystum associated with heterotrophic bacterium, Bacillus subtilis MTCC 10407 (JF834075) exhibited broad-spectra of potent antibacterial activities against pathogenic bacteria Aeromonas hydrophila, Vibrio vulnificus, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. (org.in)

Infection with V. vulnificus leads to rapidly expanding skin infections by entering a wound causing cellulitis or even sepsis. (wikipedia.org)
These toxins are not part of the infection that V. vulnificus causes but instead they are part of a secondary infection in the gastrointestinal tract that most certainly will lead to systemic infection. (wikipedia.org)
While men have been shown to be more at risk from this infection than women, co-morbidities such as alcoholic cirrhosis and diseases affecting the endocrine system (diabetes, rheumatoid arthritis, etc.) put a person far more at risk to develop infection from V. vulnificus. (wikipedia.org)
Most people with Vibrio infection have diarrhea. (cdc.gov)
About 150-200 V. vulnificus infections are reported to CDC each year and about one in five people with this infection die-sometimes within 1-2 days of becoming ill. (cdc.gov)
V. vulnificus wound infections have a short incubation period and are characterized by necrotizing skin and soft tissue infection , with or without hemorrhagic bullae. (cdc.gov)
Many people with V. vulnificus wound infection require intensive care or surgical tissue removal. (cdc.gov)
Amid increasing water temperatures and extreme weather events (e.g., heat waves, flooding, and severe storms) associated with climate change [6], people who are at increased risk for V. vulnificus infection should exercise caution when engaging in coastal water activities . (cdc.gov)
The frequency of V vulnificus infection, which is rare in Japan, was evaluated in 2008. (medscape.com)
Vibrio vulnificus infection is an acute illness that is quickly resolved with antibiotics and does not have any long-term consequences. (medscape.com)
Compared with 1996--1998, overall incidence of infection with six key pathogens in 2010 was 23% lower, and pathogen-specific incidence was lower for Campylobacter , Listeria , STEC O157, Shigella , and Yersinia infection but higher for Vibrio infection. (cdc.gov)
Compared with a more recent period, 2006--2008, incidence in 2010 was lower for STEC O157 and Shigella infection but higher for Vibrio infection. (cdc.gov)
The incidence of Vibrio infection continued to increase. (cdc.gov)
One of these bacteria - Vibrio vulnificus - can give humans a Vibrio infection from eating undercooked shellfish. (earth911.com)
While PAIs in clinical strains (strains isolated from a human infection) are well-studied, less is known about the occurrence of PAIs in strains isolated from the environment. (springeropen.com)
To find out, researchers examined fecal samples from mice that died of V. vulnificus infection. (researchsquare.com)
and mice fed cFP showed significantly lower levels of B. vulgatus and an increased susceptibility to infection by V. vulnificus. (researchsquare.com)

Our goal in this study was to examine the genetic diversity of environmental strains isolated from commercially-produced oysters and in clinical strains of known pathogenicity in northeastern United States. (ifremer.fr)
Most people get infected with Vibrio by eating raw or undercooked shellfish, particularly oysters. (cdc.gov)
V vulnificus infects the body in 2 ways, either by exposure to contaminated seafood, such as raw oysters, or through an open wound exposed to contaminated seawater. (medscape.com)
People who are immunocompromised, particularly people with chronic liver disease, are at risk for V. vulnificus when they consume raw seafood - especially oysters. (disabled-world.com)
People can get infected with Vibrio vulnificus when they eat raw shellfish, particularly oysters. (foodnavigator.com)
Internationally, Tropical Rock Oysters have a poor safety reputation with vibrios at the top of the list, so it is important that northern Australia¶s emerging TRO industry demonstrates a clear commitment to QA including routine vibrio testing. (edu.au)
A Missouri man has died after eating Vibrio contaminated raw oysters purchased from The Fruit Stand & Seafood located at 14433 Manchester Road in Manchester, Missouri, according to the St. Louis County Health Department. (foodpoisoningbulletin.com)
Most people get infected with Vibrio by eating raw or undercooked shel fish, particularly oysters. (cdc.gov)

Vibrio vulnificus , a ubiquitous inhabitant of marine and estuarine environments, is considered one of the most dangerous waterborne pathogens. (cdc.gov)
Results demonstrated the capability of these strains to co-aggregate with several fish-associated bacterial pathogens such as Lactococcus garvieae, Vagococcus salmoninarum, Vibrio anguillarum, Yersinia ruckeri, and Aeromonas hydrophila. (bvsalud.org)
isolates number 5, 7, 15 and 30 against three pathogens. (scialert.net)

V. vulnificus의 선택배지를 만들기 위한 기초 연구로 수소이온 담즙 및 식염 농도의 V. alginolyticus, V. parahaemolyticus를 가지고는 V. vulnificus의 선택적으로 분리해낼 수 없었다. (yonsei.ac.kr)
From tee basic study to prepare a selective medium for V. vulnificus it was found that different concentrations of hydrogen ion, bile, and sodium chloride did not selectively suppress V. alginolyticus and V. parahaemolyticus or enrich V. vulnificus. (yonsei.ac.kr)

Exposure of a skin break to salt or fresh water is associated with Vibrio vulnificus and Aeromonas spp respectively. (rcpjournals.org)

V vulnificus can grow rapidly in shellfish owing to the ambient air conditions occurring with intertidal exposure. (medscape.com)
To evaluate the presence of Vibrio spp in edible bivalve shellfish commercialized between 2000 and 2002 in the are of Baía de Todos os Santos e Valença. (usp.br)

In addition, 3 well-characterized reference strains that represented the 3 biotypes were included, the ATCC 27562 strain (biotype 1, isolated from human blood in the USA), the E-39 strain (biotype 2, isolated from diseased eel in Spain), and ATCC BAA-86 (biotype 3, isolated from human blood in Israel). (cdc.gov)
biotype 2 strains (n = 15) consisted of 13 isolates from diseased eels, 1 from and infected person, and 1 from diseased shrimp. (cdc.gov)
Biotype 3 strains were isolated from samples from persons with invasive disease in Israel (n = 61) and from fish-pond water (n = 3). (cdc.gov)
[ 5 ] The biotype 3 group of the human pathogen V vulnificus may have emerged in Israel due to genome hybridization of 2 bacterial populations. (medscape.com)
The results of morphology and microscopic characterizations and also biochemical tests indicated that Vibrio vulnificus (biotype 2) was the etiological agent of mortality in infected fish. (ac.ir)
General Information: This is a Biotype 1 hospital isolate from Taiwan. (up.ac.za)

The case-fatality rate for V. vulnificus septicemia may reach 50% ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
Vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic pathogen, is the causative agent of life-threatening septicemia and severe wound infections. (pacb.com)
Vibrio vulnificus , a resident in the human gut, is frequently found in seafood, causing food-borne illnesses including gastroenteritis and severe septicemia. (biomedcentral.com)
[ 9 ] Evaluation of the graveyard skeletons of two American Civil War soldiers revealed they may have died as a result of V vulnificus septicemia. (medscape.com)

4 years for Salmonella (72.93), Campylobacter (28.70), Shigella (16.61), Cryptosporidium (5.36), STEC O157 (3.84), STEC non-O157 (2.72), and Yersinia (2.36) infections, and in persons aged ≥50 years for Listeria (0.82), Vibrio (0.62), and Cyclospora (0.11) infections ( Table 2 ). (cdc.gov)
In 2007, the estimated incidence of infections caused by Campylobacter , Listeria , Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O157 ( STEC O157 ), Salmonella , Shigella , Vibrio, and Yersinia did not change significantly, and Cryptosporidium infections increased compared with 2004-2006. (marlerblog.com)

Here we report the complete genome sequence of V. vulnificus VV2014DJH, which was isolated from a death case.The genome of the V. vulnificus VV2014DJH contains two circular chromosomes with a mean G+C content of 46.8%, but does not consists of any plasmids. (pacb.com)

However, the pathogenicity and virulence factors of V. vulnificus are not fully understood. (pacb.com)
The information would contribute to the increasing scope and depth of Vibrio genome database, and provide insights into the pathogenicity and virulence factors of V. vulnificus. (pacb.com)

The recent emergence of the human-pathogenic Vibrio vulnificus in Israel was investigated by using multilocus genotype data and modern molecular evolutionary analysis tools. (cdc.gov)

In this study we describe three PAIs found in environmental Vibrio vulnificus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus strains, as well as a genomic fitness island found in a Vibrio diabolicus strain. (springeropen.com)

Hence isolates of the organism from clinical materials have often been mistakenly identified as V. parahaemolyticus. (yonsei.ac.kr)

Cytotoxin production by other bacteria (ie, Shigella dysenteriae, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Clostridium difficile, enterohemorrhagic E coli ) results in mucosal cell destruction that leads to bloody stools with inflammatory cells. (medscape.com)

Enterotoxins, generated by some bacteria (ie, enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Vibrio cholera ) act directly on secretory mechanisms and produce a typical, copious watery (rice water) diarrhea. (medscape.com)

Most phylogenetic studies focus on V. vulnificus strains isolated in the southern United States, but almost no genetic data are available on northeastern bacterial isolates of clinical or environmental origin. (ifremer.fr)
Lineage LII was comprised primarily but not entirely of clinical bacterial isolates. (ifremer.fr)
The two compounds isolated from ethyl acetate extract of S. myriocystum with lesser antibacterial properties shared similar structures with the compounds purified from B. subtilis that suggested the ecological and metabolic relationship between these compounds in seaweed-bacterial relationship. (org.in)
This study was conducted to isolate bacterial micro flora from digestive tract of healthy juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei based on antagonistic activity against shrimp pathogen, Vibrio parahaemolyticus . (scialert.net)
In our report, we describe a case of bacterial meningitis possibly associated with bee stings, because there is a causal relationship between alternative therapy with bee stings and the occurrence of meningitis, and the S. aureus isolated here had a susceptibility profile compatible with community germs. (clinmedjournals.org)

At least one strain of V. vulnificus is bioluminescent. (wikipedia.org)
From this study it is concluded that substituting, from TCBS formula, lactose for sucrose and decreasing peptone concentration to 0.2%, V. vulnificus strain with rapid acid production only can be detected. (yonsei.ac.kr)
A V. vulnificus environmental strain contained two PAIs, a small 25 kbp PAI and a larger 143 kbp PAI. (springeropen.com)
A study examining the biofilm-forming ability of multidrug-resistant A. baumannii strains recently isolated from a clinical sample indicated that all resistant bacteria exhibited higher biofilm-forming ability than the standard A. baumannii strain ATCC 19606 [ 11 ]. (ophrp.org)

Among these factors, a metalloprotease (V. vulnificus protease [VVP]) and a cytolytic toxin (V. vulnificus hemolysin [VVH]) are of significant importance. (elsevierpure.com)

Vibrio vulnificus can cause disease in those who eat contaminated seafood or have an open wound that is exposed to warm seawater containing the bacteria. (foodnavigator.com)
Vibrio vulnificus are pathogenic bacteria commonly found in raw or undercooked seafood. (researchsquare.com)

Those who are immunocompromised are at a much greater risk for contracting V vulnificus and dying from overwhelming sepsis. (medscape.com)

In northern Australia we know seawater contains up to 42 Vibrio spp. (edu.au)

Pathogenicity islands (PAIs), a subgroup of genomic islands that aid in and contribute to pathogenesis, have been found in clinical strains of both V. vulnificus and V. parahaemolyticus . (springeropen.com)
The cumulative impact of these regulatory systems on the pathogenicity of V. vulnificus is here delineated. (elsevierpure.com)

We conducted analyses of a total of eighty-three strains of V. vulnificus, including 18 clinical strains known to be pathogenic. (ifremer.fr)
These results suggest that some northeastern environmental strains of V. vulnificus are phylogenetically close to clinical strains and probably are capable of virulence. (ifremer.fr)
Environmental, food and clinical strains of Vibrio spp. (vibrionet.de)

Endotoxin: Like all gram-negative bacteria, V. vulnificus has LPS (lipopolysaccharide as the major component of its outer membrane). (wikipedia.org)

Using bioassay-guided fractionation, two new antibacterial O-heterocyclic compounds belonging to pyranyl benzoate analogs of polyketide origin, with activity against pathogenic bacteria, have been isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of B. subtilis MTCC 10407. (org.in)

Because the incidence of disease is relatively low, not all strains of V vulnificus may be equally virulent. (medscape.com)

[ 12 ] Marine aquaculture has rendered V vulnificus infections relatively common all over the world. (medscape.com)

Culture of the person's wound or hemorrhagic bullae is recommended and all V. vulnificus isolates should be forwarded to a public health laboratory. (disabled-world.com)

In this context, our data provide important in vitro evidence for the potential probiotic features of the yeast isolates. (bvsalud.org)
In this study, potential probiotic strains were isolated using replica plating method to screen the bacteria with antagonism properties. (scialert.net)

Vibrio vulnificus is a gram-negative bacillus that only affects humans and other primates. (medscape.com)
Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Vibrio vulnificus can cause illnesses in humans, with an estimated 80,000 cases occurring annually in the United States (Scallan et al. (springeropen.com)

Notify healthcare providers, laboratories, and public health departments about recent reports of fatal Vibrio vulnificus ( V. vulnificus ) infections, including wound and foodborne infections. (cdc.gov)
Share important guidance for managing V. vulnificus wound infections. (cdc.gov)
Some people get infected when an open wound is exposed to salt water or brackish water containing Vibrio [1]. (cdc.gov)
Extreme weather events, such as coastal floods, hurricanes, and storm surges, can force coastal waters into inland areas, putting people that are exposed to these waters-especially evacuees who are older or have underlying health conditions-at increased risk for Vibrio wound infections. (cdc.gov)
V. vulnificus infections are diagnosed by wound, blood, or stool cultures. (disabled-world.com)
Wound or tissue cultures are negative in up to 70% cases, 3 with S aureus , group A streptococci and group G streptococci being the most common isolates from wound cultures. (rcpjournals.org)
Vibrio vulnificus ( V. vulnificus ) infections, including wound and foodborne infections. (cdc.gov)
This guidance pertains to managing severe V. vulnificus wound infections. (cdc.gov)

V. vulnificus bacteria thrive in warmer waters-especially during the summer months (May to October) and in low-salt marine environments like estuaries . (cdc.gov)
Since it is naturally found in warm marine waters, people with open wounds may be exposed to V. vulnificus via direct contact with ocean water. (disabled-world.com)

Six isolates were identified as Pseudomonas sp. (scialert.net)

The n-Hexane, dichloromethane, methanol and aqueous crude extracts of Garcinia kola (Heckel) seeds were screened for their anti-Vibrio activities against 50 Vibrio bacteria isolated from wastewater final effluents. (ufh.ac.za)

In addition, the genome consists of 4617 protein coding genes, 172 RNA genes and type I, II and III secretion systems were predicted.In this study, the genomic information of the V. vulnificus VV2014DJH has been described. (pacb.com)

V. vulnificus bacteria can enter the body through open wounds when swimming or wading in infected waters, or by puncture wounds from the spines of fishes such as stingrays. (wikipedia.org)
Urge healthcare professionals to consider V. vulnificus as a possible cause of infected wounds that were exposed to coastal waters, particularly near the Gulf of Mexico or East Coast, and during periods with warmer coastal sea surface temperatures . (cdc.gov)
For example, shark bite wounds may be infected with Vibrio spp. (scienceopen.com)

In the United States, V. vulnificus infections have been most commonly reported by Gulf Coast states. (cdc.gov)

Among healthy people, ingestion of V. vulnificus can cause vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. (wikipedia.org)

Elgaml, A & Miyoshi, SI 2017, ' Regulation systems of protease and hemolysin production in Vibrio vulnificus ', MICROBIOLOGY and IMMUNOLOGY , vol. 61, no. 1, pp. 1-11. (elsevierpure.com)

Vibrio are bacteria that cause an estimated 80,000 illnesses each year in the United States. (cdc.gov)

In addition, a few V. vulnificus strains isolated from diseased eels have recently been found to produce a serine protease designated as V. vulnificus serine protease (VvsA) instead of VVP. (elsevierpure.com)

During the summer of 1996, a major outbreak of systemic V. vulnificus infections started among Israeli fish market workers and fish consumers ( 10 , 11 ). (cdc.gov)

Vibrio naturally live in coastal waters, including salt water and brackish water, which is a mixture of salt water and fresh water. (cdc.gov)

If possible, clinical microbial isolates (usually from stool specimens) and blood serum samples for serological and biochemical testing should be obtained from patients by way of their physicians. (fda.gov)

Given this the present study aimed to isolate beneficial antagonistic bacteria as probiotics from digestive tract of health juvenile white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei . (scialert.net)

V. vulnificus was found to become naturally transformable during growth on chitin in the form of crab shells. (wikipedia.org)
V vulnificus is usually found in warm, shallow, coastal salt water in temperate climates throughout most of the world. (medscape.com)
[ 11 ] A 2017 study from India found that 10 (38.5%) of 26 clam ( Meretrix meretrix ) samples obtained from the markets in the attractive tourist destination of Mangalore harbored V vulnificus . (medscape.com)
It was found that it is impractical to search colonies of V. vulnificus among the morphologically similar V. parahaemolyticus colonies. (yonsei.ac.kr)
This antagonistic effect was found to be mediated by the compound cFP, secreted by V. vulnificus. (researchsquare.com)

279 V. vulnificus is also a source of foodborne illness. (wikipedia.org)

Antibiotic susceptibility testing, hsp65 and rpoB sequencing, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), multilocus sequence typing (MLST), mycobacteria interspersed repetitive-unit-variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MIRU-VNTR), and VNTR assay targeting 44 M. intracellulare isolates obtained from patients with pulmonary infections were performed. (ophrp.org)

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