Vertebrate somites. Medical search. Frequent questions

The paraxial mesoderm is initially called the "segmental plate" in the chick embryo or the "unsegmented mesoderm" in other vertebrates. (wikipedia.org)
Somites form one after the other down the length of the embryo from the head to the tail, with each new somite forming on the caudal (tail) side of the previous one. (wikipedia.org)
In the chick embryo, somites are formed every 90 minutes. (wikipedia.org)
The number of somites is species dependent and independent of embryo size (for example, if modified via surgery or genetic engineering). (wikipedia.org)
In the developing vertebrate embryo, somites split to form dermatomes, skeletal muscle (myotomes), tendons and cartilage (syndetomes) and bone (sclerotomes). (wikipedia.org)
How are hematopoietic stem cells born during the development of the vertebrate embryo? (uctv.tv)
Somites are blocks of mesoderm that are located on either side of the neural tube in the developing vertebrate embryo. (asu.edu)
The study enters on segments known as somites, which form along either side of the future spinal cord of an embryo. (scienceblog.com)
Fate mapping revealed that more NKSTCs integrated somites on the left side of the embryo. (unl.pt)
A gene expression oscillator called the segmentation clock controls somite segmentation in the vertebrate embryo. (zfin.org)
Depicted, from left, sketch of a dorsal view of a chicken embryo, simulations of dynamic morphology and cell rearrangements during somite formation, evolving patterns of diffusible extracellular Fgf8 protein signaling (blue to red, from top), intracellular Lfng gene expression (blue to yellow, from top), and interspecies-like variation in somite size and frequency of formation. (phys.org)
Taking insights from the Cook and Zeeman Clock-and-Wavefront model from the 1970s that showed organisms make segments one at a time and add them on to the tail end of the embryo, the researchers generated two-dimensional simulations of somite generation at regular intervals in time and space for a chicken embryo. (phys.org)
In the vertebrate embryo, the formation of the large axial vessels, namely the dorsal aorta (DA) and the cardinal vein (CV), establishes a first circulatory loop and thereby the core of the developing cardiovascular system. (elifesciences.org)
Vertebrate embryos are characterized by an elongated antero-posterior (AP) body axis which forms by progressive cell deposition from a posterior growth zone in the embryo. (ecolowood.com)
Stages are based on the external and/or internal morphological development of the vertebrate embryo, and are not directly dependent on either age or size. (edu.au)

Using genomic sequence, RNA-Seq transcriptomic data, and in situ hybridization analysis of somite-stage embryos, we carried out comparative analyses of key genes and found that the anole segmentation clock displays features common to both amniote and anamniote vertebrates. (xenbase.org)
We demonstrate how left-right signals affect the behavior of zebrafish somite cell precursors by using live imaging and fate mapping studies in dand5 homozygous mutants compared to wildtype embryos. (unl.pt)
By developing a unified, multi-scale model of somitogenesis -- a process that establishes the earliest evident segmentation in vertebrate embryos -- both a case study for other scientists creating similar predictive, informative multi-scale models of development and important insights into the vertebrate body plan and its evolution have been achieved, according to Biocomplexity Institute Director James Glazier. (phys.org)
As this staging can be applied to all vertebrates, and most vertebrate embryos develop during the embryonic period in much the same way, we can directly compare the timing of development for different species. (edu.au)
Because somites are a ubiquitous feature of vertebrate embryos, they can be studied in a variety of experimental animal models including those amenable to genetic (zebrafish, mammalian), molecular/genetic (mammalian, avian) as well as those already well established for classical experimental embryological and cell biological studies (amphibians, avian). (elsevier.com)

David Traver, PhD explains his work with zebrafish to understand these processes and the role of the somite in instruction of these cells. (uctv.tv)
She also exploits the extensive conservation in hindbrain and somite segmentation between vertebrates by utilizing a variety of other model systems (human cells, chick, zebrafish, and lamprey) to investigate similarities and differences in patterning processes during vertebrate evolution. (stowers.org)
During the somite formation of zebrafish, PSM would contract and become smaller from cranial side to caudal side. (threeminutebiophysics.com)
Pulses of Notch activation synchronise oscillating somite cells and entrain the zebrafish segmentation clock. (threeminutebiophysics.com)
As in other vertebrates, the zebrafish anterior segment derives from diverse origins including surface ectoderm, periocular mesenchyme, and neuroepithelium. (biomedcentral.com)
However, several morphogenic features of the zebrafish anterior segment differ with those of higher vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
2008 ErbB2 ErbB3 Neuregulin Dorsal root ganglion Neural crest migration Zebrafish Segmentally reiterated dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) are required for vertebrates to sense and respond. (silverchair.com)

The somites (outdated term: primitive segments) are a set of bilaterally paired blocks of paraxial mesoderm that form in the embryonic stage of somitogenesis, along the head-to-tail axis in segmented animals. (wikipedia.org)
As the primitive streak regresses and neural folds gather (to eventually become the neural tube), the paraxial mesoderm separates into blocks called somites. (wikipedia.org)
The pre-somitic mesoderm commits to the somitic fate before mesoderm becomes capable of forming somites. (wikipedia.org)
The Hox genes specify somites as a whole based on their position along the anterior-posterior axis through specifying the pre-somitic mesoderm before somitogenesis occurs. (wikipedia.org)
The chordamesoderm is a specific type of mesoderm that will differentiate into the notochord, somites, and neural tube. (asu.edu)
Fоr eаch stаtement аbоut sоmite formation, indicate whether it is true (T) or false (F). [answer1] Somites form from the lateral plate mesoderm. (gradepack.com)
answer6] The presomitic mesoderm location where a new somite will form can be predicted by the expression domain of the mesp2 gene. (gradepack.com)
Angioblasts are initially specified in the lateral plate mesoderm and migrate between the somites towards the midline, where they coalesce and assemble the DA and the CV underneath the notochord (NC) ( Figure 1A,B-F , Video 1 ). (elifesciences.org)
Somites are developed from presomatic mesoderm(PSM). (threeminutebiophysics.com)
In vertebrates, body musculature originates from somites, whereas head muscles originate from the cranial mesoderm. (reading.ac.uk)

For some species, the number of somites may be used to determine the stage of embryonic development more reliably than the number of hours post-fertilization because rate of development can be affected by temperature or other environmental factors. (wikipedia.org)
The development of somite is one of the most important hallmarks in vertebrate embryonic development. (threeminutebiophysics.com)

Comparisons among vertebrate model systems have revealed fundamental shifts in the regulation of expression among critical genes in the notch pathway. (xenbase.org)
The p.Asn173His mutation affects a residue in the forkhead domain that is 100% conserved among vertebrate orthologs and is predicted to participate in protein-protein interactions. (molvis.org)

Additionally, they retain the ability to become any kind of somite-derived structure until relatively late in the process of somitogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
Experimental manipulation of the developing somites will not alter the rostral/caudal orientation of the somites, as the cell fates have been determined prior to somitogenesis. (wikipedia.org)
The axial skeleton is a defining feature of vertebrates and is patterned during somitogenesis. (xenbase.org)
The chapters contained in this two-volume set provide a broad perspective on the novel strategies and conceptual paradigms that drive the current resurgence of interest in somitogenesis - the process by which somites form and elaborate differentiated tissues and structures. (elsevier.com)
The wide variety of experimental approaches to somitogenesis that are presented in these volumes will leave the reader with a broad perspective on how current research in somitogenesis is helping to solve fundamental questions in vertebrate development and morphogenesis. (elsevier.com)

The formation of skeletal muscle:from somite to limb. (scielo.br)
Somites are precursor populations of cells that give rise to important structures associated with the vertebrate body plan and will eventually differentiate into dermis, skeletal muscle, cartilage, tendons, and vertebrae. (asu.edu)

For mammals and other higher vertebrates, refraction of light entering the eye is accomplished by both the transparent cornea and lens. (biomedcentral.com)
In higher vertebrates, the arches forms outpouchings and develop into structures of the head and neck. (wakehealth.edu)

In lower aquatic vertebrates, branchial arches develop into GILLS. (wakehealth.edu)

Cell death in the axial structures, i.e. spinal cord, notochord and surrounding mesenchyme and somites, was analyzed using light and electron microscopy. (karger.com)

Somite formation can be induced by Noggin-secreting cells. (wikipedia.org)
After somites are made, their identity as a whole has already been determined, as is shown by the fact that transplantation of somites from one region to a completely different region results in the formation of structures usually observed in the original region. (wikipedia.org)
Cyclically expressed members of the notch and other signaling pathways, described as the 'segmentation clock', regulate the formation of somite boundaries. (xenbase.org)
Roles for Eph receptor tyrosine kinase signaling in the formation of topographic patterns of axonal connectivity have been well established in vertebrate visual systems. (sdbonline.org)
These observations reveal a conserved role for Eph kinases as determinants of topographic map formation in vertebrates and invertebrates (Dearborn, 2002). (sdbonline.org)
White borders represent cell boundaries, cells prior to somite formation are light green, somites and forming somites anterior, posterior and core compartments are represented by red, blue and green, respectively. (phys.org)
Orange cells account for addition of new cells prior to somite formation. (phys.org)
answer5] The periodicity of somite formation (time between the formation of somites) is identical between the anterior-most and posterior-most somites in a given species. (gradepack.com)
answer7] Changes in Notch signaling in humans during somite formation can lead to neural tube closure defects. (gradepack.com)
This multi-cellular clock governs the rhythmic, sequential, and precise formation of embryonic body segments, termed somites, and exhibits a rich set of spatial and temporal phenomena spanning from molecular to tissue scales. (epfl.ch)
It is shown that, after initial formation of the primary myotome, at least 15 muscle precursor cells (mpcs) seed each somite, where they proliferate but contribute little to muscle growth prior to hatching. (ox.ac.uk)
However, does that fully determine the period of somite formation? (threeminutebiophysics.com)
Besides, it is Ta that determines the period of somite formation. (threeminutebiophysics.com)
The expected period difference is 8.4% while the experimentally observed difference is 8.8%, so the Doppler effect and dynamic wavelength effect could fairly explain the period of somite formation. (threeminutebiophysics.com)
This result forces us to think above the clock-and-wavefront theory when it comes to the somite formation. (threeminutebiophysics.com)
The somite formation of mice follows scaling wave pattern. (threeminutebiophysics.com)
However, it is clear that the formation of the somites, rhombomeres or pharyngeal arches have little in common, and as such there is no single segmentation process. (devneuro.org)
The early process of vertebrate neurogenesis is divided into several basic processes, such as differentiation into the neural plate (neural induction) and formation and maturation of the neural network from the ectoderm. (justia.com)
Pattern formation in the vertebrate central nervous system. (kcl.ac.uk)

answer4] Two somites form simultaneously, one on each side of the neural tube. (gradepack.com)

Somites give rise to mature structures such as ribs, individual vertebrae, and even skin. (scienceblog.com)
However, at the same developmental time, it is crucial to maintain symmetry at the somite level for correct musculature and vertebrae specification. (unl.pt)

Actually the somite flaws that have emerged in Dll3 mutant mice are even more comparable to those reported in modulators of N signaling (LFng Hes7 or Mesp2) instead of in mice missing the well-characterized activating N ligand Dll1. (biospraysehatalami.com)

In a study that combines state-of-the-art biological imaging with gene expression analysis, scientists at the California Institute of Technology have uncovered a fundamental insight into the way embryonic cells and tissue move about to form key structures along the vertebrate axis. (scienceblog.com)
The newly broadened Uberon ontology is a unified cross-taxon resource for metazoans (animals) that has been substantially expanded to include a broad diversity of vertebrate anatomical structures, permitting reasoning across anatomical variation in extinct and extant taxa. (biomedcentral.com)
Better specimens were announced in 2003 which show well-developed eyes, and other sensory structures characteristic of the cratiates, as well as the muscle blocks typical of early vertebrates (Nature 421, pp 526-529). (conodont.info)

The development of the somites depends on a clock mechanism as described by the clock and wavefront model. (wikipedia.org)
In contrast, the cells within each somite retain plasticity (the ability to form any kind of structure) until relatively late in somitic development. (wikipedia.org)
Programmed cell death (PCD) is a widespread phenomenon in the development of vertebrates. (karger.com)
During vertebrate development, symmetry breaking occurs in the left-right organizer (LRO). (unl.pt)
The gene dand5 is well known as the first asymmetric gene involved in vertebrate LR development. (unl.pt)
PhysOrg.com) -- Scientists at Indiana University's Biocomplexity Institute have developed a computational model for the intricate cellular dance that occurs during the earliest stages of animal development when embryonic segments called somites form. (phys.org)
During vertebrate development three different segmental systems are established: the somites, the rhombomeres and the pharyngeal arches. (devneuro.org)
A region, of SOMITE development period, that contains a number of paired arches, each with a mesodermal core lined by ectoderm and endoderm on the two sides. (wakehealth.edu)
B. Brand-Saberi and B. Christ , Evolution and Development of Distinct Cell Lineages Derived from Somites. (elsevier.com)
J. Fontaine-Pérus , Mouse-Chick Chimera: An Experimental System for Study of Somite Development. (elsevier.com)

The Notch system, as part of the clock and wavefront model, forms the boundaries of the somites. (wikipedia.org)
Notch regulates HES1, which sets up the caudal half of the somite. (wikipedia.org)
Launch Functional research of Notch (N) pathway genes possess implicated this signaling program in the introduction of almost all buildings inside the vertebrate body program. (biospraysehatalami.com)

Clonal behaviour of myogenic precursor cells throughout the vertebrate lifespan. (ox.ac.uk)

The axons do not become matched to myoblasts from the same segmental level as they pass through a somite, nor do the axons follow the path traced by myoblasts from an equivalent segmental level as they precede them into the limb. (biologists.com)

Analyses of fugu hoxa2 genes provide evidence for subfunctionalization of neural crest cell and rhombomere cis-regulatory modules during vertebrate evolution. (stowers.org)
nevertheless Dll3 and Dll1 mutant phenotypes differ with regards to the appearance of somite markers and genes whose rhythmic appearance is certainly governed by N (Dunwoodie et al. (biospraysehatalami.com)

Somites also determine the migratory paths of neural crest cells and of the axons of spinal nerves. (asu.edu)
The forkhead box D3 ( FOXD3 ) gene encodes a forkhead transcription factor that plays an important role in neural crest specification in vertebrates and therefore may be involved in human eye disease. (molvis.org)

The cells within each somite are specified based on their location within the somite. (wikipedia.org)
The outer cells undergo a mesenchymal-epithelial transition to form an epithelium around each somite. (wikipedia.org)
We describe a population of cells in the vicinity of the LRO, named Non-KV Sox17:GFP+ Tailbud Cells (NKSTCs), which migrate anteriorly and contribute to future somites. (unl.pt)
Because of such periodicity, the developmental biologists hypothesized that there are some genetic oscillation in cells and the period of somite growth is determined by the oscillation period of genetic circuits. (threeminutebiophysics.com)
The directionality of cells inside the PSM was quantified utilizing a shaped somite as a set reference stage. (ecolowood.com)
The surface of the skin is divided into specific areas called dermatomes, which are derived from the cells of a somite. (medscape.com)

In addition, synteny is well conserved between cephalochordate and vertebrate genomes, suggesting the evolution of the chordate karyotype. (oist.jp)
More recently (Science Vol 299, No 5610 pg 1235) regularly renewed teeth were found on late placoderms (the arthrodires) suggesting that teeth appeared twice in two widely seperate vertebrates by covergent evolution. (conodont.info)

Our study revealed a new link between somite specification and Dand5 function. (unl.pt)

This technique requires mobile intercalation and it is frequently regarded as the system traveling vertebrate axis elongation3. (ecolowood.com)

EPHA4 is restricted to the boundaries of somites. (wikipedia.org)

But the question of precisely how an individual somite buds off from a block of tissue in a pattern that is repeated all along the animal's torso, from head to tail, is poorly understood. (scienceblog.com)
answer3] Somites form on both sides of the neural tube, from the forebrain through the tail. (gradepack.com)
Different parameters like mortality, hatching rate, somites, tail detachment and morphological malformations were recorded till 72 h of post fertilisation and behaviour parameters were also recorded after 7 d post fertilisation. (ijpsonline.com)

As a result, it became evident that, among chordates, cephalochordates diverged first, representing most basal chordates, while urochordates and vertebrates diverged later, forming a sister-group. (oist.jp)
These delicate impressions dating from the Lower Carboniferous ( from roughly 340 MYA) record a sophisticated body plan that includes eyes and an assemblage of tooth elements arranged at one end, connected to a few centimeters of worm-like body that bears distinctive chevron-shaped muscle markings -- placing them in the phylum of chordates, and making conodonts candidates for the first vertebrates. (conodont.info)

In constant somites the download Holzbau - Beispiele: Musterlösungen, Formelsammlung, Bemessungstabellen 2004 arches a Figure composed with aircraft and compared with the gene. (need4speed.com)

Similarly, the relative timing of tissue differentiation in the anterior segment is also conserved with other vertebrates. (biomedcentral.com)
The anterior segment of the vertebrate eye is comprised of the cornea, lens, iris, ciliary body, and highly specialized tissue at the iridocorneal angle. (biomedcentral.com)

answer2] All vertebrate species form the same number of somites. (gradepack.com)

vertebrate skeletal, vertebrate homologous, teleost, amphibian AOs) have been developed to represent 'natural' phenotypic variation across species. (biomedcentral.com)

Surprisingly, the molecular mechanism that generates somites makes quite a few mistakes," Glazier said. (phys.org)

Evolvability requires a mechanism that is robust to changes in somite number and size. (phys.org)
Finally, we provide evidence that the mechanism by which these neck muscles develop is conserved in vertebrates. (reading.ac.uk)

In adulthood, early-marked mpc clones label stable blocks of tissue comprising a significant fraction of either epaxial or hypaxial somite. (ox.ac.uk)
A.-G. Borycki and C.P. Emerson, Jr. , Multiple Tissue Interaction and Signal Transduction Pathways Control Somite Myogenesis. (elsevier.com)

The somites appear on both sides of the neural tube simultaneously. (wikipedia.org)

MESP2 induces the EPHA4 gene, which causes repulsive interaction that separates somites by causing segmentation. (wikipedia.org)

The key role of somite segmentation in the patterning of the nervous system and the vertebral column has been long known. (scienceblog.com)

In this definition, the somite is a homologously-paired structure in an animal body plan, such as is visible in annelids and arthropods. (wikipedia.org)

Anatomy34

Organisms38

Chemicals and Drugs44

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment9

Phenomena and Processes38

Disciplines and Occupations2

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Embryo15

Embryos5

Zebrafish7

Mesoderm10

Embryonic development2

Among vertebrate2

Somitogenesis5

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Higher vertebrates2

Aquatic vertebrates1

Notochord1

Formation19

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Vertebrae2

Mice1

Structures3

Development10

Notch3

Precursor cells1

Segmental1

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Cells6

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Axis1

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Tail3

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