• In mouse, Nodal has been implicated in left-right asymmetry, neural pattering and mesoderm induction (see nodal signaling). (wikipedia.org)
  • Left-right asymmetry (LR asymmetry) of visceral organs in vertebrates is also established through nodal signaling. (wikipedia.org)
  • An ortholog of Nodal was found in snails and was shown to be involved in left-right asymmetry as well in 2008. (wikipedia.org)
  • In order to enable anterior neural tissue development, Nodal signaling needs to be repressed after inducing mesendoderm and LR asymmetry. (wikipedia.org)
  • It is expressed asymmetrically on the left side in chordates and plays a critical role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development. (harvard.edu)
  • Ligands of the transforming growth factor beta (TGFbeta) superfamily, like Nodal and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP), are pivotal to establish left-right (LR) asymmetry in vertebrates. (ox.ac.uk)
  • There is growing evidence that the establishment of left-right asymmetry in the embryo requires a unidirectional beating action of cilia within the transient Kupffer¹s vesicle, and similar tissues in other vertebrates. (uga.edu)
  • K.F. Lenhart, N.G. Holtzman, J.R. Williams, R.D. Burdine (2013) "Integration of Nodal and BMP Signals in the Heart Requires FoxH1 to Create Left-Right Differences in Cell Migration Rates That Direct Cardiac Asymmetry. (princeton.edu)
  • Figure C is from Hirokawa N, Tanaka Y, Okada Y, Takeda S. Nodal flow and the generation of left-right asymmetry. (medscape.com)
  • In vertebrates, the establishment of L-R asymmetry is a conserved process initiated by breaking symmetry at an organising structure, consisting of an embryonic cavity at the midline that is filled with extraembryonic fluid. (bmj.com)
  • 5 , 6 In concordance with the role of nodal cilia in L-R asymmetry, mutations in the motor proteins Kif3A and Kif3B, and the transcription factor Foxj1 in the mouse have demonstrated that ciliary motility is important for L-R asymmetry. (bmj.com)
  • Before I joined the team in 2015, the lab had almost finished their analysis on Cer , Nodal , Lefty and Pitx functions in amphioxus asymmetry development, and had also acquired some evidence indicating that cilia and Hedgehog (Hh) signalling probably act upstream of these genes. (biologists.com)
  • A growth differentiation factor that plays a role in the genesis of left-right asymmetry during vertebrate development. (rush.edu)
  • Vertebrates show clear asymmetry in left-right (L-R) patterning of their organs and associated vasculature. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Significantly, Ablim1 LPM asymmetry was detected in the absence of detectable Nodal . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Subsequent Ablim1 expression in the peri-nodal ring reveals a very early indication of L-R asymmetry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While vertebrates are externally mirror symmetrical between their left and right sides, internally the positioning and patterning of their organs and vasculature show marked left-right (L-R) asymmetry. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Initial asymmetry is believed to be established when posteriorly tilted cilia within the embryonic node rotate to drive a leftwards flow of liquid (nodal flow). (biomedcentral.com)
  • We have shown that Myosin1D controls motile cilia orientation in the zebrafish left-right organizer, identifying this actin-binding motor protein as a conserved regulator of animal left-right asymmetry (Juan et al, 2018). (unice.fr)
  • Although mouse and human only have one nodal gene, the zebrafish contain three nodal paralogs: squint , cyclops and southpaw, and the frog five (xnr1,2,3,5 and 6). (wikipedia.org)
  • We address these questions using the powerful vertebrate genetic model system, the zebrafish. (uga.edu)
  • Zebrafish Mga is a large (~2700 amino acids) protein, with a T-box domain located at the N-terminus and a basic helix-loop-helix domain at the C-terminus. (uga.edu)
  • Nodal signals mediate interactions between the extra-embryonic and embryonic tissues in zebrafish. (uga.edu)
  • Time-dependent patterning of the mesoderm and endoderm by Nodal signals in zebrafish. (uga.edu)
  • Although we cover principles that are involved in the development of all vertebrate embryos, we focus specifically on three popular model organisms: the mouse Mus musculus, the African clawed frog of the genus Xenopus, and the zebrafish Danio rerio, highlighting the similarities and differences between these species. (edu.au)
  • According to Martin Blum, a professor at the University of Hohenheim in Stuttgart, Germany, Burdine was among the first to show that the basic steps of correct asymmetrical development are the same in all animals, from simple vertebrates to humans, and have remained the same through evolution - the way the heart develops in zebrafish is not that different from what occurs in people. (princeton.edu)
  • 2 Although named differently across vertebrate taxa, this structure has been observed in many species such as mouse (node), rabbit (Hensen's node) and zebrafish (Kupffer's vesicle, KV). (bmj.com)
  • Once a break of symmetry is initiated, leftward flow induces the asymmetric distribution of Nodal ( southpaw , in zebrafish) in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM) where Lefty and Pitx2 are subsequently expressed. (bmj.com)
  • In this study we show that injection of Cripto recombinant protein in mid to late zebrafish Maternal-Zygotic one-eyed pinhead (MZoep) blastulae was able to fully rescue the mutant phenotype, thus providing the first direct evidence that Cripto activity can be added extracellularly to recover oep-encoded function in zebrafish early embryos. (unina.it)
  • The team of researchers is using a new approach, called the Synthetic Processing (SynPro) system, in zebrafish to study how the protein is formed. (ourhealthneeds.com)
  • The researcher said that zebrafish are ideal models for observing how signalling proteins are processed and secreted because zebrafish not only have approximately 70 per cent similarity with the human genome, but they also are small and easy to grow and image under the microscope. (ourhealthneeds.com)
  • My laboratory studies the molecular and cellular basis of pattern formation in vertebrate embryos. (uga.edu)
  • Moreover, as is the case in vertebrate embryos, confining the ANE to the anterior end of the embryo requires a Wnt/β- catenin -dependent signaling mechanism. (echinobase.org)
  • Rathke's results showed that these two cell layers existed in the embryos of non-vertebrate animals. (asu.edu)
  • A bioengineer at the University of Texas at Dallas has developed synthetic enzymes that can control the behaviour of the signalling protein Vg1, which plays a key role in the development of muscle, bone and blood in vertebrate embryos. (ourhealthneeds.com)
  • Whereas Nodal is initially symmetrically expressed in the embryo, after gastrulation, Nodal becomes asymmetrically restricted to the left side of the organism. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nodal protein was originally discovered in the region of the mouse embryo primitive streak referred to as HENSEN'S NODE. (harvard.edu)
  • After gastrulation, a second wave of Nodal signaling breaks the symmetry between the left and right sides of the embryo. (edu.au)
  • This flow results in a concentration of the Nodal protein on the left side of the embryo. (princeton.edu)
  • Background Laterality in the vertebrate embryo is determined by left-right asymmetric gene expression driven by the flow of extraembryonic fluid across the embryonic node. (bmj.com)
  • Remarkably, the anterior neuroectoderm (ANE) of the deuterostome sea urchin embryo expresses many of the same transcription factors and secreted modulators of Wnt signaling, as does the early vertebrate ANE (forebrain/eye field). (echinobase.org)
  • Some examples include the specialized hair cells of the mammalian cochlea, that display a spectacularly polarized organization of kinocilia and stereocilia on their apical surfaces, the dynamic ciliated cells of the tracheal and reproductive tract epithelia, and cells in the gastrulating vertebrate embryo that display polarized migration and intercalation behaviors. (stanford.edu)
  • The question of how the embryo perceives nodal flow remains unresolved, although various models exist. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Axonemes of cilia are inherently asymmetric, microtubule-based structures that are found on nearly every non-dividing vertebrate cell. (uga.edu)
  • TTLL3 protein is required for glycylation of tubulin and assembly of cilia. (uga.edu)
  • Figure A is from Hirokawa N, Tanaka Y, Okada Y. Left-right determination: involvement of molecular motor KIF3, cilia, and nodal flow. (medscape.com)
  • In most vertebrates, nodal cilia are tilted towards the posterior axis. (bmj.com)
  • During mammalian development a cilia driven leftwards flow of liquid leads to the left-sided expression of Nodal , which in turn activates asymmetric expression of the transcription factor Pitx2 . (biomedcentral.com)
  • Nodal homolog is a secretory protein that in humans is encoded by the NODAL gene which is located on chromosome 10q22.1. (wikipedia.org)
  • When the iv mouse mutation was cloned, it was found to encode a molecular motor protein, an axonemal dynein, and was named lrd , for left-right dynein (human homolog is DNAH11 / DNAHC11 , Dynein heavy chain 11 , axonemal ). (medscape.com)
  • The protein encoded by one of these genes has been identified as part of a protein complex that participates in the Nodal signaling pathway during vertebrate development. (scientificlabs.co.uk)
  • Expression of early laterality markers in morphants indicated that bmpr2a and bmpr2b act upstream of pitx2 and the nodal-related southpaw (spaw), which are expressed asymmetrically in the lateral plate mesoderm (LPM), and subsequently regulate lefty2 and bmp4 in the left heart field. (ox.ac.uk)
  • Review - TGF-β Family Signaling in Early Vertebrate Development [2] "TGF-β family ligands function in inducing and patterning many tissues of the early vertebrate embryonic body plan. (edu.au)
  • Here, Nodal stimulates mixer homeoproteins, which can interact with SMADs in order to up-regulate endoderm specific genes and repress mesoderm specific genes. (wikipedia.org)
  • These three genes encode closely related proteins that may have the same function. (scientificlabs.co.uk)
  • The evolutionary origin of nodal-related genes in teleosts. (uga.edu)
  • This entailed mining available transcriptomic and/or genomic sequence datasets for the presence of homologues of known TIMPs, predicting secondary structures of defined protein sequences, systematic phylogenetic analyses and assessment of differential expression of genes encoding putative TIMPs in the developmental stages of A. suum , N. americanus and Schistosoma haematobium which infect the mammalian hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Lhx1 transcription factor plays several roles during embryogenesis, regulating target genes expression by forming multiprotein complexes with LIM binding protein 1 (Ldb1). (bvsalud.org)
  • This analysis yielded a list of prospective organizer genes, and we determined the role of six-transmembrane domain containing transmembrane protein 150b (Tmem150b) in organizer function. (bvsalud.org)
  • Investigation of additional candidate genes identified in the cDNA microarray analysis could further delineate the genetic networks of the organizer during vertebrate embryogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Second, amphioxus has orthologues (but fewer family members) of most, if not all, genes involved in vertebrate L-R development. (biologists.com)
  • Cripto is the founding member of the family of EGF-CFC genes, a class of extracellular factors essential for early vertebrate development. (unina.it)
  • There are a myriad of mutations identified in genes encoding cardiac transcription factors, ion channels, gap junctions, energy metabolism regulators, lamins and other structural proteins. (medscape.com)
  • Further, we review the corresponding genes and the proteins encoded by these genes, their possible role in the developing brain and reported mutations of these genes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although mutations affecting Nodal and Hedgehog signaling disrupt hypothalamic development, the time and site of action and the exact roles of these pathways remain very poorly understood. (silverchair.com)
  • Besides their distinct roles in the regionalization of the diencephalon, we reveal cooperation between Nodal and Hedgehog pathways in the maintenance of the anterior-dorsal hypothalamus. (silverchair.com)
  • Supported by the availability of gene manipulation technologies such as RNA interference and/or transgenesis, this work provides a basis for future functional explorations of helminth TIMPs and, in particular, of their role/s in fundamental biological pathways linked to long-term establishment in the vertebrate hosts, with a view towards the development of novel approaches for the control of neglected helminthiases. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although numerous cellular signaling pathways have been identified as regulators of the organizer's dynamic functions, the process remains incompletely understood, and as-yet unknown pathways remain to be explored for sophisticated mechanistic understanding of the vertebrate organizer. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore,the absence of Ftm in arthropods underlines the divergence between vertebrate and Drosophila Hh pathways. (silverchair.com)
  • Nodal-related proteins are a subclass of the TGF-beta superfamily which are required in all vertebrates to induce the mesoderm and endoderm, pattern all three germ layers, and establish the left-right body axis. (uga.edu)
  • In 1828 Karl Ernst von Baer at the University of Königsberg, in Königsberg, Prussia, applied Pander's concept of germ layers to all of the vertebrates. (asu.edu)
  • In England in 1849 Thomas Henry Huxley used germ layers to unite the vertebrate and invertebrate kingdoms. (asu.edu)
  • Most argued that the homology of the germ layers across all taxa was impossible because vertebrates and invertebrates do not all have the same organs. (asu.edu)
  • The founding member of the nodal signaling ligand family of proteins. (harvard.edu)
  • Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteases (TIMPs) are a multifunctional family of proteins that orchestrate extracellular matrix turnover, tissue remodelling and other cellular processes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Another example of protein speciation is the case of the frog where Xnr1 and Xnr2 regulate movements in gastrulation in contrast to Xnr5 and Xnr6 that are involved in mesoderm induction. (wikipedia.org)
  • Studies have shown that a nodal knockout in mouse causes the absence of the primitive streak and failure in the formation of mesoderm, leading to developmental arrest just after gastrulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Optogenetic Control of Nodal Signaling Reveals a Temporal Pattern of Nodal Signaling Regulating Cell Fate Specification during Gastrulation. (harvard.edu)
  • Nodal signaling is essential for the specification of mesendodermal tissues and the concurrent cellular movements of gastrulation. (edu.au)
  • Nodal signaling regulates mesoderm formation in a species-specific manner. (wikipedia.org)
  • Embryonic protein NODAL regulates the breast tumor microenvironment by reprogramming cancer-derived secretomes. (harvard.edu)
  • The vertebrate organizer is a specified embryonic tissue that regulates dorsoventral patterning and axis formation. (bvsalud.org)
  • Recent research on mouse and human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) indicates that Nodal seems to be involved in the maintenance of stem cell self-renewal and pluripotent potentials. (wikipedia.org)
  • The p53 Family Coordinates Wnt and Nodal Inputs in Mesendodermal Differentiation of Embryonic Stem Cells. (harvard.edu)
  • This recombinant protein was biotinylated in vivo by AviTag-BirA technology, which method is BriA catalyzes amide linkage between the biotin and the specific lysine of the AviTag. (cusabio.com)
  • Bex1 recombinant protein shows binding capacity to guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and forms the condensate that facilitates tubulin polymerization in the reconstituted system. (biomedcentral.com)
  • It is tightly regulated by inhibitors Lefty A, Lefty B, Cerberus, and Tomoregulin-1, which can interfere with Nodal receptor binding. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nodal patterning without Lefty inhibitory feedback is functional but fragile. (harvard.edu)
  • This Human NODAL ELISA Kit was designed for the quantitative measurement of Human NODAL protein in serum, plasma, tissue homogenates. (cusabio.com)
  • Nodal signaling is important very early in development for mesoderm and endoderm formation and subsequent organization of left-right axial structures. (wikipedia.org)
  • In chick development, Nodal is expressed in Koller's sickle. (wikipedia.org)
  • Unexpectedly, we show here that cell-autonomous reception of Nodal signals is neither required for the migration of hypothalamic precursors within the neural plate, nor for further development of the anterior-dorsal hypothalamus. (silverchair.com)
  • However, little is known about its function in vertebrate development. (nature.com)
  • Rebecca Burdine, an associate professor of molecular biology, has been working to understand how a crucial protein called Nodal helps break the body's initial symmetry, guiding the asymmetrical development and positioning of the organs, including the heart. (princeton.edu)
  • Summary: MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are highly expressed in vertebrate neural tissues, but the contribution of specific miRNAs to the development and function of different neuronal populations is still largely unknown. (harvard.edu)
  • The Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted proteins plays an important role during embryonic development in regulating growth, patterning and morphogenesis of many tissues ( Ingham and McMahon, 2001 ). (silverchair.com)
  • During vertebrate development, Shh plays a crucial role in patterning of the limb buds and the neural tube. (silverchair.com)
  • Importantly, flies have proven to be a remarkably well-conserved model for the molecular mechanisms of signaling events that direct vertebrate development. (stanford.edu)
  • Left LPM Ablim1 is expressed in the absence of detectable LPM Nodal , clearly revealing existence of a Pitx2 and Nodal -independent left-sided signal in mammals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Upstream open reading frames (uORFs) are ubiquitous repressive genetic elements in vertebrate mRNAs. (harvard.edu)
  • Nodal also further activates its own expression via a positive feedback loop. (wikipedia.org)
  • In invertebrates, such as Drosophila , Hh binds its receptor Patched (Ptc) and thereby activates Smoothened (Smo),another transmembrane protein. (silverchair.com)
  • Thus, overexpression of Nodal in hESCs lead to the repression of cell differentiation. (wikipedia.org)
  • On the contrary, inhibition of Nodal and Activin signaling enabled the differentiation of hESCs. (wikipedia.org)
  • One of the questions the researchers investigated is why Vg1 remains inactive until it pairs with Nodal to form a larger protein complex called a heterodimer, which is secreted from cells and signals target embryonic cells to differentiate into specific tissues and organs. (ourhealthneeds.com)
  • In contrast, our results indicate that cells respond to the total cumulative dose to which they are exposed, as a function of their distance from the source of Nodal signals and the duration of their exposure. (uga.edu)
  • We are currently exploring the molecular mechanism by which cells record how long they are exposed to Nodal signals. (uga.edu)
  • At early stages, Nodal signals produced in the YSL induce the endoderm and head mesoderm. (uga.edu)
  • Compared to mesoderm specification, endoderm specification requires a higher expression of Nodal. (wikipedia.org)
  • A L-R expression screen identified the cytoskeletally-associated gene, actin binding lim protein 1 ( Ablim1 ), as asymmetrically expressed in both the node and left lateral plate mesoderm (LPM). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The peri-nodal ring of Ablim1 expression became asymmetric by the mid-headfold stage, showing stronger right than left-sided expression. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bone morphogenetic protein ( BMP ) signaling patterns tissues along the dorsal-ventral axis and simultaneously directs the cell movements of convergence and extension. (edu.au)
  • Injuries that sever tissues such as the limb or spinal cord are met with radically different outcomes among vertebrates. (frontiersin.org)
  • Dingal will continue to study the proteins in the next phase of the project to determine, for example, the molecular rules that chaperone proteins use to control the composition of signalling complexes. (ourhealthneeds.com)
  • To date, our work on vertebrates, along with the work of others, indicates a substantial conservation, but also reveals numerous differences and variations deserving of further study. (stanford.edu)
  • The furry ( fry ) gene encodes an evolutionarily conserved protein with a wide variety of cellular functions, including cell polarization and morphogenesis in invertebrates. (nature.com)
  • Protein Phosphatase 4 Catalytic Subunit (PPP4C) is an evolutionarily conserved protein involved in multiple biological and pathological events, including embryogenesis, organogenesis, cellular homeostasis, and oncogenesis. (bvsalud.org)
  • Targeting melanoma with front-line therapy does not abrogate Nodal-expressing tumor cells. (harvard.edu)
  • In addition, Nodal seems to have important functions in neural patterning, stem cell maintenance and many other developmental processes, including left/right handedness. (wikipedia.org)
  • Our findings provide strong support for the idea that the sea urchin ANE regulatory state and the mechanisms that position and define its borders represent an ancient regulatory patterning system that was present in the common echinoderm/vertebrate ancestor. (echinobase.org)
  • Elegant experiments using heat-shock inducible expression of inhibitory proteins have further refined these observations to establish epistatic relationships, in which BMP acts upstream of Wnt, which in turn acts upstream of FGF during regeneration of the limb bud and tail ( Lin and Slack, 2008 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Self-organization of a human organizer by combined Wnt and Nodal signalling. (harvard.edu)
  • Tmem150b was expressed in the organizer region and induced by Activin/Nodal signaling. (bvsalud.org)
  • Results revealed that hypoxia exposure upregulated Nodal expression and activated Nodal signaling in melanoma cancer cell A375, contributed to maintain stemness and promotes malignancy potential, including invasion, sphere formation and dacarbazine resistance. (cusabio.com)
  • In the node, Ablim1 was initially expressed symmetrically across the entire structure, resolving to give a peri-nodal ring at the headfold stage in a flow and Pkd2 -dependent manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • She recently showed that of the two populations of cells that first come together to make the initial heart tube, the population exposed to the Nodal protein moves much faster than the other. (princeton.edu)
  • Examples include finding proteins indicating cardiac problems or looking for circulating tumour cells that can indicate the spread of cancer. (50webs.com)
  • Cytokinesis in animal cells relies on a centralspindlin complex consisting of male germ cell RacGap (MgcRacGAP) and mitotic kinesin-like protein 1 (MKLP1). (shengsci.com)
  • Moreover, it has recently been shown that mouse and human ES cells can develop into a three-dimentional (3D) optic cup in culture that remarkably resembles the embryonic vertebrate eye 20 , 21 . (nature.com)
  • The diversity of processes leading to trapping of topoisomerases suggested that cells might have specific mechanisms to repair the protein/DNA covalent complexes. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • A key finding from the original identification of Tdp2 was that the protein was more active in processing 5′ phosphotyrosyl-linked oligonucleotides, and that siRNA knockdown of Tdp2 in mammalian cells resulted in sensitivity to etoposide, a drug targeting topoisomerase II, but not camptothecin, a drug that targets topoisomerase I. Recent work has greatly enhanced our understanding of the biochemistry and structural biology of Tdp2. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Gene knockouts have been described in (avian) DT40 cells [14] and mouse [15] , confirming etoposide sensitivity of vertebrate cells lacking Tdp2. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • The normal cardiac impulse of the vertebrate heart originates in the pacemaker cells of the sinoatrial node, located in the right atrium. (medscape.com)
  • [ 3 ] Nodal cells have less well-organized actin and myosin filaments and a poorly developed sarcoplasmic reticulum. (medscape.com)
  • In contrast to nonpacemaker cells, SA and AV nodal cells predominantly use calcium channels for the initial upstroke in phase 0 (Fig. 1) and lack sodium ion channels for the rapid initial upstroke in phase 1 of their action potentials. (medscape.com)
  • They learned that Vg1-Nodal heterodimers do not need to undergo cleavage before they are released from the cell to bind with receptors on target cells. (ourhealthneeds.com)
  • Vg1, however, must undergo cleavage - while cleavage of Nodal is not required - to activate signalling on target cells. (ourhealthneeds.com)
  • The Codon 72 TP53 Polymorphism Contributes to TSC Tumorigenesis through the Notch-Nodal Axis. (harvard.edu)
  • Moreover, Tmem150b negatively regulated bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling, likely via physical interaction with activin receptor-like kinase 2 (ALK2). (bvsalud.org)
  • This novel trafficking/chaperoning pathway underpins neurotransmission, as secretory vesicles rely on the zippering of SNARE proteins such as syntaxin-1 to undergo fusion with the plasma membrane. (edu.au)
  • Nodal signaling is, however, cell-autonomously required for establishment of the posterior-ventral hypothalamus. (silverchair.com)
  • In parasitic helminths, such as hookworms, TIMPs have been proposed to play key roles in the host-parasite interplay, including invasion of and establishment in the vertebrate animal hosts. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Furry (Fry) gene encodes a large protein (~ 330 kDa) that is evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans. (nature.com)
  • Nodal can bind type I and type II serine/threonine kinase receptors, with Cripto-1 acting as its co-receptor. (wikipedia.org)
  • In addition to Tdp1, they identified a second gene previously identified as TTRAP (TRAF and TNF receptor-associated protein) [13] . (prolekarniky.cz)
  • We have discovered that an atypical T-box containing transcription factor homologous to the mammalian Max-gene associated (Mga) protein is at the center of a complex regulatory network in the YSL. (uga.edu)
  • Existing techniques for monitoring neural activity in awake, freely behaving vertebrates are invasive and difficult to target to genetically identified neurons. (harvard.edu)
  • The prevailing view is that these proteins act as morphogens, forming a concentration gradient within the surrounding tissue and specifying cell fates in a dosage dependent manner. (uga.edu)
  • At the node, a previously unrecognised action of early nodal flow and Pkd2 activity, within the pit of the node, influences gene expression in a symmetric manner. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We are currently elucidating the mechanisms by which this protein controls expression of both the BMP and Nodal-related proteins in the YSL, and also controls the activity of the MYC transcription factor. (uga.edu)
  • nodal expression is used as an internal control because it is unaffected in the absence of Fzl5/8 signaling (Croce et al. (echinobase.org)