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PancreasEndodermHomeodomain ProteinsGene Expression Regulation, DevelopmentalLimb BudsExtremitiesUreterMorphogenesisMesodermEmbryologyThyroid GlandThyroid NeoplasmsHealth ResortsEndocrine SystemThyroid DiseasesThyroid HormonesIslets of Langerhans TransplantationIslets of LangerhansPancreas, ArtificialEncyclopedias as TopicPancreas TransplantationDiabetes Mellitus, Type 1Insulin
DuodenumDuctDuctsSmall ventral budBiliaryArise from thEmbryosProgenitor cellsFormation of pancreaticSecretionEpitheliumSecretionsDuctal adenocarcinomaIsletHepaticAcinarPosteriorExocrineEndodermCongenitalDigestive enzymesTransverseLiverSecreteIsletsIntestinalParenchymaNonfunctionalEmbryologyEndocrineLateralPancreatitisInsulinMesenchymeSubsetAnatomyArisesEnzymeTail budPseudocystTraumatic
Duodenum13
  • An initial urgent CT scan without contrast media show dilatation of a pancreatic duct in which a small lithiasic component was present at the junction with the duodenum. (minervamedica.it)
  • His portal vein was lying ventral to the pancreas and dorsal to the duodenum (hence called PPPV), and ventral to the common bile duct (Figs. 2 , 3 ). (springeropen.com)
  • B , C Portal vein was lying ventral to the pancreas and dorsal to the duodenum. (springeropen.com)
  • Annular pancreas results when the ventral pancreatic bud cleaves into two parts which form a ring around the descending portion of the duodenum and fuse with the dorsal bud from two sides. (rahulgladwin.com)
  • The pancreas develops as 2 buds (outpouchings) of endoderm from the primitive duodenum at the junction of the foregut and the midgut. (medscape.com)
  • The pancreas arises from 2 endodermal outpouchings (called "buds") from the primitive duodenum. (practicalgastro.com)
  • As the liver separates off from the future diaphragm, and descends into the abdomen, it lies between the layers of the ventral mesentery-a fold which connects the stomach and duodenum with the anterior abdominal wall. (co.ma)
  • Through the rotation of the duodenum around its long axis, the dorsal and ventral rudiments approach one another and become fused, and their ducts open on the left side of the duodenum. (co.ma)
  • The connecting stalk between the ventral rudiment and the hepatic bud becomes the main duct of the pancreas, while the connexion of the dorsal outgrowth with the duodenum remains as the accessory pancreatic duct. (co.ma)
  • Annular pancreas is a rare congenital abnormality characterized by a ring of pancreatic tissue surrounding the descending portion of the duodenum. (hindawi.com)
  • Annular pancreas (AP) is a rare congenital anomaly in which the second part of the duodenum is surrounded by a ring of pancreatic tissue continuous with the head of the pancreas. (hindawi.com)
  • 2. The origin of the hepatic antrum from the ventral aspect of the duodenum. (ehd.org)
  • The duodenum receives bile from gall bladder and pancreatic juices from the pancreas through a common bile duct. (neetexampdf.com)
Duct26
  • The ventral pancreas develops at the junction of the hepatic duct and the rest of the foregut. (wikipedia.org)
  • The main pancreatic duct is formed by the fusion of the dorsal and ventral pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • The embryology also explains the strange zig-zag course of the main pancreatic duct and the occasional appearance of an accessory pancreatic duct. (wikipedia.org)
  • Pancreatic bud that gives rise to the accessory pancreatic duct. (mcw.edu)
  • It occurs in the seventh week of intrauterine life and is due to a lack of fusion of the ductal systems of the dorsal and ventral pancreatic buds, an event that leads to the formation of a dominant dorsal pancreatic duct which drains through the minor papilla and a small ventral pancreatic duct which drains through the major papilla. (minervamedica.it)
  • D Portal vein was lying ventral to the common bile duct. (springeropen.com)
  • The ventral bud rotates dorsally and fuses with the dorsal bud, and the duct of the distal part (body and tail) of the dorsal bud unites with the duct of the ventral bud to form the main pancreatic duct (of Wirsung). (medscape.com)
  • Because the common bile duct (CBD) also arises from the ventral bud, it forms a common channel with the main pancreatic duct. (medscape.com)
  • The remaining proximal part (head) of the duct of the dorsal bud remains as the accessory pancreatic duct (of Santorini). (medscape.com)
  • The lower (terminal) part of the CBD runs behind (or sometimes through) the upper half of the head of pancreas before it joins the main pancreatic duct (MPD) to form a common channel (ampulla). (medscape.com)
  • The normal pancreatic duct may be just seen in the head (3-4 mm) and proximal body (2-3 mm) of the pancreas on CT scan. (medscape.com)
  • Accurate classification, diagnosis and management of pancreatic duct (PD) strictures can pose significant challenges to the treating endoscopists for a variety of reasons, including previously limited diagnostic options, compounded by the underlying disease processes which led to the stricture. (practicalgastro.com)
  • The duct from the distal portion (body/tail) of the dorsal bud unites with the ventral bud duct to form the main PD (of Wirsung), and the residual proximal duct (head) of dorsal bud remains as the accessory PD (of Santorini). (practicalgastro.com)
  • If the dorsal duct does not unite with the ventral duct in the pancreatic head, pancreas divisum results, where the majority of pancreatic secretions drain via the minor ampulla. (practicalgastro.com)
  • Location in either the dorsal or the ventral duct, in relationship to dorsal-ventral confluence, may influence the initial ductal access approach, via either the major or minor papilla. (practicalgastro.com)
  • In 80% to 90% of individuals, the common bile duct and main pancreatic duct unite and emerge as a common channel through the ampulla of Vater. (clinicalgate.com)
  • However, in a minority of individuals, the common bile duct and pancreatic duct remain separate when they pass through the pancreas and ampulla. (clinicalgate.com)
  • The CT scan also revealed an anomaly of the CHA arising from the SMA (Figure 1(a) ) and annular pancreatic duct. (hindawi.com)
  • Neither the common bile duct nor the main pancreatic duct was dilated. (hindawi.com)
  • b) Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatogram shows the annular duct, but no relevant tumor or dilation of the common bile duct and the pancreatic duct. (hindawi.com)
  • Endoscopic retrograde cholangiography (ERCP) was performed to investigate the biliary or pancreatic duct, but cannulation of the ampulla of Vater could not be performed successfully due to the invasion of the tumor. (hindawi.com)
  • B) Pancreatic duct (*) running parallel to a vessel (arrow head) and enveloped by a dense network of vessels, almost as dense as the islet, as opposed to the acinar vessels (arrow). (pancreapedia.org)
  • C) A higher magnification to demonstrate the hypervascularity of the islet and pancreatic duct. (pancreapedia.org)
  • In 1642, the main pancreatic duct was discovered by the German anatomist Johann Georg Wirsüng (1589-1643) during an autopsy of a human subject, engraving his finding on a copper plate as a method of reproducing the anatomical illustration (17). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Though Wirsüng himself and others did make the observation of occasionally seeing the duct to be double, the discovery of the accessory pancreatic duct as a normal variant is credited to Giovanni Domenico Santorini (1681-1737) (17). (pancreapedia.org)
  • The pancreatic duct discovery was a milestone in pancreatic history because it made Galen's theory obsolete, and led to studies of the pancreas as an exocrine gland. (pancreapedia.org)
Ducts6
  • The association of pancreatic stones is often associated with chronic pancreatitis but any condition that causes an increase in pressure and stasis of the secretion in the pancreatic ducts can lead to its production. (minervamedica.it)
  • Pancreatitis originates with blockage or disruption of the collecting ducts and damage to the pancreatic acinar cells, which leads to activation and release of digestive enzymes. (medscape.com)
  • Although the frequency of portal system anomalies is lower than that of the bile ducts and arteries, its anatomical recognition is very important for safe gastrointestinal surgery, especially hepatobiliary-pancreatic surgery. (springeropen.com)
  • Other structures within the pancreas that appear highly vascularized are the pancreatic ducts which are enveloped by a dense network of vessels that are much denser than in the surrounding acinar tissue ( Figure 1 ) (10). (pancreapedia.org)
  • Anatomic variants in PANCREATIC DUCTS characterized by failure of fusion of the ventral and dorsal endodermal buds. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pancreas divisum results in inadequate or no communication between dorsal and ventral ducts. (bvsalud.org)
Small ventral bud2
  • A small ventral bud (pouch) forms the lower (inferior) part of the head and the uncinate process of pancreas, whereas a large dorsal bud (pouch) forms the upper (superior) part of the head as well as the body and tail of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
  • The small ventral bud forms the inferior (lower) portions of the head/uncinate, whereas the majority of the pancreas including the superior (upper) portions of head/uncinate, as well as the body and tail arise from the dorsal bud. (practicalgastro.com)
Biliary2
  • The normal small bowel contains gas and chyle, which is the sum of food and salivary, gastric, biliary, pancreatic, and intestinal secretions. (medscape.com)
  • Sometimes it can be associated with other pancreatic or even biliary abnormalities. (minervamedica.it)
Arise from th2
  • The lower part of the head, the body, and tail of the gland arise from the ventral element, and the upper part of the head arises from the dorsal bud. (co.ma)
  • These nerves arise from the ventral rami of the spinal nerves of T7-L1, and this is the simplified description of innervation described in anatomy textbooks. (radiopaedia.org)
Embryos5
  • Homeoprotein hhex -induced conversion of intestinal to ventral pancreatic precursors results in the formation of giant pancreata in Xenopus embryos. (xenbase.org)
  • In tail bud embryos, vpp1 expression specifically demarcates two ventral pancreatic buds, whereas hhex expression is mainly restricted to the liver diverticulum . (xenbase.org)
  • In this study, we characterize, in zebrafish embryos, the pancreatic lateral plate mesoderm, which is located adjacent to the ventral pancreatic bud and is essential for its specification and growth. (biologists.com)
  • The pancreas is developed at a very early period in man (being present in embryos of 5 mm.) from two outgrowths from the alimentary canal, a dorsal and a ventral. (co.ma)
  • To further understand the mechanism by which Notch exerts this function, we have investigated pancreatic endocrine development in chicken embryos. (biomedcentral.com)
Progenitor cells1
  • Furthermore, titration of hhex with a dexamethasone-inducible hhex -VP16GR fusion construct suggested that endogenous hhex activity during gastrulation is essential for the formation of ventral pancreatic progenitor cells. (xenbase.org)
Formation of pancreatic2
  • The formation of pancreatic stones is a rare event although its incidence is also increasing due to the improvement of diagnostic methods. (minervamedica.it)
  • Genetic studies have shown that formation of pancreatic endocrine cells in mice is dependent on the cell autonomous action of the bHLH transcription factor Neurogenin3 and that the extent and timing of endocrine differentiation is controlled by Notch signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Secretion2
  • In amniotes, the pancreatic mesenchyme plays a crucial role in pancreatic epithelium growth, notably through the secretion of fibroblast growth factors. (biologists.com)
  • Also inhibits the secretion of pancreatic polypeptide . (wikipedia.org)
Epithelium1
  • The primary diverticula give off buds, lined with cylindrical epithelium, and these in turn give off other buds, and the process goes on until the mass of the gland is formed. (co.ma)
Secretions1
  • Localized collections of pancreatic secretions may become walled off by granulation tissue and form a pseudocyst either within the pancreatic tissue or immediately adjacent to it. (medscape.com)
Ductal adenocarcinoma2
  • Primary pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma can obstruct the main PD (MPD) and cause symptoms of AP or exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). (practicalgastro.com)
  • Resection margin status at the portomesenteric axis may not determine oncologic outcome after pancreaticoduodenectomy for lymph node-positive pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. (unibe.ch)
Islet6
  • :928 Each islet is separated from the surrounding pancreatic tissue by a thin fibrous connective tissue capsule which is continuous with the fibrous connective tissue that is interwoven throughout the rest of the pancreas. (wikipedia.org)
  • A pancreatic islet, stained. (wikipedia.org)
  • A pancreatic islet, showing beta cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because the beta cells in the pancreatic islets are selectively destroyed by an autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes , clinicians and researchers are actively pursuing islet transplantation as a means of restoring physiological beta cell function, which would offer an alternative to a complete pancreas transplant or artificial pancreas . (wikipedia.org)
  • Islet cells make up only 2% of the adult pancreatic mass. (pancreapedia.org)
  • A) Whole-mount image of wild-type mouse pancreatic tissue demonstrating the hypervascular microcapillary network of the islet with glucagon in the periphery of the islet. (pancreapedia.org)
Hepatic1
  • The ventral rudiment grows at a later stage from the root of the hepatic bud in the form of two ventral offshoots, one on either side. (co.ma)
Acinar1
  • The exocrine pancreas, which is composed of acinar and ductal epithelial cells, accounts for nearly 98% of the adult pancreatic mass (12). (pancreapedia.org)
Posterior1
  • The forrx project to the ventral posterior lateral nuclei (body) and ventral posterior medial nuclei (face) of the thalamus and from there to the post central gyrus of the cerebral cortex. (forexkagireviews.com)
Exocrine2
  • The structure of the exocrine and endocrine pancreas has been extensively studied due the clinical importance of pancreas-specific diseases such as diabetes, pancreatic cancer and pancreatitis. (pancreapedia.org)
  • Pancreatic islets are highly vascularized micro-organs with a capillary network that is five to ten times denser than that of the exocrine pancreas ( Figure 1 ) (10). (pancreapedia.org)
Endoderm4
  • Liver and ventral pancreas develop from neighboring territories within the endoderm of gastrulae. (xenbase.org)
  • ventral pancreatic precursor 1 ( vpp1 ) is a marker gene that is differentially expressed in a cell population within the dorsal endoderm in a pattern partially overlapping with that of hematopoietically expressed homeobox ( hhex ) during gastrulation. (xenbase.org)
  • vpp1 and hhex display partially overlapping expression in gas - trulating dorsal endoderm and later demarcate ventral pancreatic buds and liver anlagen, respectively. (xenbase.org)
  • We firstly show that the endoderm, by expressing the fgf24 gene at early stages, triggers the patterning of the pancreatic lateral plate mesoderm. (biologists.com)
Congenital1
  • Hereditary pancreatitis in children, the second most common congenital pancreatic disorder following cystic fibrosis, is characterized by an alteration in the long arm of chromosome 7, which yields an aberrant trypsinogen protein that may induce autodigestion of the pancreas. (medscape.com)
Digestive enzymes1
  • Pancreas, a digestive gland produces pancreatic juice containing digestive enzymes. (neetexampdf.com)
Transverse1
  • Because the pancreas lies obliquely, all parts of the pancreas are not at the same transverse level and are not seen in 1 section (cut) of the CT scan-the pancreatic head is lower (at the level of L2) than its body (L1) and tail (T12). (medscape.com)
Liver3
  • These observations suggest that, beyond its role in liver development, hhex controls specification of a vpp1 -positive endodermal cell population during gastrulation that is required for the formation of the ventral pancreas . (xenbase.org)
  • As the liver increases in size, it begins to project down from the inferior part of the septum transversum into the ventral mesentery, so that now, instead of being situated within the septum, it looks like an appendage of its inferior surface. (co.ma)
  • The large heart and liver bulge the ventral body wall but to a lesser degree than previously. (ehd.org)
Secrete1
  • The beta cells of the pancreatic islets secrete insulin , and so play a significant role in diabetes . (wikipedia.org)
Islets6
  • The pancreatic islets or islets of Langerhans are the regions of the pancreas that contain its endocrine (hormone-producing) cells, discovered in 1869 by German pathological anatomist Paul Langerhans . (wikipedia.org)
  • [1] The pancreatic islets constitute 1-2% of the pancreas volume and receive 10-15% of its blood flow. (wikipedia.org)
  • [2] [3] The pancreatic islets are arranged in density routes throughout the human pancreas, and are important in the metabolism of glucose . (wikipedia.org)
  • Hormones produced in the pancreatic islets are secreted directly into the blood flow by (at least) five types of cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • It has been recognized that the cytoarchitecture of pancreatic islets differs between species. (wikipedia.org)
  • Electrical activity of pancreatic islets has been studied using patch clamp techniques. (wikipedia.org)
Intestinal1
  • Ectopic expression of a critical dose of hhex led to a greatly enlarged vpp1 -positive domain and, subsequently, to the formation of giant ventral pancreata, putatively by conversion of intestinal to ventral pancreatic precursor cells. (xenbase.org)
Parenchyma1
  • The algorithm to determine its etiology begins with a meticulous history and physical examination, followed by cross sectional imaging with computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP), or EUS, or any combination of these modalities, to accurately evaluate the pancreatic anatomy, parenchyma and the ductal system. (practicalgastro.com)
Nonfunctional1
  • Sporadic nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Risk of lymph node metastases and aggressiveness according to tumor size: A multicenter international study. (unibe.ch)
Embryology1
Endocrine1
  • We conclude that pancreatic endocrine development in the chicken relies on a conserved bHLH cascade under inhibitory control of Notch signaling. (biomedcentral.com)
Lateral1
  • This is best done using a wet cotton bud and rubbing from the medial and lateral canthi towards the center of the spectacle. (vin.com)
Pancreatitis1
  • Occasionally, pancreatitis is complicated by the formation of a fibrous-walled cavity filled with pancreatic enzymes, termed a pseudocyst. (medscape.com)
Insulin1
  • Fully closed-loop insulin delivery in patients undergoing pancreatic surgery. (unibe.ch)
Mesenchyme1
  • However, the factors involved in the formation of the pancreatic mesenchyme are still largely unknown. (biologists.com)
Subset1
  • High tumor mutational burden (TMB) identifies a microsatellite stable pancreatic cancer subset with prolonged survival and strong anti-tumor immunity. (unibe.ch)
Anatomy1
  • The presence of variant ductal anatomy, including pancreas divisum or ansa, is important to consider before planning any pancreatic endotherapy. (practicalgastro.com)
Arises1
Enzyme1
  • Decreased activity of what enzyme of the pancreatic beta cells can cause hyperglycemia especially in pregnancy? (rahulgladwin.com)
Tail bud1
  • All evidence of a tail bud disappears. (ehd.org)
Pseudocyst2
  • This CT scan of the abdomen in the region of the pancreas demonstrates a large well-marginated cystic structure that represents a pancreatic pseudocyst. (medscape.com)
  • This was compatible with a pancreatic pseudocyst. (medscape.com)
Traumatic1
  • The incidence of pancreatic pseudocysts is greater than 50% when associated with traumatic injury to the abdomen. (medscape.com)