• Cyclin-dependent kinase 2, also known as cell division protein kinase 2, or Cdk2, is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CDK2 gene. (wikipedia.org)
  • This protein kinase is highly similar to the gene products of S. cerevisiae cdc28, and S. pombe cdc2, also known as Cdk1 in humans. (wikipedia.org)
  • CDK4 is a member of the Ser/Thr protein kinase family. (thermofisher.com)
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the protein kinase complex that is important for cell cycle G1 phase progression. (thermofisher.com)
  • Considerable evidence from basic and clinical experiment has demonstrated that pulmonary vascular remodeling caused by impairment of endothelial cells (ECs), pulmonary artery spasm, adhesion and mligration of inflammatory cells to the pulmonary artery wall, adventitial fibrosis, intimal occlusive fibrosis, and fibrinoid necrosis are typical pathological features in many forms of PH. (imrpress.com)
  • The innermost layer of an artery or vein, made up of one layer of endothelial cells and supported by an internal elastic lamina. (lookformedical.com)
  • Solitary or multiple benign cutaneous nodules comprised of immature and mature vascular structures intermingled with endothelial cells and a varied infiltrate of eosinophils, histiocytes, lymphocytes, and mast cells. (lookformedical.com)
  • Micro-RNA193a-3p Inhibits Breast Cancer Cell Driven Growth of Vascular Endothelial Cells by Altering Secretome and Inhibiting Mitogenesis: Transcriptomic and Functional Evidence. (uzh.ch)
  • cyclin D1 mRNA expression and cyclin D1 promoter activity. (cret-signal.com)
  • mRNA microarray analyses of A549, PC14, and PC14CDDP cells that were transiently transfected with either pre-miR-197 or LNA-miR-197 and their controls. (nih.gov)
  • The success of the cell division process is dependent on the precise regulation of processes at both cellular and tissue levels. (wikipedia.org)
  • HDAC inhibition resulted in a transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p21(Cip1) and p27(Kip). (cret-signal.com)
  • n\nConclusion-These findings identify HDAC as a critical component of a transcriptional cascade regulating SMC proliferation and suggest that HDAC might play a pivotal role in the development of proliferative vascular diseases, including atherosclerosis and in-stent restenosis. (cret-signal.com)
  • Atherosclerosis is a chronic vascular inflammatory disease associated to oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. (hindawi.com)
  • Atherosclerosis starts with dysfunctional changes in the endothelium induced by disturbed shear stress which can lead to endothelial and platelet activation, adhesion of monocytes on the activated endothelium, and differentiation into proinflammatory macrophages, which increase the uptake of oxidized LDL (oxLDL) and turn into foam cells, exacerbating the inflammatory signalling. (hindawi.com)
  • Therefore, with the aim to summarize the current knowledge on the initiation of the atherosclerotic process, in this paper, we review the early markers of atherosclerosis and we address the main therapeutic targets for preventing atheroma formation at its very initial stages focusing on inflammation, oxidative stress, endothelial dysfunction, and the interaction between platelets and endothelium. (hindawi.com)
  • It is a catalytic subunit of the cyclin-dependent kinase complex, whose activity is restricted to the G1-S phase of the cell cycle, where cells make proteins necessary for mitosis and replicate their DNA. (wikipedia.org)
  • Complex interactions between proteins and DNA within the cell allow genomic DNA to be passed to daughter cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Interactions between cells and extracellular matrix proteins allow new cells to be incorporated into existing tissues. (wikipedia.org)
  • Mutations in this gene as well as in its related proteins including D-type cyclins, p16(INK4a) and Rb were all found to be associated with tumorigenesis of a variety of cancers. (thermofisher.com)
  • EVs are a natural carrier system that can transfer nucleic acids, proteins, and lipids between donor and recipient cells in an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine manner. (imrpress.com)
  • Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a chronic and progressive disease characterized by enhanced pulmonary vascular resistance and elevated pulmonary artery pressure resulted from pulmonary vascular remodeling and vasoconstriction [ 1 ]. (imrpress.com)
  • Cells in Cdk2 knockout mice likely undergo fewer divisions, contributing to the reduction in body size. (wikipedia.org)
  • An increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ without tumor formation. (lookformedical.com)
  • Original cell-culture based experiments demonstrated cell cycle arrest at the G1-S transition resulting from the deletion of Cdk2. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cells utilize various checkpoints as a means of delaying cell cycle progression until it can repair defects. (wikipedia.org)
  • As a result of this differential cell cycle-regulatory gene expression by HDAC inhibition, the retinoblastoma protein retains a transcriptional repression of its downstream target genes required for S phase entry. (cret-signal.com)
  • Identification of PARD3 signature on PARD3 deficient H157 cell line, reconstituting the expression of PARD3 gene, with a wt and a mutant form. (nih.gov)
  • Studies have shown that exosomes microRNAs from different cells or tissue sources play an important role in cardiovascular diseases including PH and is expected to become a new way to treat PH. (imrpress.com)
  • Therefore, this article reviews the role of microRNAs from different cells or tissue sources in the occurrence and development of PH. (imrpress.com)
  • In this review, we introduce the broad application of β-TCP in tissue engineering and discuss the different approaches that β-TCP scaffolds are customized, including physical modification (e.g., pore size, porosity and roughness) and the incorporation of metal ions, other materials (e.g., bioactive glass) and stem cells (e.g., mesenchymal stem cells). (frontiersin.org)
  • The main challenge for large bone defect repair and regeneration remains the inadequate recruitment of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), reduced vascularization, and decreased growth factors stimulation within the scaffold construct to support cell viability and tissue growth. (frontiersin.org)
  • The occurrence and development of PH is closely related to pulmonary vascular remodeling and abnormal function. (imrpress.com)
  • Increase in constituent cells in the PROSTATE, leading to enlargement of the organ (hypertrophy) and adverse impact on the lower urinary tract function. (lookformedical.com)
  • The atherosclerotic process is accelerated by a myriad of factors, such as the release of inflammatory chemokines and cytokines, the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), growth factors, and the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. (hindawi.com)
  • Withaferin A (WA) causes cell death in prostate cells. (nih.gov)
  • The activity of this kinase is restricted to the G1-S phase, which is controlled by the regulatory subunits D-type cyclins and CDK inhibitor p16(INK4a). (thermofisher.com)
  • We subsequently discuss how β-TCP can regulate osteogenic processes to aid bone repair/healing, namely osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells, formation of blood vessels, release of angiogenic growth factors, and blood clot formation. (frontiersin.org)
  • Finally, we provide evidence that these observations are applicable in vivo by demonstrating that HDAC inhibition decreased neointima formation and expression of cyclin D1 in a murine model of vascular injury. (cret-signal.com)
  • Investigation and clinical application to the prevention of estrogen receptor α and β prevent vascular disease. (nii.ac.jp)
  • It is important to note that throughout this activation process, cyclins binding to Cdk2 do not undergo any conformational change. (wikipedia.org)
  • Objective-Proliferation of smooth muscle cells (SMC) in response to vascular injury is central to neointimal CX-6258 vascular remodeling. (cret-signal.com)
  • Controlling these factors reduces the risk of acute vascular complications and death from CVD [ 1 , 7 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • This can be caused by increased rate of cell proliferation, reduced rate of cell death, or both. (lookformedical.com)
  • Cdk2 contains an important alpha helix located in the C lobe of the kinase, called the C-helix or the PSTAIRE-helix. (wikipedia.org)
  • Cardiovascular (CV) risk factors such as hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycaemia, obesity, hypertension, smoking, and aging promote vascular inflammation and endothelial activation [ 7 - 9 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • however, the physiological role of histone acetylation for proliferative vascular disease remains elusive. (cret-signal.com)
  • The structure of the vascular wall is illustrated in Figure 1 . (hindawi.com)
  • Pulmonary vascular remodeling is the result, and, likely, contributes to increased pulmonary vascular pressures by increasing pulmonary vascular resistance [ 6 , 7 ]. (imrpress.com)
  • The nodule, poorly encapsulated, consists of a central stellate fibrous scar and normal liver elements such as HEPATOCYTES, small BILE DUCTS, and KUPFFER CELLS among the intervening fibrous septa. (lookformedical.com)
  • Transcriptomic and Functional Evidence That miRNA193a-3p Inhibits Lymphatic Endothelial Cell (LEC) and LEC + MCF-7 Spheroid Growth Directly and by Altering MCF-7 Secretome. (uzh.ch)
  • Transcriptomic and Functional Evidence for Differential Effects of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell-Secretome on Vascular and Lymphatic Endothelial Cell Growth. (uzh.ch)
  • The role of this protein in G1-S transition has been recently questioned as cells lacking Cdk2 are reported to have no problem during this transition. (wikipedia.org)
  • n\nMethods and Results-In the present study, we investigated the role of histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibition in SMC proliferation and neointimal remodeling. (cret-signal.com)