Vaccinia virus cloning vectors. Medical search. Frequent questions

A viral vector vaccine is a vaccine that uses a viral vector to deliver genetic material (DNA) that can be transcribed by the recipient's host cells as mRNA coding for a desired protein, or antigen, to elicit an immune response. (wikipedia.org)
The incorporation of several viruses in vaccination schemes has been investigated since the vaccinia virus was created in 1984 as a vaccine vector. (wikipedia.org)
As of April 2021, four adenovirus vector vaccines for COVID-19 have been authorized in at least one country: The Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine uses the modified chimpanzee adenovirus ChAdOx1. (wikipedia.org)
Zabdeno, the first dose of the Zabdeno/Mvabea Ebola vaccine, is derived from human adenovirus serotype 26, expressing the glycoprotein of the Ebola virus Mayinga variant. (wikipedia.org)
The protection induced by influenza vaccines, which are based on inactivated whole virus or viral subunits, depends largely on the matching of vaccine strain and circulating virus. (eur.nl)
We apply here a similar approach to the attenuated strain Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), now widely used as a safe non-replicating recombinant vaccine vector in mammals, including humans. (ox.ac.uk)
Herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT), used originally as a vaccine against Marek's disease (MD), has recently been shown to be a highly effective viral vector for generation of recombinant vaccines that deliver protective antigens of other avian pathogens. (mdpi.com)
METHODS: We investigated whether B cell priming from Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) or yellow fever virus (YFV) vaccination impacted binding and functional antibody responses to flaviviruses following vaccination with a Zika virus (ZIKV) purified inactivated virus (ZPIV) vaccine. (bvsalud.org)
Vaccinia is a live virus vaccine that was last routinely used in the United States in 1972. (netce.com)
Certain military recruits continue to receive vaccinia vaccine owing to the concern for bioterrorism. (medscape.com)
In the United States, Dryvax became the first approved vaccinia virus vaccine in 1931. (medscape.com)
Vaccinia virus is the species now characterized as the constituent of smallpox vaccine. (medscape.com)
Several strategies for the development of a vaccine against this virus are currently pursued. (asm.org)
In 2001, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices approved revised recommendations that laboratory and health care personnel occupationally exposed to vaccinia virus, recombinant vaccinia viruses, and other orthopoxviruses that can infect humans be vaccinated with Dryvax smallpox vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Health care personnel (e.g., physicians and nurses) who currently treat or anticipate treating patients with vaccinia virus infections and whose contact with replication-competent vaccinia viruses is limited to contaminated materials (e.g., dressings) and persons administering ACAM2000 smallpox vaccine who adhere to appropriate infection prevention measures can be offered vaccination with ACAM2000 (recommendation category: B, evidence type 2). (cdc.gov)
These revised recommendations update the previous ACIP recommendations for nonemergency use of vaccinia virus smallpox vaccine for laboratory and health care personnel at risk for occupational exposure to orthopoxviruses ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
ACAM2000 (Smallpox [Vaccinia] Vaccine, Live) is currently the only smallpox vaccine licensed by FDA and available for use in the United States. (cdc.gov)
Our team previously developed a fast cloning system for the modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vaccine platform. (bvsalud.org)
Previously, we reported on the immunogenicity of a plant-produced AHS serotype 5 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, which stimulated high titres of AHS serotype 5-specific neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
A canarypox vaccine expressing multiple human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genes given alone or with rgp120 elicits broad and durable CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses in seronegative volunteers. (lookformedical.com)

As of April 2021[update], six viral vector vaccines, four COVID-19 vaccines and two Ebola vaccines, have been authorized for use in humans. (wikipedia.org)
Human clinical trials were conducted for viral vector vaccines against several infectious diseases including Zika virus, influenza viruses, respiratory syncytial virus, HIV, and malaria, before the vaccines that target SARS-CoV-2, which causes COVID-19. (wikipedia.org)
Two Ebola vaccines that used viral vector technology were used to combat Ebola outbreaks in West Africa (2013-2016), and in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (2018-2020). (wikipedia.org)
Viral vector vaccines enable antigen expression within cells and induce a robust cytotoxic T cell response, unlike subunit vaccines which only confer humoral immunity. (wikipedia.org)
In order to transfer a nucleic acid coding for a specific protein to a cell, the vaccines employ a variant of a virus as its vector. (wikipedia.org)
Viral vector vaccines do not cause infection with either the virus used as the vector or the source of the antigen. (wikipedia.org)
In order to be widely accepted and approved for medical use, the development of viral vector vaccines requires a high biological safety level. (wikipedia.org)
Viral vector vaccines have benefits over other forms of vaccinations depending on the virus which they produced thanks to their qualities of immunogenicity, immunogenic stability, and safety. (wikipedia.org)
Measles vaccines, which are based on attenuated live virus, have been quite effective in controlling the disease in vaccinated populations in the industrialized world. (eur.nl)
The use of inactivated measles vaccines has resulted in a state of immunity which upon exposure to the virus may induce an atypical measles syndrome including a severe pneumonia. (eur.nl)
Many of the problems that have been encountered in the development of measles vaccines, proved to be similar in the development of vaccines against other paramyxoviruses causing acute respiratory infections in man, including respiratory syncytial virus. (eur.nl)
Topical application of attenuated live vaccines has been more successful, and also the use of vaccinia recombinant viruses expressing foreign paramyxoviral glycoproteins has shown promising results in laboratory animals. (eur.nl)
Live vaccines based on adenovirus types 4 and 7 in oral enteric-coated vaccines, which lead to virus replication in the intestines but not in the respiratory tract have been included in military vaccination programs. (eur.nl)
These therapeutic methods, including but not limited to oncolytic virus therapies, T-cell therapies and cancer vaccines, are based on the body's ability to recognize mutated antigen peptides presented on the cell surface by MCH-receptors (also known as HLA-receptors in humans) and the disposal of the malignant cells by cytotoxic T-cells. (helsinki.fi)
Here we demonstrate in proof-of-concept experiments that MVA-BAC recombineering is a viable route to more rapid and efficient generation of new candidate mutant and recombinant vaccines based on a clinically deployable viral vector. (ox.ac.uk)
Smallpox vaccines containing vaccinia virus were used to successfully eradicate smallpox as a disease of humans ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)
Several vaccines have now been approved for human use, including mRNA vaccines (BioNTech/Pfizer, Moderna), adenovirus-vector-based vaccines (AstraZeneca, Johnson & Johnson, CanSino Biologics, Gamaleya), and inactivated virus vaccines (Sinovac Biotech and Sinopharm). (frontiersin.org)
Induction of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells is considered one of the important correlates for the protective efficacy of candidate human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) vaccines. (lookformedical.com)
Dr. Jacobs described Vaccinia viruses deficient in E3L, a regulator of the cellular antiviral response and noted their potential for the production of improved vaccines. (cdc.gov)

Use options below to obtain custom vectors. (vectorbuilder.com)

Both doses are non-replicating vectors and carry the genetic code of several Ebola virus proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Seven virus-encoded proteins have been identified that are components of IEV, and five of them are present in CEV or EEV. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The roles of these proteins in virus morphogenesis and dissemination, and as targets for neutralizing antibody are reviewed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Measles virus proteins presented in an iscom matrix have recently been shown to induce functional B and T cell responses to both the surface glycoproteins of the virus. (eur.nl)
The possibility to replace e.g. the E3 region with foreign DNA makes adenoviruses also suitable as cloning vectors for proteins of other respiratory viruses. (eur.nl)
Cells infected with this recombinant virus (gG-VAC) synthesized glycosylated proteins of 48K, 57K and 61K mol. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Advances in understanding underlying immune mechanisms are feasibale using a variety of candidate antigens, including attenuated live parasites, crude antigens, pure or recombinant Leishmania proteins, Leishmania genes encoding protective proteins, as well as immune system activators from the saliva of parasite vectors. (ac.ir)
remaining Diseases of the Abdomen and Pelvis 2010-2013: Diagnostic Imaging and Interventional Techniques 42nd International into HT1080 proteomics, this interest used model to general, predicted of expression and a recurrent parameter resistance Compared to have the publishers, second preparative downstream locus( ECFP), from a recombinant commodity polyethylenimine cloning an a3ad4a3553a3ec59f7992d4f6495ac07 organism model univariate( processing) described between the two longitudinal ampicillin proteins. (scoutconnection.com)
This silencing response leads to reduced levels of viral proteins, and in the case of cells infected with an RNA virus, viral sense or antisense genomes can also be targeted for degradation by siRNA. (moam.info)

The majority of viral vectors lack the required genes, making them unable to replicate. (wikipedia.org)
Many eukaryotic DNA sequences, especially lenti-retrovirus proviral genomes and their env genes, are unstable when cloned in high-copy-number plasmids in Escherichia coli. (washington.edu)
neo and gpt genes were included in some vectors to serve as selectable markers, and the dhfr gene was included in one to achieve gene amplification in mammalian cells. (washington.edu)
For expressing foreign genes, a new host- vector system, with Bombyx mori silkworm larvae as the host and B. mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmNPV) as the vector, has been developed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
African swine fever virus (ASFV) is an acute and persistent swine virus with a high economic burden that encodes multiple genes to evade host immune response. (mdpi.com)
These immune assays will be advanced by the development of standardized viral stocks, such as HIV-1 infectious molecular clones (IMC), that i) express a reporter gene, ii) are representative of globally diverse subtypes and iii) are engineered to easily exchange envelope (env) genes for expression of sequences of interest. (plos.org)
Identification of the canarypox virus thymidine kinase gene and insertion of foreign genes. (lookformedical.com)
We then inserted the genes encoding lacZ, luciferase (luci), and envelope of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1 env) into the TK gene of CaPV to evaluate its suitability as an expression vector. (lookformedical.com)
The recombinant viruses obtained were unstable, although the foreign genes were expressed efficiently in the mammalian cells infected with the viruses. (lookformedical.com)
To induce CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) along with neutralizing antibody and CD4+ T cell help, a live canarypox virus construct expressing gp120, transmembrane gp41, the gag and protease genes, and sequences containing CTL epitopes in nef and pol was given simultaneously with, or followed by, rgp120 SF2. (lookformedical.com)

Vaccinia virus and adenovirus are the most commonly used viral vectors because of robust immune response it induces. (wikipedia.org)
Additionally, viral vectors can be produced in high quantities at relatively low costs, which enables use in low-income countries. (wikipedia.org)
We utilized established viral vectors, the replication-deficient chimpanzee adenovirus serotype 63 (ChAd63), and the attenuated orthopoxvirus modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA), encoding RH5 from the 3D7 clone of P. falciparum. (jci.org)
Therapeutic Vector Evolution is a discovery platform from which optimized and proprietary viral vectors can be identified with beneficial characteristics of interest. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

RePub, Erasmus University Repository: Vaccination against acute respiratory virus infections and measles in man. (eur.nl)
Vaccination against acute respiratory virus infections and measles in man. (eur.nl)
Vaccination with vaccinia virus has been directly responsible for the successful eradication of smallpox (variola). (medscape.com)
Laboratory personnel working with vaccinia and others for whom the benefits outweigh the risks of vaccination may also receive vaccinations. (medscape.com)
In 1796, when Jenner made his seminal report on vaccinia, the potential benefits of vaccination became widely accepted. (medscape.com)
Routine vaccination with ACAM2000 is recommended for laboratory personnel who directly handle 1) cultures or 2) animals contaminated or infected with replication-competent vaccinia virus, recombinant vaccinia viruses derived from replication-competent vaccinia strains (i.e., those that are capable of causing clinical infection and producing infectious virus in humans), or other orthopoxviruses that infect humans (e.g., monkeypox, cowpox, and variola) (recommendation category: A, evidence type 2). (cdc.gov)
Here, we describe the safety, robust immunogenicity, and potent efficacy elicited in rhesus macaques by a modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) vector expressing a full-length SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein (MVA-S). MVA-S vaccination was well tolerated and induced S and receptor-binding domain (RBD)-binding IgG antibodies and neutralizing antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 and several variants of concern. (frontiersin.org)
This virus was used to vaccinate 100,000 people, with no reported complications, at the end of the global smallpox vaccination campaign led by the World Health Organization in the 1970s. (cdc.gov)

Recombination-mediated genetic engineering of a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA). (ox.ac.uk)
In the poster section, Joanna Shisler (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign [UIUC], Urbana) reported that the modified virus, Ankara, activates nuclear factor κB through the mitogen-activated protein kinase, extracellular signal–regulated kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal–regulated kinase (ERK) pathway, possibly facilitating the host immune response. (cdc.gov)

Thus good expression can be obtained with the vaccinia-HeLa system using a standard plasmid cloning vector. (elsevierpure.com)

Mammalian cell/vaccinia virus expression vectors with increased stability of retroviral sequences in Escherichia coli: production of feline immunodeficiency virus envelope protein. (washington.edu)
These vectors also have the capacity to direct high-yield production of protein in mammalian cells, and the option of incorporation into and expression via a T7 promoter in vaccinia virus. (washington.edu)
The SR alpha promoter, encephalomyocarditis (EMC) virus untranslated leader sequence, and poly(A) signal sequence serve as a high-yield mammalian cell expression cassette without the requirement for mRNA capping. (washington.edu)
However, the impact of silencing as a mammalian antiviral defense mechanism and the ability of mammalian viruses to suppress silencing in natural host cells have remained controversial. (moam.info)

Lipase activities of p37, the major envelope protein of vaccinia virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Extracellular vaccinia virus formation and cell-to-cell virus transmission are prevented by deletion of the gene encoding the 37,000-Dalton outer envelope protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Sequence analysis, expression, and deletion of a vaccinia virus gene encoding a homolog of profilin, a eukaryotic actin-binding protein. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The utility of these vectors was shown through expression of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) Env protein, in conjunction with the tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) leader sequence. (washington.edu)
Morphological transformation studies have failed to demonstrate a viral oncogene, a virus-coded transforming protein or any sequence of DNA that uniquely transforms cells according to one-hit kinetics. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The silkworm larvae infected with the recombinant virus produced 3·6 mg of the fusion protein per larva and the infected BM-N cells produced 0·3 mg per ml of culture. (microbiologyresearch.org)
IGF II was released from the fusion protein produced by BM-N cells infected with the recombinant virus by CNBr treatment, purified by extraction with guanidine-HCl, column chromatography and HPLC and the correct amino-terminal amino acid sequence confirmed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The _______ region of hybrid protein is encoded by vector and the rest is expressed by the sequence inserted. (carrieradda.com)
In this work, we have revealed that early viral protein UBCv1, the only known conjugating enzyme encoded by a virus, modulates innate immune and inflammatory signaling. (mdpi.com)
Together, our work explains how Retro-2 prevents retrograde trafficking of toxins by inhibiting TA-protein targeting, describes a general CRISPR strategy for predicting the MOA of small molecules, and paves the way for drugging the TRC pathway to treat broad classes of viruses known to be inhibited by Retro-2. (elifesciences.org)
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are non-replicating protein assemblies identical in size and shape to the intact virus with which they share certain key features [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
The ability of herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) to suppress silencing was examined in a transient expression system that employed an imperfect hairpin to target degradation of transcripts encoding enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). (moam.info)
DUSP3/VHR, related to the vaccinia virus phosphatase VH1, is initially found to be a phosphatase that dephosphorylates multiple protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) in vitro [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Orthopoxvirus PRNT specificity (97.4%) and sensitivity (93.5%) were confirmed by using receiver-operating characteristic analysis, which compared results of PRNT, ELISA, and clinical symptoms during bovine vaccinia outbreaks ( 9 , 10 ). (cdc.gov)
Eradication was made possible by the ability of vaccinia virus to induce cross-protective immunity against other viruses within the orthopoxvirus genus capable of producing human infection (e.g., variola, monkeypox, and cowpox) ( 3 ). (cdc.gov)

Replicating vectors imitate natural infection, which stimulates the release of cytokines and co-stimulatory molecules that produce a strong adjuvant effect. (wikipedia.org)
Several viruses may cause more or less severe acute respiratory infections in man, some of which are followed by systemic infection. (eur.nl)
The gG polypeptides were present on cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes during infection with both HSV-1 and recombinant vaccinia virus gG- VAC. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Inoculation with vaccina virus produces a localized skin infection. (medscape.com)
Using rFWPV containing lacZ under the control of a vaccinia virus (VV) early/late promoter (p7.5K) and a 10 plaque-forming units per cell multiplicity of infection, >80% of cells expressed the lacZ marker gene. (lookformedical.com)
The RNA silencing response to viral infection is so robust that all major groups of plant viruses examined to date, including those with DNA genomes, have been shown to encode one or more RNA silencing suppressors (RSSs) which act as pathogenicity determinants (4, 34). (moam.info)
A multiplicity of viral functions has evolved to modulate the host cell environment in order to ensure the efficient production of new infectious virus during lytic infection. (moam.info)

These amplicons identified vaccinia virus genetically similar to strains from bovine vaccinia outbreaks in Brazil. (cdc.gov)

We transiently expressed a full-length oatp cDNA, cloned in pSPORT, in HeLa cell monolayers using the recombinant vaccinia virus vtf7-3. (elsevierpure.com)

Most Adenovirus vectors are replication-defective because of the deletion of the E1A and E1B viral gene region. (wikipedia.org)

The history of the vaccinia virus is that of smallpox, a serious illness characterized by the eruption of small pocklike lesions throughout the skin and internal organs. (medscape.com)
The variola virus causes smallpox and may have begun infecting humans approximately 10,000 years ago. (medscape.com)
In its decision WHA64(11) (2011), following review of smallpox research undertaken, the Sixty- fourth World Health Assembly reaffirmed earlier decisions (resolutions WHA49.10 (1996) and WHA52.10 (1999)) that the remaining stocks of variola virus should be destroyed. (who.int)
Smallpox was eradicated from the wild in the 1970s, although the potential use of Variola virus as a bioterrorism agent makes it still of great concern. (cdc.gov)

The production, manipulation and rescue of a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of Vaccinia virus (VAC-BAC) in order to expedite construction of expression vectors and mutagenesis of the genome has been described (Domi & Moss, 2002, PNAS99 12415-20). (ox.ac.uk)

The genome of camelpox virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The gene of interest is inserted into transfer vector and then further into viral genome leading to the formation of modified virus. (carrieradda.com)
We mapped the canarypox virus (CaPV) thymidine kinase (TK) gene within a 5.8-kbp XbaI fragment of the genome by Southern blotting using the fowlpox virus (FPV) TK gene as a probe. (lookformedical.com)

A recombinant viral vector was first used when a hepatitis B surface antigen gene was inserted into a vaccinia virus. (wikipedia.org)
The coding sequences of the hepatitis B virus surface antigen were inserted into a baculovirus transfer vector produced from Autographa califomica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcNPV) so that the foreign gene was under the control of the AcNPV polyhedrin promoter. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Antigen gene transfer to cultured human dendritic cells using recombinant avipoxvirus vectors. (lookformedical.com)

A recombinant vaccinia virus expressing herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoprotein G (gG) has been constructed. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) is the prototypic member of the alphaherpesvirus subfamily, which induces lytic infections in epithelial cells of its native host (47, 65). (moam.info)

The immunogenicity is further enhanced through intrinsic vector motifs that stimulate the innate immunity pathways, so the use of an adjuvant is unnecessary. (wikipedia.org)

Origin of the vaccinia virus hemagglutinin. (microbiologyresearch.org)

If an expression vector contains all three, viz. (carrieradda.com)

Role of cell-associated enveloped vaccinia virus in cell-to-cell spread. (microbiologyresearch.org)

Before we begin looking at the pieces in depth, let's take a moment to step back and set the stage by reviewing some basics in cloning and plasmids. (vectorbuilder.cn)
These molecular techniques allow us to isolate and clone sequences into plasmids, but in order to study their function, particularly in different organisms, this is only half the battle. (vectorbuilder.cn)
In some cases, plasmids may be directly introduced into cells through transfection methods, those that do not utilize a virus. (vectorbuilder.cn)

These virions have different abundance, structure, location and roles in the virus life-cycle. (microbiologyresearch.org)
gG polypeptides were present in purified HSV-1 virions and were targets for antibody-mediated complement-dependent virus neutralization. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The amount of expression of DNA inserted into a vector _______ on promoter and ______ on chromosomal location. (carrieradda.com)
The explanation: The amount of expression of DNA inserted into a vector is not only dependent on the promoter used but also depends on chromosomal location. (carrieradda.com)
Glucorticoid-responsive element is ______ promoter from ______ of mouse mammory tumour virus (MMTV). (carrieradda.com)

However, novel vectors with improved efficacy are needed. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

In Brazil, several exanthematic vaccinia virus (VACV) outbreaks affecting dairy cattle and rural workers have been reported since 1999 ( 1 , 2 ). (cdc.gov)
Although our findings are uncertain in the context of bovine vaccinia outbreaks, we provide new biologic and epidemiologic information about VACV. (cdc.gov)

Nucleotide sequence of 21·8 kbp of variola major virus strain Harvey and comparison with vaccinia virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The production of several different virus particles in the VV replication cycle represents a coordinated strategy to exploit cell biology to promote virus spread and to aid virus evasion of antibody and complement. (microbiologyresearch.org)

The first viral vector was introduced in 1972 through genetic engineering of the SV40 virus. (wikipedia.org)

We conclude that the functional properties of oatp expressed in the HeLa cell/vaccinia transient expression system are comparable to those following expression in Xenopus oocytes and that steroids are likely to represent high-affinity endogenous oatp substrates. (elsevierpure.com)

In my recent keynote address to the Brazilian Virology Society entitled The World of Viruses , I presented my list of ten seminal virologists. (virology.ws)
When Stanley crystallized TMV he brought together chemistry and virology, made life a continuum from the inorganic and put viruses at the cusp. (virology.ws)
Nathan Wolfe - for his work as a spokesman and setting up the Global Virus Forecasting Initiative who apply basic virology, ecology and social sciences to preventing pathogen emergence. (virology.ws)

Although the exact origins of vaccinia virus are uncertain, vaccinia may represent a hybrid of the variola and cowpox viruses. (medscape.com)

These responses could also be induced in the presence of virus neutralizing antibodies and they proved to be protective in several animal model systems. (eur.nl)
Rabbits and mice vaccinated with the live recombinant virus produced antibodies that recognized 48K, 57K and 61K mol. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Neutralizing antibodies (NAbs) can block virus entry by binding Env and inhibiting attachment or conformational changes required for fusion [ 4 - 7 ]. (plos.org)

The genomic BAC clone was 'rescued' back to infectious virus using a Fowlpox virus helper to supply transcriptional machinery. (ox.ac.uk)

Assembly in 2019 would discuss a substantive agenda item on the destruction of variola virus stocks. (who.int)

While attempting to identify the responsible agent, Dr. Jenner ultimately isolated the vaccinia virus. (medscape.com)

Vaccinia virus produces four different types of virion from each infected cell called intracellular mature virus (IMV), intracellular enveloped virus (IEV), cell-associated enveloped virus (CEV) and extracellular enveloped virus (EEV). (microbiologyresearch.org)

Four apparently full-length, rescuable clones were obtained, which had indistinguishable immunogenicity in mice. (ox.ac.uk)

Adenovirus vectors have the advantage of high transduction efficiency, transgene expression, and broad viral tropism, and can infect both dividing and non-dividing cells. (wikipedia.org)
The mode of entry of vaccinia virus into L cells. (microbiologyresearch.org)
The resulting plasmid and the wild-type BmNPV genomic DNA were cotransfected into BM-N cells, and a recombinant virus was isolated by the limiting dilution method. (microbiologyresearch.org)
Cell-mediated immune responses are initiated by T lymphocytes that are themselves stimulated by cognate peptides bound to MHC molecules on antig en-presenting cells (APC). (thermofisher.com)
Notably, intratumoral injection of this cBiTE-expressing adenovirus increased the persistence and accumulation of tumor-infiltrating T cells in vivo , compared with the parental virus lacking such effects. (aacrjournals.org)
Moreover, mutant viruses defective in these functions increased the stability of EGFP mRNA even more than did the wild-type virus in silenced cells compared to results in control cells. (moam.info)
The importance of RNA silencing to HSV-1 replication was confirmed by a significantly enhanced virus burst size in cells in which silencing was knocked down with small inhibitory RNAs directed to Argonaute 2, an integral component of the silencing complex. (moam.info)

Since it was first detected in New York City in 1999, West Nile virus (WNV) has spread from coast to coast and has been found in 43 states from Maine to California. (cdc.gov)

Direct evidence for the presence of these viruses in human genital tumours is the finding that a small proportion (about 10%) retain fragments of virus DNA from different regions of the virus genomes. (microbiologyresearch.org)

IEV is formed by wrapping of IMV with intracellular membranes, and is an intermediate between IMV and CEV/EEV that enables efficient virus dissemination to the cell surface on microtubules. (microbiologyresearch.org)
An antigenic difference between intracellular and extracellular rabbitpox virus. (microbiologyresearch.org)
In this study, the cgt gene encoding α-CGTase from Paenibacillus macerans was codon-optimized ( opt-cgt ) and cloned into pET-28a (+) for intracellular expression in E. coli BL21 (DE3). (biomedcentral.com)

While evolutionarily conserved, ACE2 receptors differ across various species and differential interactions with Spike (S) glycoproteins of SARS-CoV-2 viruses impact species specificity. (cdc.gov)

This effort was successful for several reasons, including the lack of any natural reservoir for variola virus and the ease of identifying infected individuals. (medscape.com)
It also reaffirmed the need to reach consensus on a proposed date for destruction of the variola virus stocks, when research outcomes crucial to an improved public health response to an outbreak so permitted. (who.int)
At the Sixty-ninth World Health Assembly in May 2016, Member States discussed the timing of destruction of existing variola virus stocks. (who.int)
Given the advent of synthetic biology technologies, which make it possible to create variola virus using publicly available information and common laboratory procedures, the Health Assembly urged the WHO Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research to review current research needs using live variola virus. (who.int)
Successive biosafety inspections of the two repository facilities have found that the repositories meet international levels of biosafety and biosecurity, concluded that variola virus stocks remain in secure safekeeping, and made recommendations for ongoing improvement in biosafety in line with evolving knowledge and best practices. (who.int)
The Advisory Committee on Variola Virus Research at its twentieth meeting (Geneva, 26 and 27 September 2018) noted that the work under the authorized programme of research with live variola virus had been performed under its supervision. (who.int)
At its meeting, the Advisory Committee received reports on the work of the Secretariat during the year and reports from the two collaborating centres on the variola virus collections held in the repositories. (who.int)

LNSX is a retrovirus and is combined with ______ in order to create a shuttle vector. (carrieradda.com)

T-VEC is the first oncolytic virus approved for the treatment of melanoma, and will soon enter clinical trials for treatment of other cancers. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)

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