• Vaccines provide protection against IAV subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 and one or two IBV subtypes. (wikipedia.org)
  • however, only H1N1 and H3N2 circulate among humans seasonally. (medscape.com)
  • The most important strains of human influenza virus are A and B. Influenzavirus A has several subtypes, of which two, H1N1 and H3N2, are currently of epidemiological significance. (who.int)
  • The strains of Influenzavirus A implicated in those pandemics have been identified as H1N1, H2N2 and H3N2, respectively. (who.int)
  • Of the 5861 influenza virus isolates reported to CDC, more than 99% were influenza A. Of the influenza A virus isolates subtyped, 81% were influenza A(H3N2), and 19% were influenza A(H1N1). (cdc.gov)
  • As of April 10, 179 (99%) of the 180 influenza A(H3N2) viruses characterized at CDC resembled A/Beijing/353/89, the A(H3N2) component included in the 1991-92 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • In Asia, outbreaks of influenza A(H3N2) were reported in Japan, Korea, and the People's Republic of China. (cdc.gov)
  • In these countries, the proportion of influenza A(H1N1) viruses isolated increased during the latter part of the season as influenza A(H3N2) activity declined. (cdc.gov)
  • The two influenza A virus subtypes have cocirculated in human populations since 1977: influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). (cdc.gov)
  • Reassortment between influenza A (H1N1) and A (H3N2) viruses resulted in the circulation of A (H1N2) virus during the 2001-02 and 2002-03 influenza seasons. (cdc.gov)
  • While the early start and higher intensity of the 2012/13 influenza A virus (IAV) epidemic was not unprecedented, it was the first IAV epidemic season since the 2009 H1N1 influenza pandemic where the H3N2 subtype predominated. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • We directly sequenced the genomes of 154 H3N2 clinical specimens collected throughout the epidemic to better understand the evolution of H3N2 strains and to inform the H3N2 vaccine selection process. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Our data support updating the H3N2 vaccine strain to a clade 3C.2 or 3C.3-like strain or a subclade that has drifted further. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Before 1998, mainly H1N1 SI viruses (SIV) were isolated from swine in the U.S. Since then, antigenetically distinct reassortant H3N2 and H1N1 SIVs have been identified as causative agents of respiratory disease in pigs on U.S. farms. (usda.gov)
  • Monovalent vaccines based on various H3N2 cluster viruses were not able to induce protective immunity against all H3N2 SIVs used for challenge. (usda.gov)
  • Influenza A(H3N2) was dominant in the 2013/14 season while the A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Yamagata strains were most prevalent in the 2014/15 season. (who.int)
  • Le virus de la grippe A(H3N2) était prédominant pendant la saison 2013/2014, tandis que celui de la grippe A(H1N1)pdm09 et les souches de grippe B/Yamagata étaient les plus courants pendant la saison 2014/2015. (who.int)
  • It protects against influenza A (sub-types H1N1 and H3N2) and influenza B. The three influenza strains contained in Preflucel are updated each year, based on the official recommendations for the annual flu season. (europa.eu)
  • Results for A(H3N2) and B/Yamagata viruses suggested that circulating viruses of this subtype and lineage, respectively, had undergone antigenic and/or genetic changes, consistent with the decision by WHO to change recommended strains for the 2015 Southern Hemisphere vaccine. (health.gov.au)
  • Two types of influenza cause significant disease in humans: types A and B. Influenza A viruses are further classified into subtypes, based on their surface proteins, haemagglutinin (H) and neuraminidase (N). Thus, currently in circulation are subtypes A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2), although a number of subtypes have been known to infect humans and birds. (health.gov.au)
  • During 2014, results were reported by reference to the A/California/7/2009 (H1N1pdm09)-like, A/Victoria/361/2012 (H3N2)-like, B/Massachusetts/2/2012-like (Yamagata lineage), and B/Brisbane/60/2008-like (Victoria lineage) viruses that were recommended for the 2014 influenza vaccine. (health.gov.au)
  • Each year's flu shots contain the scientific community's best estimate of the H1N1, H3N2, and Influenza B strains that will predominate in the coming season. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • Non-structural (NS) 1 proteins from recombinant influenza A/Udorn/72 (H3N2) and influenza A/Finland/554/09 (H1N1pdm09) viruses were purified and used in Western blot analysis to determine specific antibody responses in human sera. (plos.org)
  • Instead, paired serum samples from patients, who suffered from a laboratory confirmed H1N1pdm09 infection, showed high levels or diagnostic rises (96%) in H1N1pdm virus NS1-specific antibodies and very high cross-reactivity to H3N2 subtype influenza A virus NS1 protein. (plos.org)
  • Seasonal influenza A subtypes H1N1 and H3N2 have globally circulated in humans for a few decades. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition, the predominant influenza virus subtype was an H3N2, in contrast to dominance by H1N1 subtypes in recent past years. (medscape.com)
  • As per official records, during the 2021-22 influenza season, 16,160 cases in Denmark were due to the influenza A virus, predominantly the H3N2 subtype. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Type A subtype H1N1 one influenza virus strain and type A subtype H3N2 one influenza virus strain. (flushotprices.com)
  • Based on the results of outpatient and hospital surveillance, influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) viruses continued to co-circulate in the Region, with very few influenza B detections having been reported during this season. (flutrackers.com)
  • Of the 1342 influenza A viruses that were subtyped during week 12/2014, 594 (44%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 748 (56%) A(H3N2) (Fig. 2a). (flutrackers.com)
  • Of the 25 143 influenza A viruses that have been subtyped, 14 835 (59%) were A(H1N1)pdm09 and 10 308 (41%) were A(H3N2). (flutrackers.com)
  • H1N1 and H3N2 are the major subtypes that cause human seasonal flu and global pandemics of influenza. (justia.com)
  • There were too few influenza A(H3N2) virus infections among people enrolled in the study to produce a VE estimate against that subtype. (cdc.gov)
  • Methylated ß-lactoglobulin provides antiviral activities against human flu infection subtype H3N2, subtype H1N1, and subtype H5N1. (hbsraevents.org)
  • This H275Y mutation was not found in influenza subtypes A(H5N1) or A(H3N2) isolates. (who.int)
  • Abstract: Background: Influenza A virus (IAV) is endemic in pigs globally and co-circulation of genetically and antigenically diverse virus lineages of subtypes H1N1, H1N2 and H3N2 is a challenge for the development of effective vaccines. (embrapa.br)
  • Methods: This study evaluated the immunogenicity of a virosome-based influenza vaccine containing the surface glycoproteins of H1N1 pandemic, H1N2 and H3N2 in pigs. (embrapa.br)
  • RIDTs that provide results for influenza virus types (eg, influenza A or B) do not provide information on influenza A subtypes [eg, A(H1N1)pdm09 vs. A(H3N2)] or specific strains (eg, , similarity to the vaccine strain). (ezpoct.com)
  • In sentinel sources, both influenza A subtypes, A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09, are co-circulating and of the influenza B viruses, the vast majority (97%) are B/Victoria lineage. (flutrackers.com)
  • When infected with the lethal doses (5 LD50) of influenza A viruses of the subtypes H1N1, H2N2, H3N2, and H1N1pdm09, immunized animals typically developed mild form of illness. (crie.ru)
  • The most widespread virus in France during the last winter outbreak in 2016-2017 was an A virus (H3N2). (pasteur.fr)
  • The predominant influenza virus subtype is influenza A H3N2. (medscape.com)
  • A(H1N2) variant viruses and one human case of infection with an influenza A(H3N2) variant virus were reported officially.3 One additional human case of infection with an influenza A(H1N1)v virus was detected. (who.int)
  • The fact that the H1N1 candidate vaccine was effective against H5N1 infection - a different influenza subtype - suggests the antibodies the vaccine induces can be protective against other "group 1" influenza subtypes, including H1 and H5. (medscape.com)
  • The antibodies also blocked other flu subtypes, including H5N1. (nih.gov)
  • Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus subtype H5N1 infects humans with a high fatality rate and has pandemic potential. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, we used a mouse model pre-exposed to an H1N1 influenza virus and evaluated the protective ability provided by a single dose of DNA vaccines encoding conserved H5N1 proteins. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six weeks later, the mice were immunized with plasmid DNA expressing H5N1 virus NP or M1, or with combination of the two plasmids. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six weeks after the vaccination, the mice were challenged with a lethal dose of H5N1 influenza virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results showed that pre-exposure to H1N1 virus could offer mice partial protection against lethal H5N1 challenge and that single-dose injection with NP DNA or NP + M1 DNAs provided significantly improved protection against lethal H5N1 challenge in mice pre-exposed to H1N1 virus, as compared with those in unexposed mice. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pre-existing immunity against seasonal influenza viruses is useful in offering protection against H5N1 infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • DNA vaccination may be a quick and effective strategy for persons innaive to influenza A virus during H5N1 pandemic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Human infection of highly pathogenic avian H5N1 influenza virus was first reported in Hong Kong in 1997, causing six deaths [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Since then, human cases of H5N1 virus infection have been continually laboratory-confirmed in many countries, with approximately 60% death rate [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Probable limited human-to-human spread of H5N1 subtype virus is believed to have occurred as a result of prolonged and very close contact [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Owing to the universal lack of pre-existing immunity to H5N1 virus in the population, pandemic caused by the virus may outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Inactivated H5N1 influenza vaccines have been proved to be effective in eliciting neutralizing antibodies against the virus in clinic trials, but proved to have poor immunogenicity [ 4 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Novel strategies, including DNA vaccines, should be developed to cope with the H5N1 influenza virus that may cause potential pandemics. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The memory T cells established by seasonal human influenza A infection could not provide adequate protection, but could alleviate symptoms of influenza H5N1 virus infection [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this study, a single dose of vaccination with NP, M1 or NP + M1 DNAs from A/chicken/Henan/12/2004(H5N1) virus strain was evaluated in mice pre-exposed to A/PR8(H1N1) virus, which showed that DNA vaccination might be a quick and effective strategy against H5N1 infection in individuals innaive to influenza A virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ELISA method was used to detect the anti-H1N1 IgG Ab titers, while the HI assay to detect HI Ab titers against either H1N1 or H5N1 influenza viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Avian influenza (H5N1) is rare in humans in developed countries (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • The FDA has approved a vaccine for H5N1 influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing antibodies with cross-neutralizing activity and cross-protective effects against divergent stains of influenza virus, which are specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • This has led to a growing concern regarding the pandemic potential of the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 viruses. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), particularly those having cross-clade neutralizing activity, play a critical role in immunoprotection against various influenza A virus (IAV) infections, particularly those caused by the highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus and any future unpredictable virus strains. (justia.com)
  • Disclosed herein are neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) specific for the surface hemagglutinin (HA) protein of the influenza H5N1 strain. (justia.com)
  • The MAbs recognize the highly conserved HA1 region of H5N1 hemagglutinin and inhibit multiple strains of the H5N1 virus, as well as treated mice infected with a lethal dose of H5N1 viruses of two divergent strains, demonstrating their potential as therapeutic agents for multivalent prophylaxis and treatment of influenza. (justia.com)
  • In one embodiment disclosed herein, a neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin is provided. (justia.com)
  • In another embodiment, the epitope has at least 95% or at least 98% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a pharmaceutical formulation for neutralizing influenza virus comprising an antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin. (justia.com)
  • Also disclosed herein is a method of treating influenza virus infection in a subject in need thereof comprising administering a therapeutically effective amount of the neutralizing antibody specific for an epitope having at least 90% homology to amino acids +72-115 of the HA1 domain of H5N1 influenza virus hemagglutinin and thereby treating said influenza virus infection in said subject. (justia.com)
  • We have previously described R1a-B6, an alpaca-derived single domain antibody (nanobody), that is capable of potent cross-subtype neutralization in vitro of H1N1, H5N1, H2N2, and H9N2 influenza viruses, through binding to a highly conserved epitope in the influenza hemagglutinin stem region. (frontiersin.org)
  • R1a-B6-Fc fusions of both isotypes gave complete protection against lethal challenge with both pandemic A/California/07/2009 (H1N1)pdm09 and avian influenza A/Vietnam/1194/2004 (H5N1). (frontiersin.org)
  • Antiviral resistance has been reported in seasonal influenza A viruses and avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses in Viet Nam, raising concerns about the efficacy of treatment. (who.int)
  • We analysed specimens from two sources during the period 2009-2012: influenza-positive samples from influenza-like illness patients at sentinel clinics in northern Viet Nam and isolates from patients with confirmed A(H5N1) infections. (who.int)
  • 3 Although influenza vaccines that protect against A(H1N1)pdm09 or influenza A(H5N1) are being developed in Viet Nam, they are currently only available through private market purchase. (who.int)
  • 6,7 Oseltamivir is currently recommended as the first-line option by the Viet Nam Ministry of Health for treating suspected infections of A(H5N1) and A(H1N1)pdm09. (who.int)
  • 8,9 In Viet Nam, oseltamivir-resistant strains harboring mutations at positions I117V, H275Y and N295S were reported for A(H5N1) in 2005, 6 A(H1N1) in 2007 10 and A(H1N1)pdm09 in 2009. (who.int)
  • As an initial step in establishing a surveillance programme for antiviral resistance in northern Viet Nam, genetic analysis was conducted for both clinical specimens and isolates collected through sentinel sites and isolates of influenza A(H5N1). (who.int)
  • The avian H5N1 and swine H1N1 influenza virus HA structures have been determined as well as mutations that enhance binding to human receptors that may allow the virus to cross the species barrier into humans and be transmissible. (scripps.edu)
  • In this study, mice were vaccinated with recombinant virus vaccine (rL H5), in which the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of influenza A/H5N1 virus was inserted into the LaSota Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • MVA vectors expressing conserved influenza proteins protect mice against lethal challenge with H5N1, H9N2 and H7N1 viruses. (crie.ru)
  • In addition, it has been learned the deadly H5N1 virus involved in the Flu outbreaks (in Egypt) is Tamiflu-resistant, although the virus was never exposed to Tamiflu (the primary anti-viral stockpiled against a flu epidemic in the US). (medpdfarticles.com)
  • The novel H1N1 may merge with the deadly H5N1 from Southeast Asia and/or merge with the deadly H5N1 from Egypt. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • Each of these H5N1 viruses are distinct from each other, thus raising the complexity of any human protection. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • These findings reveal that seasonal influenza vaccination can induce polyclonal heterosubtypic neutralizing antibodies that cross-react with the swine-origin pandemic H1N1 influenza virus and with the highly pathogenic H5N1 virus. (jci.org)
  • vaccine effectiveness (VE) in preventing severe acute respira- tory infection (SARI)-associated hospitalization. (cdc.gov)
  • Patients meeting criteria for severe acute respiratory infection the predominating A(H1N1)pdm09. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza may progress to pneumonia, which can be caused by the virus or by a subsequent bacterial infection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza infection is diagnosed with laboratory methods such as antibody or antigen tests and a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to identify viral nucleic acid. (wikipedia.org)
  • However, RIDTs have limited sensitivity to detect influenza virus infection and negative test results should be interpreted with caution given the potential for false negative results. (cdc.gov)
  • Some RIDTs distinguish between influenza A or B virus infection while others do not. (cdc.gov)
  • However, due to th e limited sensitivities and predictive values of RIDTs, negative results of RIDTs do not exclude influenza virus infection in patients with signs and symptoms suggestive of influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • RIDTs can be useful to identify influenza virus infection as a cause of respiratory outbreaks in any setting, but especially in institutions (i.e., nursing homes, chronic care facilities, and hospitals), cruise ships, summer camps, schools, etc. (cdc.gov)
  • However, negative RIDT results do not exclude influenza virus infection as a cause of a respiratory outbreak because of the limited sensitivity of these tests. (cdc.gov)
  • Testing respiratory specimens from several persons with suspected influenza will increase the likelihood of detecting influenza virus infection if influenza virus is the cause of the outbreak. (cdc.gov)
  • Clinical signs and symptoms consistent with influenza o Having clinical signs and symptoms consistent with influenza increases the pre-test probability of influenza virus infection, which increases the reliability of a positive RIDT result. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination is the primary intervention used to curb influenza virus infection, and the WHO recommends immunization for at-risk individuals to mitigate disease. (mdpi.com)
  • We discuss the different vectored vaccines that have been or are currently in clinical trials, with a forward-looking focus on immunogens that may be protective against seasonal and pandemic influenza infection, in the context of viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • Influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by infection with influenza viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Complications of influenza infection include secondary bacterial pneumonia and exacerbation of underlying chronic health conditions. (cdc.gov)
  • [1-5] Aspirin and other salicylate-containing medications are contraindicated for children and adolescents with influenza-like illness, as their use during influenza infection has been associated with the development of Reye syndrome. (cdc.gov)
  • As a result of these antigenic changes, antibodies produced to influenza viruses as a result of infection or vaccination with earlier strains may not be protective against viruses circulating in later years. (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we assessed the induction of protective immunity to these viruses by infection with A(H1N1)pdm09 virus in a newly developed guinea pig model. (eur.nl)
  • By day 7, only viral antigen positive cells were found after H7N9 virus infection in the nasal turbinates and the lungs of unprimed controls. (eur.nl)
  • Thus infection with H1N1pdm09 virus induced partially protective heterosubtypic immunity to H7N9 virus in (isogenic) guinea pigs that could not be attributed to cross-reactive virus neutralizing antibodies. (eur.nl)
  • The scientists next tested to see if the vaccine could protect animals from infection. (nih.gov)
  • Ferrets who got the DNA-boost vaccine were also protected from infection. (nih.gov)
  • Earlier this week, the World Health Organization raised its pandemic alert level to 5 (out of 6), indicating widespread human infection of an animal influenza capable of causing community-level outbreaks. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • Based on quantitative Western blot analysis, only two of the 45 (4.4%) Pandemrix-vaccinated narcoleptic patients showed specific antibody response against the NS1 protein from the H1N1pdm09 virus, indicating past infection with the H1N1pdm09 virus. (plos.org)
  • Based on our findings, it is unlikely that H1N1pdm09 virus infection contributed to a sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy observed in Finland in 2010 after AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix vaccination. (plos.org)
  • Seasonal influenza virus infection has been reported to provide heterosubtypic immunity against influenza A virus infection to some extend. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Vaccination is the preferred approach for the prevention of influenza infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although it is necessary to annually update vaccine strains to ensure effective protection against seasonal influenza infection in humans due to the frequent antigenic drift of the virus strains, seasonal human influenza-specific CTLs, mostly targeting conserved internal proteins, e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Clinical consultation rates for influenza-like illness (ILI) and/or acute respiratory infection (ARI) returned to pre-season or below baseline levels in most of the countries in the WHO European Region. (flutrackers.com)
  • After infection, strong virus-neutralizing responses to H1N1pdm09 were induced. (bvsalud.org)
  • After H1N1pdm09 infection, both vaccine groups showed higher virus-neutralizing titers against two H1N1 strains of intermediate antigenic distance between the H1N1 vaccine strains and H1N1pdm09, compared with the naive control group. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, both vaccine groups had higher HA-stem antibodies early after infection than the control group. (bvsalud.org)
  • The present application is drawn to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies for preventing and treating influenza virus infection and methods of treating influenza virus infection. (justia.com)
  • Although vaccination is an important strategy to prevent influenza infection, most of the current vaccines cannot provide immediate protection in the event of influenza pandemics and epidemics due to the length of time required for producing effective vaccines. (justia.com)
  • Neutralizing antibodies can provide a first line of defense against influenza pathogens and passive immunization with neutralizing MAbs can provide immediate effects to prevent the spread of influenza infection and mortality. (justia.com)
  • These two MAbs were proven to inhibit virus infection in the post-attachment process rather than inhibition of receptor binding. (justia.com)
  • These data suggest that any vaccine is at a disadvantage in many parents' consciousness in comparison with the infection itself, and that minor safety concerns could have disproportionately detrimental effects on vaccine uptake. (ox.ac.uk)
  • For most policymakers, vaccination coverage was perceived as successful, despite that vaccination delays and coverage would not have prevented infection when influenza was at its peak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • While the vaccination strategy was problematic and implemented too late to reduce the effects of the 2009 epidemic, policy makers supported the overall goal of pandemic influenza vaccination to interrupt infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Immunosuppressants also increase risk of infection with concomitant live vaccines. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza infection poses a significant public health threat. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Influenza virus subtypes co-circulate with no reports of co-infection. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Although influenza strengthened in close collaboration sites, El-Gabarty polyclinic and the causes self-limiting infection and most with the World Health Organization outpatient clinics of Helwan, Embaba, people recover quickly, pregnant (WHO) and the Centers for Disease Zagazig and Damietta fever hospitals, women, the very young, the elderly and Control and Prevention (CDC) in collect data on ILI cases only. (who.int)
  • Globally, seasonal influenza for severe acute respiratory infection Aswan and Minya fever hospitals. (who.int)
  • Our findings demonstrate AAV delivery of cross-subtype neutralizing nanobodies may be an effective strategy to prevent influenza infection and provide long-term protection independent of a host induced immune response. (frontiersin.org)
  • Vaccines remain the main method of infection control, however their timely implementation and poor immunogenicity in certain vulnerable patient groups remain a considerable problem ( 4 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • The use of a plant biotechnology-based expression system for vaccine production also represents one part of this international effort, which is to develop plant-based heterologous expression systems, virus-like particles (VLPs)-vaccines, antiviral drugs, and a rapid supply of antigen-antibodies for detecting kits and plant origin bioactive compounds that boost the immunity and provide tolerance to fight against the virus infection. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • In addition, it will allow researchers to have enough time to develop fast testing kits and treatments that limit the infection and the candidate vaccine to immunize the population. (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Influenza infection causes annual epidemics throughout the world. (who.int)
  • There are two common types of influenza viruses that cause human infection - influenza A and influenza B. Influenza A viruses caused several influenza pandemics in the 20th century, and a pandemic caused by the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus occurred in 2009. (who.int)
  • 7,11 The limitations of other antiviral drugs, as well as the risk of oseltamivir resistance, have raised concerns about the efficacy of oseltamivir for influenza infection treatment. (who.int)
  • Virosomes are virus-like particles that mimic virus infection and have proven to be a successful vaccine platform against several animal and human viruses. (embrapa.br)
  • The reference standard for laboratory confirmation of influenza virus infection in respiratory samples is reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) or viral culture. (ezpoct.com)
  • RIDT cannot distinguish between seasonal influenza A virus infection and novel influenza A virus infection (due to infection with avian influenza virus or mutated influenza A virus). (ezpoct.com)
  • However, because of limited sensitivity, negative results from RIDTs do not exclude influenza virus infection in patients with influenza symptoms and signs. (ezpoct.com)
  • High immunogenicity of the vaccine, and reduced clinical symptoms following experimental infection, were demonstrated in ferrets as well. (crie.ru)
  • West Nile infection is caused by a virus transmitted by mosquitoes. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Mailybayeva A., Yespembetov B., Ryskeldinova S., Zinina N., Sansyzbay A., Renukaradhya G.J., Petrovsky N., Tabynov K. Improved influenza viral vector based Brucella abortus vaccine induces robust B and T-cell responses and protection against Brucella melitensis infection in pregnant sheep and goats // PLoS Оne. (biosafety.kz)
  • Research suggests that the vaccines may be sufficiently effective where one dose may protect against infection from wild-type disease. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • The target of neutralizing antibodies that protect against influenza virus infection is the viral protein HA. (jci.org)
  • However, while heterosubtypic antibodies capable of neutralizing multiple influenza virus subtypes have been recently isolated from phage display libraries, it is not known whether such antibodies are produced in the course of an immune response to influenza virus infection or vaccine. (jci.org)
  • Seasonal Influenza is an acute viral infection that spreads easily from person to person and seasonal epidemics usually occur at this time. (thestkittsnevisobserver.com)
  • In other words, the "seasonal" influenza that causes annual outbreaks is far from being a "trivial" infection, and it is by no means harmless. (pasteur.fr)
  • When you look at the overall volume of influenza infection in the community, death related to flu in children is still a relatively rare outcome. (medscape.com)
  • Since the last risk assessment on 21 May 2021, one new laboratory-confirmed human case of influenza A(H5N6) virus infection was reported from China to WHO on 30 May 2021. (who.int)
  • 1. What is the likelihood that additional human cases of infection with avian influenza A(H5) viruses will occur? (who.int)
  • Increasing data indicate that it is an autoimmune disease, often triggered by a preceding viral or bacterial infection with organisms such as Campylobacter jejuni , cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, or Mycoplasma pneumoniae . (medscape.com)
  • Inactivated influenza vaccines confer protection by inducing neutralizing antibodies efficiently against homologous and closely matched virus strains. (nih.gov)
  • It must also carry out a study to show that the vaccine produced by the revised process is as effective at stimulating the production of antibodies against influenza as was seen at the time of initial authorisation and has at least as good a safety profile as other authorised influenza vaccines. (europa.eu)
  • Animals given both the DNA and the boost vaccines produced antibodies that blocked several H1N1 strains. (nih.gov)
  • Introduction: The haemagglutination inhibition assay (HAI) and the virus microneutralisation assay (MN) are long-established methods for quantifying antibodies against influenza viruses. (bvsalud.org)
  • Furthermore, these vaccines are limited to one or just a few strains and don't produce highly potent neutralizing antibodies or cross-reactive immunity against divergent influenza viruses. (justia.com)
  • Cross-subtype neutralizing single domain antibodies against influenza present new opportunities for immunoprophylaxis and pandemic preparedness. (frontiersin.org)
  • A much more promising strategy is to use recombinant monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against influenza and several are currently in clinical development ( 9 - 13 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • We have also determined structures of almost all of the rare, broadly neutralizing antibodies against the HIV-1 envelope proteins, gp120 and gp41, in order to elucidate the sites of vulnerability that can be used for HIV-1 vaccine design. (scripps.edu)
  • A very exciting project on broadly neutralizing antibodies with influenza virus has revealed novel epitopes that are of great value for structure-assisted vaccine development. (scripps.edu)
  • We have defined a broadly neutralizing epitope in all group 1 influenza subtypes and are working on other antibodies that recognize group 2 as well as those that cross all subtypes. (scripps.edu)
  • In the first phase test of the two vaccines, high titers of neutralizing antibodies can be induced, and strong CD4+ and CD8+ reactions are produced, accompanied by mild to moderate adverse reactions. (medicaltrend.org)
  • The antibodies to influenza virus were detected using hemagglutination inhibition (HI). (biomedcentral.com)
  • The influenza virosome vaccine elicited hemagglutinin-specific antibodies. (embrapa.br)
  • Here we report that, following vaccination with seasonal influenza vaccine containing H1 and H3 influenza virus subtypes, some individuals produce antibodies that cross-react with H5 HA. (jci.org)
  • Vaccine-binding and H5 pseudotype-neutralizing antibodies in plasma samples collected before and after seasonal influenza vaccination. (jci.org)
  • Next-generation vaccines that utilize T cells could potentially overcome the limitations of current influenza vaccines that rely on antibodies to provide narrow subtype-specific protection and are prone to antigenic mismatch with circulating strains. (mdpi.com)
  • In Latin American and Caribbean countries, influenza national influenza vaccination campaign. (cdc.gov)
  • The second day of the meeting will focus entirely on activities related to planning and implementation for the 2009 (novel) H1N1 influenza vaccination program. (nih.gov)
  • Annual vaccination can help to provide protection against influenza. (wikipedia.org)
  • Because of the risk of complication, pregnant women were a priority target for vaccination during the A (H1N1) pandemic influenza. (nih.gov)
  • In Quebec, 63% of pregnant women were vaccinated, which is a higher rate than vaccination against seasonal influenza. (nih.gov)
  • However, the behaviour of pregnant women relative to the vaccination during the H1N1 pandemic is unknown. (nih.gov)
  • The present study was aimed at identifying factors influencing the decision-making of pregnant women regarding H1N1 vaccination. (nih.gov)
  • Data items collected were: socio-demographic data, vaccination status, information sources consulted, knowledge on vaccination, and the HBM dimensions: effectiveness and risks of vaccination, severity and vulnerability towards the influenza. (nih.gov)
  • Of the 250 women interviewed, 95% knew that the vaccination was recommended, but only 76% received the vaccine. (nih.gov)
  • Variables positively associated with vaccination were late vaccination during pregnancy (OR=7.3, 95% CI 2.1-25.3), belief in the efficacy of the vaccine (OR=7, 95% CI 2-23.4), and consultation of the Pandémie-Québec website (OR=4.5, 95% CI 1.5-13.4). (nih.gov)
  • However, the belief that the vaccine had not been adequately tested (OR=0.08, 95% CI 0.02-0.35) and consultation of mainstream websites (OR=0.22, 95% CI 0.06-0.81) were associated with lower vaccination rates. (nih.gov)
  • The vast majority of pregnant women were aware of the recommendations relative to A (H1N1) vaccination. (nih.gov)
  • Annual vaccination for healthcare workers and other high-risk groups is the mainstay of the public health strategy to combat influenza. (nih.gov)
  • Yet the impact of repeated annual influenza vaccination on both cross-reactive CD4+ and CD8+ T cells has not been explored, particularly in healthy adults. (nih.gov)
  • We assembled a unique cohort of healthcare workers who received a single AS03-adjuvanted H1N1pdm09 vaccine in 2009 and subsequently either repeated annual vaccination or no further vaccination during 2010-2013. (nih.gov)
  • Blood samples were collected before the influenza season or vaccination to assess antibody and T-cell responses. (nih.gov)
  • This study provides the immunological evidence base for continuing annual influenza vaccination in adults. (nih.gov)
  • The most important strategy for preventing influenza-associated morbidity and mortality is vaccination of persons in high-risk groups with vaccine closely matched to circulating strains. (cdc.gov)
  • There are a number of alternate vaccination strategies in current development which may circumvent the need for annual re-vaccination, including new platform technologies such as viral-vectored vaccines. (mdpi.com)
  • there have been no controlled clinical studies demonstrating a decrease in influenza disease after vaccination with AFLURIA. (drugs.com)
  • Hypersensitivity to eggs, neomycin, or polymyxin, or life-threatening reaction to previous influenza vaccination. (drugs.com)
  • If Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) has occurred within 6 weeks of previous influenza vaccination, the decision to give AFLURIA should be based on careful consideration of the potential benefits and risks. (drugs.com)
  • A sudden increase in the incidence of childhood narcolepsy was observed after vaccination with AS03-adjuvanted Pandemrix influenza vaccine in Finland at the beginning of 2010. (plos.org)
  • Here, we analysed whether the coinciding influenza A H1N1pdm pandemic contributed, together with the Pandemrix vaccination, to the increased incidence of childhood narcolepsy in 2010. (plos.org)
  • and 5) the assessment of vaccine supply, timing of influenza vaccination, and prioritization of inactivated vaccine in shortage situations. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. (cdc.gov)
  • Vaccination is associated with reductions in influenza-related respiratory illness and physician visits among all age groups, hospitalization and death among persons at high risk, otitis media among children, and work absenteeism among adults ( 8--18 ). (cdc.gov)
  • In addition to vaccination, other public health measures are also effective in limiting influenza transmission in closed environments. (medscape.com)
  • Omission bias and vaccine rejection by parents of healthy children: implications for the influenza A/H1N1 vaccination programme. (ox.ac.uk)
  • In the late 1990s, in the context of renewed concerns of an influenza pandemic, countries such as Ghana and Malawi established plans for the deployment of vaccines and vaccination strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The use of vaccination to interrupt the pandemic influenza was affected by delays in the procurement, delivery and administration of vaccines, suboptimal vaccination coverage, refusals to be vaccinated, and the politics behind vaccination strategies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More generally, rolling-out of vaccination after the transmission of the influenza virus had abated was influenced by policymakers' own financial incentives, and government and foreign policy conditionality on vaccination. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this context, there was strong support for governments engaging in contracts with pharmaceutical companies to ensure the timely supply of vaccines, and developing well-defined guidelines to address vaccination delays, refusals and coverage. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The influenza virus constantly mutates, limiting the impact of protection by vaccination, and immunity conferred in one pandemic influenza period will not reliably prevent new infections by an antigenically drifted strain [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • RÉSUMÉ Les informations sur la prévalence de la grippe, les sous-types circulants du virus et la saisonnalité sont essentielles pour la sélection des souches destinées aux vaccins annuels, ainsi que pour la planification des programmes de vaccination. (who.int)
  • Paid sick leave benefits, influenza vaccination, and taking sick days due to influenza-like illness among U.S. workers. (cdc.gov)
  • The objectives of this study were to quantify the percentage of workers who had paid sick leave (PSL) benefits, examine sociodemographic characteristics that may be associated with having these benefits, and examine the association between having PSL benefits and use of sick days and influenza vaccination status. (cdc.gov)
  • Logistic regression was used to determine variables associated with having PSL benefits and the association between having PSL benefits and influenza vaccination status. (cdc.gov)
  • Not having PSL benefits was associated with a lower likelihood of receiving an influenza vaccination and visiting a health professional when sick with ILI. (cdc.gov)
  • Offering PSL benefits along with promoting influenza vaccination and encouraging employees with ILI to stay home can increase influenza vaccination coverage and help control the spread of influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • We found that vaccination with rL H5 provided cross-protection against a lethal challenge with an antigenically distinct influenza A/H1N1 virus and produced significant changes in the levels of some cytokines and the percentages of both IFN-γ + CD4 + and IFN-γ + CD8 + T cells in lung and spleen. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Duration of the protective immune response after prime and booster vaccination of yearlings with a live modified cold-adapted viral vaccine against equine influenza // Vaccine. (biosafety.kz)
  • E and F ) Correlation between the increase of vaccine binding titers ( E ) and H5-neutralizing titers ( F ) following vaccination in 2007 ( x axis) and 2008 ( y axis) in the 9 donors that received the seasonal influenza vaccine for the 2 consecutive years. (jci.org)
  • Very little is known, however, about the public health significance of influenza in the tropical developing world, where viral transmission continues year-round and the disease is thought to have high attack and case-fatality rates. (who.int)
  • Based on historical patterns, influenza pandemics can be expected to occur, on average, three to four times each century when new viral strains emerge by antigenic shift and are readily transmitted from person to person. (who.int)
  • 112 national influenza centres in 83 countries and four WHO collaborating centres for reference and research on influenza.1 National centres transfer representative viral isolates to the collaborating centres for immediate strain identification. (who.int)
  • Rapid influenza diagnostic tests (RIDTs) are immunoassays that can identify the presence of influenza A and B viral nucleoprotein antigens in respiratory specimens, and display the result in a qualitative way (positive vs. negative) (1). (cdc.gov)
  • Rapid molecular assays are a new type of influenza diagnostic test that use isothermal nucleic acid amplification for viral detection. (cdc.gov)
  • Time from illness onset to collection of respiratory specimens for testing o Testing specimens collected within 48-72 hours of illness onset (when influenza viral shedding is highest) is more likely to yield positive RIDT results. (cdc.gov)
  • Unfortunately, influenza vaccine composition needs to be updated annually due to antigenic shift and drift in the viral immunogen hemagglutinin (HA). (mdpi.com)
  • The antigenic properties of influenza viral isolates were analysed using the haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay as previously described. (health.gov.au)
  • The success moves researchers a step closer to a universal flu vaccine-one that protects against multiple viral strains for several years. (nih.gov)
  • A universal flu vaccine would block many viral strains for years and greatly control the spread of influenza. (nih.gov)
  • The vaccine includes a piece of DNA that makes a specific viral protein. (nih.gov)
  • The criterion standard for diagnosing influenza A and B is a viral culture of nasopharyngeal samples or throat samples. (medscape.com)
  • This viral strain had several genetic and antigenic differences from other influenza A viruses detected in Denmark. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • The first exposure to influenza is presumed to shape the B-cell antibody repertoire, leading to preferential enhancement of the initially formed responses during subsequent exposure to viral variants. (bvsalud.org)
  • No reductions in viral load in the nose or throat were detected in either vaccine group. (bvsalud.org)
  • But HA is not the unique factor that decides the viral virulence and infectivity of the virus. (hbsraevents.org)
  • Neuraminidase activity was measured using a phenotypic method for viral isolates of influenza A and B. Pyrosequencing assays were then applied to detect the common mutations related to reducing susceptibility or resistance of influenza A viruses to oseltamivir - I117V, E119V and H275Y. (who.int)
  • In comparison with the group of mice given phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), the mice vaccinated with rL H5 showed reductions in lung index and viral replication in the lungs after a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Public health authorities should be notified immediately of any suspected institutional outbreak, and respiratory specimens (whether RIDT positive or negative) should be collected from patients and sent to public health laboratories for more accurate influenza testing by molecular assays and viral culture. (ezpoct.com)
  • Recent reports from Denmark show that the novel H1N1 was resistant to the anti-viral called Tamiflu. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • The instability of influenza viruses results in constant, permanent and usually small changes in their antigenic composition, a phenomenon known as antigenic drift, necessitating corresponding annual changes in the composition of influenza vaccines. (who.int)
  • The greatest public health concern lies in the tendency of Influenzavirus A to change suddenly and markedly, either through mutation or through the exchange of influenza virus genes or through the transfer of whole virus between host species into novel, genetically distinct subtypes, in a process known as antigenic shift. (who.int)
  • In collaboration with state and local health departments, CDC conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza virus. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A(H1N1) viruses were characterized by moderate antigenic heterogeneity. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza A and B viruses both undergo gradual, continuous change in the HA and NA proteins, known as antigenic drift. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic changes also necessitate frequent updating of influenza vaccine components to ensure that the vaccine is matched to circulating viruses. (cdc.gov)
  • Antigenic analysis demonstrated that viruses in the emerging subclade 3C.3 and subgroup 3C-2012/13 were not well inhibited by antisera generated against the 3C.1 vaccine strains used for the 2012/13 (A/Victoria/361/2011) or 2013/14 (A/Texas/50/2012) seasons. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • They also underscore the challenges in vaccine strain selection, particularly regarding HA and neuraminidase substitutions derived during laboratory passage that may alter antigenic testing accuracy. (eurosurveillance.org)
  • Viruses were characterised by their antigenic, genetic and antiviral drug resistance properties. (health.gov.au)
  • Here, we investigated whether this principle remains applicable when there are large genetic and antigenic differences between primary and secondary influenza virus antigens. (bvsalud.org)
  • In conclusion, immunization with VLPs displaying HA from antigenically distinct H1N1 variants increased the breadth of the immune response during subsequent H1N1pdm09 challenge, although this phenomenon was limited to intermediate antigenic variants. (bvsalud.org)
  • Nevertheless, the antigenic drift through several mechanisms that include insertions, deletions, and substitutions are frequent among influenza A and different lineages of influenza B viruses [ 7 - 10 ]. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Influenza virus undergoes constant antigenic evolution, and therefore influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Influenza virus undergoes rapid antigenic evolution by accumulation of mutations and through genetic reassortments of segments. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Due to the constant antigenic evolution of IAV, influenza vaccines must be reformulated each year. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Genetic and antigenic variation in HA has been used to classify influenza viruses into subtypes (H1-H16). (jci.org)
  • Since the late 1800s, large outbreaks of novel influenza strains that spread globally, called pandemics, have occurred every 10-50 years. (wikipedia.org)
  • An investigation of the outbreak facilitated by WHO emphasized the increased likelihood of severe health consequences of influenza outbreaks in poorly nourished populations lacking access to well equipped health services. (who.int)
  • Positive RIDT results from one or more ill persons with suspected influenza can support decisions to promptly implement prevention and control measures for influenza outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Although influenza A(H1N1) viruses were isolated less frequently worldwide, Belgium and Japan reported that A(H1N1) viruses constituted the majority of isolates and were isolated from outbreaks. (cdc.gov)
  • Ongoing avian influenza outbreaks in animals pose risk to humans: read the situation analysis and advice to countries from the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the World Health Organization (WHO), and the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). (eurosurveillance.org)
  • ABSTRACT Despite the significant burden of influenza outbreaks, active disease monitoring has been largely absent in the Middle East, including Lebanon. (who.int)
  • Thus the development of an effective and safe vaccine against divergent influenza A virus strains is urgently needed for the prevention of future outbreaks of influenza. (justia.com)
  • To tackle these seasonal outbreaks, detailed surveillance mechanisms have been introduced at national and international level, making influenza viruses the most closely monitored viruses on the planet (see Interview below). (pasteur.fr)
  • There are three types of influenza virus in humans, A, B and C. Types A and B are responsible for annual outbreaks. (pasteur.fr)
  • H1 describes the virus's HA subtype and N1 describes the neuraminidase subtype. (medscape.com)
  • Neuraminidase, or NA, is another influenza surface protein. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on surface proteins called hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (cdc.gov)
  • [7] There are 16 hemagglutinin and 9 neuraminidase subtypes that circulate in a variety of avian species, and a restricted subgroup of these have infected other animals, such as pigs, horses, cats, ferrets, dogs, and marine mammals (seals and whales). (cdc.gov)
  • A small number of A(H1N1)pdm09 and B/Victoria viruses had highly reduced inhibition to the neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir. (health.gov.au)
  • The letters H and N stand for hemagglutinin and neuraminidase, two kinds of protein on the surface of the influenza virus. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • For example, H1N1 has a coat of the first subtype of hemagglutinin and the first subtype of neuraminidase. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • Hemagglutinin helps a virus attach to and insert itself into a target cell, while neuraminidase is what helps the viruses break back out and spread to other cells. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • On the contrary, its neuraminidase and non-structural segments belonged to the clade 1C avian-like swine influenza A(H1N1) found in Eurasia. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • The virus can be classified into different subtypes based on their surface glycoproteins, hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA). (justia.com)
  • A neuraminidase inhibition assay was used to determine the Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC 50 ) values for all influenza A and B isolates. (who.int)
  • The neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir are the primary antiviral agents recommended for the treatment of influenza infections, 4,5 yet antiviral resistance to influenza A viruses is increasingly being reported. (who.int)
  • The emergence of oseltamivir resistance of clinical isolates of influenza A virus has been associated with substitution at residue V116, I117, E119, Q136, K150, D151, D199, I223, H275 and N295 in the neuraminidase active site.8 For influenza B there have been two main substitutions: residues R152 and D198. (who.int)
  • Type A viruses are divided into subtypes based on the nature of their surface proteins: hemagglutinin (H1 to H18) and neuraminidase (N1 to N11). (pasteur.fr)
  • Another important message for providers is to know when to use oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) or other neuraminidase inhibitors for the management of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • By focusing on the HA stem, the researchers believe the new vaccine candidate could provide wider and longer-lasting immunity. (medscape.com)
  • Epidemiology and Animal Health Economics category, oral -Matthew Allerson, University of Minnesota, for "The impact of maternally derived immunity on influenza virus transmission in neonatal pig populations," and Heidi Pecoraro, Colorado State University, for "Comparison of virus isolation, one-step real-time reverse transcriptase-PCR assay, and two rapid influenza diagnostic tests for detecting canine influenza virus (H3N8) shedding in dogs. (avma.org)
  • The result is the sudden appearance of a new virus strain to which populations may have no immunity and against which no existing vaccine may confer protection. (who.int)
  • Heterosubtypic immunity is defined as immune-mediated (partial) protection against an influenza virus induced by an influenza virus of another subtype to which the host has not previously been exposed. (eur.nl)
  • However, it has been difficult to obtain MAbs which neutralize divergent strains of influenza viruses with sufficient cross-protective immunity. (justia.com)
  • Its occurrence is unpredictable, the virus spreads rapidly in urban areas and through travel, and populations' lack of immunity to novel influenza strains can result in a rapid spread [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a pandemic, a new influenza virus emerges and infects the human population which has little or no pre-existing immunity ( 2 , 3 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • A goal of many research works is to produce universal vaccines that can induce protective immunity to influenza A viruses of various subtypes. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Heterosubtypic immunity (HSI) is the basis of creating universal influenza vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The vaccine stimulates protective immune responses against very different influenza subtypes by homing in on an area of the virus that remains relatively constant from strain to strain. (medscape.com)
  • To this end, ten female 12-16 week old strain 2 guinea pigs were inoculated intratracheally with either A(H1N1)pdm09 influenza virus or PBS (unprimed controls) followed 4 weeks later with an A/H7N9 influenza virus challenge. (eur.nl)
  • The majority of these were antigenically and genetically similar to the WHO recommended reference strain for the 2014 Southern Hemisphere influenza vaccine. (health.gov.au)
  • This significant advance lays the groundwork for the development of a vaccine to provide long-lasting protection against any strain of influenza," says Dr. Anthony S. Fauci, director of NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. (nih.gov)
  • Most of the flu cases detected were Influenza A and the most common subtype was Influenza A(H1N1), which is the strain of the virus that the flu vaccine usually offers better protection from, according to the CDC . (abc7.com)
  • Brownstein, however, cautioned that cases of respiratory viruses are expected to increase further and higher levels still have potential to strain health systems and cause severe illnesses, Brownstein said. (abc7.com)
  • Experts are hopeful that new and updated immunizations that protect against COVID-19, influenza and RSV will stave off the strain on health care systems. (abc7.com)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] A total of 31,989 participants were randomly assigned to receive either a high dose (IIV3-HD) (60 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) or a standard dose (IIV3-SD) (15 μg of hemagglutinin per strain) of a trivalent, inactivated influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • The researchers submitted the remaining sample material to the Danish National Influenza Center, which confirmed it was positive for the pandemic H1N1 strain. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • and only a mild increase was observed in virus-neutralizing titer against the influenza A/Texas/36/91 vaccine strain. (bvsalud.org)
  • contribute ever, at the 8 sentinel sites for selecting hemispheres, influenza activity has been to global influenza surveillance and vac- SARI cases a cluster random sampling well described showing that annual win- cine strain selection by submitting virus technique was used for enrolment and ter epidemics are associated with excess strains to the WHO Global Influenza sampling. (who.int)
  • Time is necessary to produce a vaccine that is antigenically matched to a pandemic strain. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Kim M.C., Lee Y.N., Ko E.J. Supplementation of influenza split vaccines with conserved M2 ectodomains overcomes strain specificity and provides long-term cross protection. (crie.ru)
  • Seasonal human influenza causes about 36,000 deaths and 226,000 hospitalizations in the United States annually. (medscape.com)
  • Notably, the virus was more similar to swine IAVs than human influenza strains. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • One of the main problems in the area of influenza prophylaxis and pandemic prevention is the development of cross-reactive vaccines, i.e. vaccines directed against all subtypes of human influenza viruses. (crie.ru)
  • There are four types of influenza virus: A, B, C, and D. Aquatic birds are the primary source of Influenza A virus (IAV), which is also widespread in various mammals, including humans and pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza B virus (IBV) and Influenza C virus (ICV) primarily infect humans, and Influenza D virus (IDV) is found in cattle and pigs. (wikipedia.org)
  • In humans, influenza viruses are primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets produced from coughing and sneezing. (wikipedia.org)
  • Influenza viruses cause epidemic disease (influenza virus types A and B) and sporadic disease (type C) in humans. (medscape.com)
  • In addition, each year some cases of influenza C are isolated from humans, but as these viruses tend not to cause severe disease, they are not a focus of surveillance. (health.gov.au)
  • The current seasonal flu vaccine does not protect against swine flu, as its H1 is different from the typical H1 against which humans have so far been immunized. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • During this time, no cases of swine-origin influenza virus occurred in humans. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Because humans usually have a complex history of influenza virus exposure, we conducted this investigation in influenza-naive cynomolgus macaques. (bvsalud.org)
  • The Influenza A virus, which belongs to the Orthomyxoviridae family, can cause influenza in humans, birds or domesticated food animals. (justia.com)
  • Of the 16 known HAs and nine NAs, three HA subtypes (H1, H2, and H3) and two NA subtypes (N1 and N2) are most commonly found in humans. (justia.com)
  • In fact, there are over 200 subtypes of influenza that have been identified over the years the flu can affect humans, birds, pigs and horses -making it one hardy little bugger that refuses to go away no matter how many vaccines we create against it. (dailyinfographic.com)
  • On December 11, 2020, Pfizer's BNT162b2 vaccine received emergency authorization from the FDA and became the first mRNA drug approved for use in humans. (medicaltrend.org)
  • vector vaccine against brucellosis in cattle, small cattle and humans. (biosafety.kz)
  • Even though small clusters of A(H5) virus infections have been reported previously including those involving healthcare workers, current epidemiological and virological evidence suggests that influenza A(H5) viruses have not acquired the ability of sustained transmission among humans, thus the likelihood is low. (who.int)
  • Enhanced surveillance with daily temperature taking and prompt reporting with isolation through home medical leave and segregation of smaller subgroups decrease the spread of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • The EuroFlu bulletin describes and comments on influenza activity in the 53 Member States in the WHO European Region to provide information to public health specialists, clinicians and the public on the timing of the influenza season, the spread of influenza, the prevalence and characteristics of circulating viruses (type, subtype and lineage) and severity. (flutrackers.com)
  • Introduction: Staying home when sick can reduce the spread of influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • Public health authorities should be notified of any suspected institutional outbreak and respiratory specimens should be collected from ill persons (whether positive or negative by RIDT) and sent to a public health laboratory for more accurate influenza testing. (cdc.gov)
  • Influenza is one of the most significant causes of acute upper respiratory tract infections worldwide. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses are highly contagious and can cause seasonal epidemics, manifesting as an acute febrile illness with variable degrees of severity, ranging from mild fatigue to respiratory failure and death. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza viruses cause a broad array of respiratory illnesses responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in children. (medscape.com)
  • Typical features of influenza include abrupt onset of fever and respiratory symptoms such as cough (usually nonproductive), sore throat, and coryza, as well as systemic symptoms such as headache, muscle aches, and fatigue. (cdc.gov)
  • The sharp rise in influenza-associated acute respiratory illnesses that occurs during annual seasonal epidemics results in increased numbers of visits to physicians' offices, walk-in clinics, and emergency departments. (cdc.gov)
  • Swine influenza (SI) is an acute respiratory disease of swine caused by type A influenza viruses. (usda.gov)
  • In this study we characterized influenza virus in 440 nasopharyngeal swabs collected from patients with acute respiratory infections during two influenza seasons in Lebanon. (who.int)
  • Influenza and other respiratory viruses are starting to circulate but so far remain lower than this time last year, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (abc7.com)
  • The percent of all reported respiratory viruses circulating over the past week have been relatively unchanged nationally, but there is regional variability. (abc7.com)
  • Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) numbers are on the rise and are projected to increase further, according to the CDC's weekly surveillance . (abc7.com)
  • Brownstein said the pandemic has helped make many health systems better prepared for seasonal spikes in respiratory viruses and is hopeful that people are more motivated to stay up to date on shots that are available for protection and prevention this respiratory virus season. (abc7.com)
  • The Easysweet Influenza A+B Rapid Test is an immunoassay that identifies the presence of influenza A and B virus nucleoprotein antigens in respiratory samples and displays the results in a qualitative manner (positive vs. negative). (ezpoct.com)
  • The RIDT does not include rapid molecular tests that are more sensitive than the RIDT for detecting influenza virus in respiratory specimens. (ezpoct.com)
  • Therefore, antiviral treatment should not be discontinued in patients with suspected influenza if clinically indicated, even if they have a negative RIDT test result, and further testing of respiratory samples by molecular testing for influenza may be warranted. (ezpoct.com)
  • We use these samples to search for influenza viruses and also systematically for other major respiratory tract viruses, such as respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). (pasteur.fr)
  • Each week, we publish a bulletin with reports on the current situation concerning influenza and other respiratory tract infections. (pasteur.fr)
  • It displays part of hemagglutinin (HA), an influenza protein, on the surface of a microscopic nanoparticle made of nonhuman ferritin. (medscape.com)
  • Two groups of six macaques were immunized four times with influenza virus-like particles (VLPs) displaying either one (monovalent) or five (pentavalent) different hemagglutinin (HA) antigens derived from seasonal H1N1 (H1N1) strains. (bvsalud.org)
  • Influenza virus vaccine based on the conserved hemagglutinin stalk domain. (crie.ru)
  • Influenza viruses with reduced in vitro sensitivity have been shown to be transmissible and to cause typical influenza illness. (nih.gov)
  • Influenza viruses can be divided into 4 types: A, B, C, and D. Influenza type C viruses are not associated with severe disease, epidemics, or pandemics, and influenza D viruses primarily affect cattle and are not known to infect or cause illness in people, so neither will be discussed further here. (cdc.gov)
  • These viruses may only cause mild illness for many people, but young babies, pregnant women, people who are immunocompromised and the elderly are at highest risk for severe disease. (abc7.com)
  • Influenza viruses also can cause pandemics, during which rates of illness and death from influenza-related complications can increase worldwide. (cdc.gov)
  • Earlier in Denmark, an elderly patient with comorbidities experienced classical influenza-like illness (ILI). (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • Flu vaccine is the best way to prevent influenza illness and its accompanying complications. (flushotprices.com)
  • Flu vaccines also provided significant protection to groups that are at higher risk of severe flu illness. (cdc.gov)
  • and influenza-like illness (ILI) in 1999. (who.int)
  • Wald chi-square tests and t-tests were used to test for associations between having PSL benefits and sociodemographic characteristics and industry and occupation groups, the associations between having PSL benefits and seeking treatment when sick with influenza-like illness (ILI), and taking days off work when sick with ILI. (cdc.gov)
  • If a patient has influenza, test samples collected within 3-4 days of illness onset (when influenza virus shedding is highest) are more likely to yield positive RIDT results. (ezpoct.com)
  • The second is that while the outpatient volume of visits related to influenza-like illness (ILI) has really skyrocketed in emergency departments as well as outpatient clinics, most persons with influenza will have relatively mild disease that can be managed at home. (medscape.com)
  • Seasonal influenza epidemics also impose a considerable economic burden in the form of hospital and other health care costs and lost productivity. (who.int)
  • In the United States of America, for example, estimates in 1986 put the cost of influenza epidemics to the economy at US$ 5000 million per year. (who.int)
  • The WHO influenza programme was established in 1947 with two main functions: to assist in planning for the possible recurrence of an influenza pandemic, and to devise control methods to limit the spread and severity of seasonal epidemics. (who.int)
  • Epidemics of influenza typically occur during the winter months in temperate regions and have been responsible for an average of approximately 36,000 deaths/year in the United States during 1990--1999 ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Every year, influenza epidemics seriously affect all population and demographics, but the highest risk of complications are children younger than age 2 years, the elderly adults who are 65 years or older, mothers-to-be and people suffering from certain medical conditions. (flushotprices.com)
  • Influenza virus continues to be a major public health concern, causing both annual epidemics and occasional pandemics ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • that attack many strains of influenza viruses in animals. (nih.gov)
  • They will not be exposed to influenza as part of the study but will periodically provide blood samples that will undergo testing to characterize and measure anti-influenza antibody levels. (medscape.com)
  • The analysis was based on the presence or absence of antibody response against non-structural protein 1 (NS1) from H1N1pdm09 virus, which was not a component of Pandemrix vaccine. (plos.org)
  • Over 250 crystal structures of monoclonal Fab fragments and complexes with a variety of antigens, such as peptides, steroids, cocaine, and proteins, including HIV-1, gp120 and gp41, have led to significant insights into antibody-antigen recognition, virus neutralization, and vaccine design for HIV-1. (scripps.edu)
  • The antibody titer in group 3 (H1N1-H1N1) was significantly higher than that in other groups which only low levels of antibody were detected. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, it produces immunoglobulins belonging to subtype IgG2a that is the most important mediator of antibody-dependent cytotoxicity. (crie.ru)
  • Jegerlehner A., Schmitz N., Storni T., Bachmann M.F. Influenza A vaccine based on the extracellular domain of M2: weak protection mediated via antibody-dependent NK cell activity. (crie.ru)
  • The neutralizing antibody response to influenza virus is thought to be specific for a few antigenically related isolates within a given subtype. (jci.org)
  • These are the same as trivalent vaccine but has an additional B virus. (flushotprices.com)
  • In addition, the lineage of 169 influenza B viruses has been determined: 155 (92%) belonged to the B/Yamagata lineage (the lineage of the B virus recommended by WHO for inclusion in trivalent seasonal influenza vaccines) and 14 (8%) to the B/Victoria lineage. (flutrackers.com)
  • ABSTRACT Information on the prevalence of influenza, circulating virus subtypes and seasonality is essential for selecting strains for annual vaccines and for planning immunization programmes. (who.int)
  • This report summarizes surveillance for influenza in the United States and worldwide during the 1991-92 season and describes the composition of the 1992-93 influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
  • Miss Budd has been at CDC for more than 13 years, and has worked on national influenza surveillance for most of that time. (cdc.gov)
  • The WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in Melbourne is part of the World Health Organization's (WHO) Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System. (health.gov.au)
  • The WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza in Melbourne (the Centre) is part of the World Health Organization's Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (WHO GISRS). (health.gov.au)
  • In a recent study published in the Emerging Infectious Disease Journal, researchers detected a swine influenza A virus (IAV)-infected patient in routine surveillance at the National Influenza Center in Denmark. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • For a description of influenza surveillance in the WHO European Region see below . (flutrackers.com)
  • New vaccines take at least 6 months to develop [ 10 ], during which time WHO recommends the use of non-pharmaceutical interventions including increased surveillance and the implementation of such policies as quarantine, border control and hygiene practices [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Medical records and surveillance database of laboratory-confirmed influenza cases were reviewed from October 2015 to 2019. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Molecular surveillance of the influenza viruses should be enhanced continuously for a better understanding of the influenza activity and assessment of vaccine effectiveness. (atlantis-press.com)
  • Active surveillance for oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses circulating in Viet Nam should be continued. (who.int)
  • 1 National influenza surveillance was initiated in Viet Nam in 2006, and the data collected so far have shown that influenza viruses circulate year-round with similar peaks and subtypes observed across all surveillance regions. (who.int)
  • Data from the National Influenza Surveillance System in Viet Nam were also analysed for the period 2009-2012. (who.int)
  • Although only 25 Member States and areas reported data for week 52, sentinel surveillance data indicated influenza activity was still increasing across the region. (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza activity, particularly in sentinel surveillance for ambulatory patients, is still increasing in the European Region, but most countries still reported influenza activity rates that did not exceed baseline levels or were at low levels. (flutrackers.com)
  • The global surveillance network for influenza viruses is undoubtedly the oldest and best structured virological surveillance network. (pasteur.fr)
  • Most mRNA vaccines currently undergoing preclinical trials and clinical use are injected into the skin, muscle or subcutaneously in a single dose, where they are absorbed by immune or non-immune cells and converted into antigens, which are displayed to T cells And B cells. (medicaltrend.org)
  • This phase 1 clinical trial is a step forward in our efforts to develop a durable and broadly protective universal influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • Grace Chen, MD, of the NIAID's Vaccine Research Center (VRC) Clinical Trials Program, is leading the study at the NIH Clinical Center in Bethesda, Maryland. (medscape.com)
  • e influenza activity has been documented in the community or geographic area, a clinical diagnosis of influenza can be made for outpatients with signs and symptoms consistent with suspected influenza, especially during periods of peak influenza activity in the community. (cdc.gov)
  • A quantitative relationship between the in vitro susceptibility of influenza A virus to amantadine and the clinical response to therapy has not been established in man. (nih.gov)
  • See Clinical Presentation for more detailed information on the signs and symptoms of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
  • See Clinical Presentation and Workup for more detailed information on the diagnosis of pediatric influenza. (medscape.com)
  • All virus isolates received at the Centre were re-passaged in cell culture (Madin-Darby Canine Kidney [MDCK] cells) and virus isolation was also attempted on a selection of original clinical specimens received. (health.gov.au)
  • In addition, influenza-positive original clinical samples were directly inoculated into eggs as potential vaccine strains. (health.gov.au)
  • Influenza has traditionally been diagnosed on the basis of clinical criteria, but rapid diagnostic tests, which have a high degree of specificity but only moderate sensitivity, are becoming more widely used. (medscape.com)
  • Currently, 102 candidate vaccines are in clinical trials, and 185 candidate vaccines are in preclinical trials [ 3 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)
  • As of the end of 2019, 15 candidate mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases have entered clinical trials. (medicaltrend.org)
  • As of June 18, 2021, 185 CVID-19 vaccine candidates are in the preclinical development stage, and another 102 have entered clinical trials. (medicaltrend.org)
  • In clinical trials, 19 are mRNA vaccines. (medicaltrend.org)
  • A number of vaccines are presently undergoing clinical trials. (crie.ru)
  • Uniflu can be proposed as pre-pandemic vaccine, provided that it passes clinical trials. (crie.ru)
  • PhageVax has made arrangements for clinical trials at three research labs to confirm its findings and is currently negotiating with the National Institute of Health, and the CDC and the FDA for implementation and production of vaccines to combat swine flu, avian flu and malaria. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that seasonal influenza is responsible for an average of more than 20,000 deaths annually. (medscape.com)
  • As the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) continues to issue updated influenza activity data in its weekly field views, it's important for us as physicians to frame this information for our patients and families. (medscape.com)
  • Prevention of influenza is the most effective management strategy. (medscape.com)
  • In a phase III trial involving 30,420 volunteers, the prevention rate of two 100μg doses of vaccine was 94.1%, and local pain at the injection site was the most common side effect. (medicaltrend.org)
  • Influenza activity varies seasonally, which directly affects the predicted value of RIDT, as well as seasonal influenza prevention strategies in healthcare settings. (ezpoct.com)
  • Influenza vaccine remains our best means for prevention, and it's still not too late to get the influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • The avian virus is an Influenza-A virus that spread widely among human through direct or indirect contact with infected birds or poultry. (hbsraevents.org)
  • But a totally new pandemic of avian virus those are becoming resistant to drugs by changing their genomes may be prevented by antiviral medicines and vaccines. (hbsraevents.org)
  • The trial will examine the safety and tolerability of the vaccine (H1ssF_3928) as well as its immunogenicity in healthy volunteers. (medscape.com)
  • It does not appear to interfere with the immunogenicity of inactivated influenza A virus vaccine. (nih.gov)
  • The aim of this study was to compare a surface plasmon resonance-based assay and two different enzyme linked immunoassays against the current potency assay, SRID, and against mouse immunogenicity when haemagglutinin antigen of the A(H1N1)pdm09 component of an inactivated influenza vaccine is stressed by elevated temperature, low pH and freezing. (bvsalud.org)
  • Increased immunogenicity and protective efficacy of influenza M2e fused to a tetramerizing protein. (crie.ru)
  • The acute motor axonal neuropathy (AMAN) subtype of GBS is a purely motor disorder that is more prevalent amongst pediatric age groups. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza B accounted for a small proportion of influenza detections, which remained steady over the past weeks. (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes, but are further broken down into 2 lineages: Yamagata and Victoria. (cdc.gov)
  • We created Uniflu candidate vaccine based on recombinant HBc4M2e protein consisting of 4 tandem-connected copies of the highly conserved ectodomain of M2 protein of the influenza A virus. (crie.ru)
  • The developed recombinant vaccine Uniflu has high specific activity and cross-protection. (crie.ru)
  • These symptoms begin from one to four days after exposure to the virus (typically two days) and last for about 2-8 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • The time between exposure to the virus and development of symptoms, called the incubation period, is 1-4 days, most commonly 1-2 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • The standard influenza symptoms typically last for 2-8 days. (wikipedia.org)
  • A 2021 study suggests influenza can cause long lasting symptoms in a similar way to long COVID. (wikipedia.org)
  • Secondary pneumonia typically has a period of improvement in symptoms for 1-3 weeks followed by recurrent fever, sputum production, and fluid buildup in the lungs, but can also occur just a few days after influenza symptoms appear. (wikipedia.org)
  • Peak virus shedding usually occurs from 1 day before onset of symptoms to 3 days after. (cdc.gov)
  • These involved allergic reactions including cases of anaphylactic (severe allergic) reactions, influenza-like symptoms and eye reactions. (europa.eu)
  • It is most effective within 48 hours after symptoms appear, and it is not intended or able to fulfill the preventative role of a vaccine. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • By practicing good hygiene such as washing hands, and notifying a doctor if influenza symptoms appear, people can have an appreciable impact on the spread of swine flu. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • One-hundred and forty-two parents completed an online questionnaire in which they rated (a) probability of occurrence, (b) symptoms and (c) duration of a hypothetical disease and a hypothetical vaccine adverse event (VAE). (ox.ac.uk)
  • Some 2.9 million people saw their physician because of flu-like symptoms and 30,000 went to the emergency department suffering from influenza. (pasteur.fr)
  • Since the start of the year we have received laboratory confirmation for approximately three (3) cases of Influenza A (H1N1). (thestkittsnevisobserver.com)
  • Risk factors for developing a more severe form of West Nile virus include conditions that weaken the immune system, such as HIV, organ transplants, and recent chemotherapy, age and pregnancy. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Influenza A (H1N1) virus has been associated with severe diseases and complications in neighbouring Caribbean territories. (thestkittsnevisobserver.com)
  • Every year, influenza - or flu - is responsible for three to five million severe cases and 250,000 to 500,000 deaths worldwide. (pasteur.fr)
  • Hospitals also send us influenza virus strains from severe cases or treatment failures so that we can analyze their sensitivity to antiviral drugs. (pasteur.fr)
  • Hospitalization rates have also increased this season, and many have compared the overall seasonal hospitalization rate to that of the most recent severe influenza season, 2014-2015. (medscape.com)
  • If the same viruses continue to circulate during the upcoming flu season in the United States, these preliminary data suggest U.S. 2023-2024 flu vaccines could provide similar benefit against serious flu disease. (cdc.gov)
  • If these same viruses continue to circulate in the Northern Hemisphere, U.S. 2023-2024 flu vaccines have the potential to provide similar protection during the upcoming U.S. flu season since the composition of U.S. 2023-2024 influenza vaccines is similar to the 2023 Southern Hemisphere vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Human infections with viruses of animal origin are expected at the human-animal interface wherever these viruses circulate in animals. (who.int)
  • September 8, 2023 -A new study conducted by PAHO, CDC, and five South American countries found that people who had gotten a flu vaccine were half as likely to be hospitalized with flu during the 2023 Southern Hemisphere flu season. (cdc.gov)
  • The U.S. 2023-2024 flu vaccines have a similar vaccine virus composition as the 2023 Southern Hemisphere flu vaccines. (cdc.gov)
  • Scientists collected preliminary flu vaccine effectiveness (VE) data from the REVELAC-i network from five South American countries (Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Paraguay, and Uruguay) during March 27-July 9, 2023. (cdc.gov)
  • Flu vaccines provided significant protection against the flu viruses that were circulating in South America during the 2023 Southern Hemisphere flu season. (cdc.gov)
  • Most flu viruses identified in the U.S. in recent weeks have been influenza A(H1N1) and influenza B viruses and the same as those identified in South America during their 2023 season. (cdc.gov)
  • As we approach the 2023-2024 flu season in the United States, it is important to remember that CDC recommends everyone 6 months and older in the United States get a yearly flu vaccine with rare exception. (cdc.gov)
  • Plant Biotechnology based COVID19-vaccines" Encyclopedia , https://encyclopedia.pub/entry/11563 (accessed December 03, 2023). (encyclopedia.pub)
  • Better information on the safety of the vaccine must be prepared for future pandemics. (nih.gov)
  • Thus, in the 20th century, the great influenza pandemic of 1918-1919, which caused an estimated 40 to 50 million deaths worldwide, was followed by pandemics in 1957-1958 and 1968-1969. (who.int)
  • In a time where pandemics can move around the globe at the speed of a jetliner, the ability to develop and manufacture large amounts of vaccine quickly is vital. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • Swine influenza virus. (medscape.com)
  • The ongoing reassortment of swine influenza viruses with three subtypes of influenza virus presently circulating in the U.S. swine herd has important implications for the efficacy of current SIV vaccines. (usda.gov)
  • If swine influenza spreads, prescriptions for Tamiflu may outstrip supplies. (carnegiecouncil.org)
  • however, a comparison to in-house sequences of swine influenza viruses from Denmark showed a close resemblance to 2021 swine IAVs. (medicalwritersnewshubb.com)
  • After the mice were vaccinated with rL H5, cross-protective immune response was induced, which was against heterosubtypic influenza A/H1N1 virus. (biomedcentral.com)
  • By immortalizing IgG-expressing B cells from 4 individuals, we isolated 20 heterosubtypic mAbs that bound and neutralized viruses belonging to several HA subtypes (H1, H2, H5, H6, and H9), including the pandemic A/California/07/09 H1N1 isolate. (jci.org)
  • Evidence from animal models shows that T cells can provide heterosubtypic protection and are crucial for immune control of influenza virus infections. (mdpi.com)
  • Influenza A(H1N1) viruses were isolated most frequently in the mid-Atlantic and South Atlantic regions and accounted for 30% and 52% of influenza A isolates, respectively. (cdc.gov)
  • Amantadine inhibits the replication of influenza A virus isolates from each of the subtypes, i.e. (nih.gov)
  • It has very little or no activity against influenza B virus isolates. (nih.gov)
  • Sensitivity test results, expressed as the concentration of amantadine required to inhibit by 50% the growth of virus (ED 50 ) in tissue culture vary greatly (from 0.1 mcg/mL to 25 mcg/mL) depending upon the assay protocol used, size of virus inoculum, isolates of influenza A virus strains tested, and the cell type used. (nih.gov)
  • In 2009, oseltamivir resistance was observed in 100% (19 of 19) of seasonal A(H1N1) isolates and 1.4% (3/215) of A(H1N1)pdm09 isolates. (who.int)
  • This is consistent with the decline in the percentage of ILI and ARI sentinel specimens testing positive for influenza. (flutrackers.com)
  • During week 12/2014, both the total number of specimens tested for influenza and the influenza positivity rate decreased from those in previous weeks: 13 193 specimens from sentinel and non-sentinel sources were tested for influenza, 2398 (18%) of which were positive: 2212 (92%) influenza A and 186 (8%) influenza B (Fig. 1 and 2). (flutrackers.com)
  • The protective efficacy was judged by survival rate, body weight loss and residue virus titer in lungs after the challenge. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [ 3 , 4 ] Laboratory-confirmed influenza (via nasopharyngeal swabs for culture, polymerase chain reaction, or both) occurred in 228 participants in the IIV3-HD group (1.4%) and 301 participants in the IIV3-SD group (1.9%), a relative efficacy of 24.2% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.7 to 36.5). (medscape.com)
  • This data suggests that R1a-B6 is capable of cross-subtype protection and ADCC was not essential for R1a-B6 efficacy. (frontiersin.org)
  • Several recently published studies have emphasized the potential efficacy of mRNA vaccines in the treatment of different types of malignant tumors and infectious diseases, where traditional vaccine strategies cannot elicit a protective immune response. (medicaltrend.org)
  • Although the vaccines produced by Pfizer and Moderna have proven to have good efficacy and safety, their demand for cold chain storage has brought huge difficulties to guarantee. (medicaltrend.org)
  • Testing Methods" and "Table 2: Characteristics of Rapid Influenza Diagnostic Tests" . (cdc.gov)
  • Methods: The public-use dataset from the 2009 National H1N1 Flu Survey (NHFS) were analyzed in 2017. (cdc.gov)
  • Chervyakova O., Khairullin B., Kasenov M., Tabynov K. Comparison of Different Methods of Purification and Concentration in Production of Influenza Vaccine // Bull Exp Biol Med. (biosafety.kz)
  • Nasal virus excretion persisted until day 7 in unprimed control animals, whereas only two out of seven H1N1pdm09-primed animals excreted virus via the nose. (eur.nl)
  • Infectious virus was recovered from nasal turbinates, trachea and lung of all animals at day 2 p.i., but titers were lower for H1N1pdm09-primed animals, especially in the nasal turbinates. (eur.nl)
  • By day 7 p.i., relatively high virus titers were found in the nasal turbinates of all unprimed control animals but infectious virus was isolated from the nose of only one of four H1N1pdm09-primed animals. (eur.nl)
  • Four weeks after the final immunization, animals were challenged with pandemic H1N1 (H1N1pdm09). (bvsalud.org)
  • Although immunization resulted in robust virus-neutralizing responses to all VLP-based vaccine strains, there were no cross-neutralization responses to H1N1pdm09, and all animals became infected. (bvsalud.org)
  • How far is the effectiveness of the vaccines? (flushotprices.com)
  • The effectiveness of the vaccine is variable based on how it is being vaccinated. (flushotprices.com)
  • Although antiviral drugs such as Oseltamivir are available to control the spread of the virus their effectiveness is limited in treating patients with influenza ( 5 , 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Therefore, antiviral treatment should not be withheld from patients with suspected influenza, even if they test negative. (cdc.gov)
  • A panel of real-time polymerase chain reactions was performed to detect influenza A and B. Extracted RNA from a subset of positive samples was used to determine influenza A subtypes and influenza B lineages. (atlantis-press.com)
  • The CDC recommends that patients with influenza stay home until fever-free, without use of fever-reducing medications, for 24 hours. (medscape.com)
  • Additionally, large data gaps were identified in the Middle East region, as indicated by the lack of current influenza sequences in the database from many countries in the region. (who.int)
  • So today I'll be giving an update on the current influenza season, based on activity that we've received-- or data we've received, rather, about activity occurring through January 18 of this year. (cdc.gov)
  • The presentation will not include any discussion of the unlabeled use of a product or a product under investigational use, expect Dr. Angela Campbell would like to disclose that she will discuss the off-label use of antiviral medications for treatment of influenza. (cdc.gov)
  • This cross-protective effect has not yet been demonstrated to the newly emerging avian influenza A viruses of the H7N9 subtype. (eur.nl)
  • Babies less than 8 months old who are born to mothers who did not get an RSV vaccine during pregnancy can get a protective shot called nirsevimab that offers about five months of protection against RSV. (abc7.com)
  • Influenza, commonly known as "the flu", is an infectious disease caused by influenza viruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The NIH's National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) hopes to develop a vaccine that will overcome the challenges associated with seasonal changes among influenza strains. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza is a highly infectious disease caused by a very unstable virus. (who.int)
  • What's the research progress of mRNA vaccines for infectious diseases? (medicaltrend.org)
  • Infectious disease vaccines are currently the leading application of mRNA therapy. (medicaltrend.org)
  • This latest Pharmaceutical and Healthcare disease pipeline guide West Nile Virus Infections - Pipeline Review, H2 2019, provides an overview of the West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) pipeline landscape. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • This Pharmaceutical and Healthcare latest pipeline guide West Nile Virus Infections - Pipeline Review, H2 2019, provides comprehensive information on the therapeutics under development for West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease), complete with analysis by stage of development, drug target, mechanism of action (MoA), route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) pipeline guide also reviews of key players involved in therapeutic development for West Nile Virus Infections and features dormant and discontinued projects. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) pipeline guide helps in identifying and tracking emerging players in the market and their portfolios, enhances decision making capabilities and helps to create effective counter strategies to gain competitive advantage. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The pipeline guide provides a snapshot of the global therapeutic landscape of West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease). (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The pipeline guide reviews pipeline therapeutics for West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) by companies and universities/research institutes based on information derived from company and industry-specific sources. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The pipeline guide reviews key companies involved in West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) therapeutics and enlists all their major and minor projects. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • The pipeline guide evaluates West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease) therapeutics based on mechanism of action (MoA), drug target, route of administration (RoA) and molecule type. (researchandmarkets.com)
  • Find and recognize significant and varied types of therapeutics under development for West Nile Virus Infections (Infectious Disease). (researchandmarkets.com)
  • PhageVax's Bacteriophage-DNA Vaccine Platform represents a ' just in time ' manufacturing process for combating rapidly evolving infectious diseases. (medpdfarticles.com)
  • Researchers will study whether and to what extent their immune responses vary on the basis of age and the probability of their prior exposure to different variants of influenza. (medscape.com)
  • Influenza A variants with reduced in vitro sensitivity to amantadine have been isolated from epidemic strains in areas where adamantane derivatives are being used. (nih.gov)
  • Pfizer and BioNTech have jointly developed five mRNA candidate vaccines, which encode variants of the spike protein antigen. (medicaltrend.org)
  • To complicate things even more, there are variants within each subtype, since influenza viruses are permanently evolving and new strains are constantly emerging (this explains why the vaccine changes each year). (pasteur.fr)
  • Immunosuppressive drugs may reduce the immune response to influenza vaccine. (medscape.com)
  • View of Oseltamivir resistance among influenza viruses in northern Viet Nam, 2009-2012. (who.int)
  • During the 11 influenza seasons from 1977 through 1988, more than 10,000 excess deaths attributed to pneumonia and influenza (P&I) were reported during each of seven seasons, and approximately 45,000 deaths were reported during each of two seasons (CDC, unpublished data, 1992). (cdc.gov)
  • Because influenza seasons are unpredictable and often fluctuate in length and severity, the overall burden seasonal influenza varies from year to year. (cdc.gov)
  • This time last year, the U.S. was bracing for a 'tripledemic' amid rising cases of COVID-19, influenza and RSV after the seasons became more unpredictable during the COVID-19 pandemic. (abc7.com)
  • The multicenter trial was performed during the influenza seasons of 2011-2012 and 2012-2013 in Canada and the United States. (medscape.com)
  • Volunteers (A to X) were immunized with seasonal influenza vaccine in 2 consecutive seasons. (jci.org)
  • The second message is what CDC has shared in prior influenza seasons-that over 80% of children who die related to flu are unvaccinated, and the data so far this season seem to be similar. (medscape.com)
  • Researchers are conducting the first-in-human trial of a universal influenza vaccine candidate, the National Institutes of Health (NIH) announced April 3. (medscape.com)
  • A team of VRC scientists developed the universal influenza vaccine prototype. (medscape.com)
  • I'd like to welcome you to today's COCA call: 2019 to 2020 Influenza Season Update and Recommendations for Clinicians. (cdc.gov)
  • ECDC and WHO Regional Office published a joint Regional Situation Assessment of the 2019-2020 influenza season up to week 49/2019, which focuses on disease severity and impact on healthcare systems to assist forward planning in Member States. (flutrackers.com)
  • Influenza activity in the European Region, based on sentinel sampling, first exceeded a positivity rate of 10% in week 47/2019. (flutrackers.com)
  • Following a challenge with influenza A/H1N1 virus, survival rates and lung index of mice were observed. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Four mAbs were evaluated in vivo and protected mice from challenge with influenza viruses representative of different subtypes. (jci.org)
  • Most deaths associated with influenza in industrialized countries are due to complications of underlying diseases in people with well defined risks, including age over 65 years, chronic cardiovascular, pulmonary, metabolic or renal disease, and immunosuppression. (who.int)
  • and (3) virus for influenza B. This season, there is more flu vaccine for protection to fight against four more flu viruses called "quadrivalent" vaccines. (flushotprices.com)
  • ustekinumab decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent, adjuvanted by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • adalimumab decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent, adjuvanted by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • altretamine decreases effects of influenza virus vaccine quadrivalent, adjuvanted by pharmacodynamic antagonism. (medscape.com)
  • A quadrivalent influenza vaccine is recommended to reduce the health impact associated with influenza B infections. (atlantis-press.com)