• When the Zika epidemic spread through the American continent and then later to Africa and Asia in 2015, researchers compared the characteristics of the Zika infection to Dengue, considering both these viruses were transmitted primarily through the same vector, the Aedes aegypti female mosquitoes. (frontiersin.org)
  • Meanwhile, the cross-reactivity of CD8+ and CD4+ T cells response to Dengue and Zika viruses provide important clues for further development of potential treatments. (frontiersin.org)
  • Together, this information appraises the current understanding of both Zika and Dengue infections, providing insights for future vaccine design approaches against both viruses. (frontiersin.org)
  • Dengue virus (DENV) is an enveloped, single-stranded RNA virus belonging to the Flaviviridae family. (frontiersin.org)
  • High fever and joint pain can appear acutely in other infections like dengue, malaria or filaria. (findmeacure.com)
  • 001), malaria ( P =.04), dengue fever ( P =.006), brucellosis ( P =.03), and tuberculosis ( P =.003) exhibited significant seasonal patterns. (jmir.org)
  • Insects like mosquitos and ticks, of course, host and transmit many kinds of viral infections, including yellow fever, dengue, and encephalitis. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
  • Ebola virus (EBOV) causes acute hemorrhagic fever that is fatal in up to 90% of cases in both humans and nonhuman primates. (cdc.gov)
  • Infection can result in a wide variety of symptoms, including those of: mild respiratory illness (the common cold), hand, foot and mouth disease, acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, aseptic meningitis, myocarditis, severe neonatal sepsis-like disease, acute flaccid paralysis, and the related acute flaccid myelitis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Hadchouel M, Prieur AM, Griscelli C. Acute hemorrhagic, hepatic and neurologic manifestations in juvenile rheumatoid arthritis: possible relationship to drugs or infection. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • On this platform, MVA, a large virus capable of carrying several vaccine antigens, expresses proteins that assemble into VLP immunogens within the person receiving the vaccine ( in vivo ). (gabio.org)
  • GeoVax's MVA-VLP malaria vaccine candidates incorporate antigens derived from multiple stages of the parasite's life cycle and are designed to induce an immune response with durable functional antibodies and CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses, all hallmarks of an ideal vaccine-induced immune response. (raiseworthy.com)
  • GeoVax's GV-MVA-VLP TM vaccine platform utilizes modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA), a large virus capable of carrying several vaccine antigens, that expresses proteins that assemble into virus-like particles (VLP) immunogens in the person receiving the vaccine. (raiseworthy.com)
  • The common influenza viruses have antigens that mutate or combine readily, requiring new vaccines with each mutation. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The production of VLPs in the person being vaccinated mimics virus production in a natural infection, stimulating both the humoral and cellular arms of the immune system to recognize, prevent, and control the target infection. (gabio.org)
  • Herpes simplex virus infection is a major cause of vision loss in humans. (bvsalud.org)
  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection of the eye can result in a blinding immunoinflammatory lesion in the cornea called herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK). (bvsalud.org)
  • Apart from supportive care, neither a licensed vaccine nor a specific therapy is available for the treatment of the human EBOV infection [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in the United States, 1988 through 1994. (unt.edu)
  • Measles virus infection in rhesus macaques: altered immune responses and comparison of the virulence of six different strains. (unt.edu)
  • Chikungunya is an arbo virus infection transmitted by the bite of the Aedes mosquito, a small, innocuous insect with an attractive striped body. (findmeacure.com)
  • There is a reservoir of infection as the virus survives in warm blooded vertebrates like monkeys, rodents and birds. (findmeacure.com)
  • infection with ebola virus causes a severe disease accompanied by high mortality rates, and there are no licensed vaccines or therapies available for human use. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • filovirus vaccine research efforts still need to determine the roles of humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in protection from ebola virus infection. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • After infection of the host cell, the genome is translated in a cap-independent manner into a single polyprotein, which is subsequently processed by virus-encoded proteases into the structural capsid proteins and the nonstructural proteins, which are mainly involved in the replication of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The neutralization values of the serum samples collected from hospitalized patients with COVID-19 or SARS-CoV-2 PCR-negative donors against the pseudotyped virus infection evaluated by the CRNT were compared with antibody titers determined from an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) or an immunofluorescence assay (IFA). (biomedcentral.com)
  • As a result, the inhibition of pseudotyped virus infection was specifically observed in both serum and whole blood and was also correlated with the results of the IFA. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever in cynomolgus macaques: evidence that dendritic cells are early and sustained targets of infection. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Apoptosis induced in vitro and in vivo during infection by Ebola and Marburg viruses. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Ebola virus glycoprotein directly triggers T lymphocyte death despite of the lack of infection. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Despite efforts made over past decades, there is no vaccine or treatment available for preventing and controlling the ASF virus (ASFV) infection, and there is an urgent need to develop novel strategies. (mdpi.com)
  • We propose that additional investigation into the role of ADCP in protective viral responses, the specific virus epitopes targeted by ADCP antibodies, and the types of phagocytes and Fc receptors involved in ADCP at sites of virus infection will provide insight into strategies to successfully leverage this important immune response for improved antiviral immunity through rational vaccine design. (frontiersin.org)
  • The ability of a pathogenic virus to lie dormant within a cell (latent infection). (lookformedical.com)
  • Ebola virus disease (also known as Ebola hemorrhagic fever) is a severe, often-fatal disease caused by infection with a species of Ebola virus. (blogspot.com)
  • However, other studies suggested that inactivated EBOV equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) replicon particles (VRP) did not induce sufficient immunity to reliably protect expressing EBOV genes known to protect guinea pigs and hamadryl baboons against a lethal challenge (7). (cdc.gov)
  • Finally, we aimed to explain how we could extend vaccine-induced immunity in people by targeting the immunometabolism. (bvsalud.org)
  • Cowpox virus "scarification" by Jenner, used to induce protective immunity against smallpox, is not a single species but a group of up to 5 virus species that infects cows, humans, and other animals. (medscape.com)
  • GeoVax's current development programs are focused on preventive vaccines against COVID-19, HIV, Zika, hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola, Sudan, Marburg, and Lassa), and malaria, as well as therapeutic vaccines against chronic Hepatitis B infections and multiple cancers. (gabio.org)
  • Additional research and development programs include preventive vaccines against Zika Virus, hemorrhagic fever viruses (Ebola, Sudan, Marburg, and Lassa) and malaria, as well as immunotherapies for multiple solid tumors. (raiseworthy.com)
  • laboratory diagnosis of ebola and marburg hemorrhagic fever. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • the status of current laboratory diagnostics for ebola and marburg virus infections is discussed in terms of the assays available and their interpretation. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • We make the point that in several viral infections the lesions can be largely the result of one or more aspects of the host response mediating the cell and tissue damage rather than the virus itself being directly responsible. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition, fever begins to subside, and infections often begin to clear. (medscape.com)
  • Enteroviruses are a group of ubiquitous viruses that cause a number of infections which are usually mild. (wikipedia.org)
  • Ebola virus (EBOV) infections are characterized by a pronounced lymphopenia that is highly correlative with fatalities. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Viruses are also responsible for the common cold, childhood exanthems (such as chickenpox, measles, rubella), latent infections (such as herpes simplex), some cancers or lymphomas (such as Epstein-Barr virus), and diseases of all organ systems. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The virus is harmless to macaques or may cause only a herpetic rash in macaques, but in humans it often produces fatal infections of the brain and meninges. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • PEACHI is an EU FP7-funded project to develop vaccines for prevention of hepatitis C and HIV co-infections. (jenner.ac.uk)
  • We are starting a new project to develop new multi-genotype vaccines for therapy of human papilloma virus (HPV) infections that are responsible for cervical cancer (0.5 million cases per year worldwide) and other anogenital cancers. (jenner.ac.uk)
  • The vaccines comprise a conserved region immunogen, HIVconsv, delivered by replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus and MVA vectors. (jenner.ac.uk)
  • We are planning a series of vaccine trials to evaluate vaccinations with HIV and/or HCV immunogens, each delivered by replication-defective chimpanzee adenovirus and MVA vectors, in healthy volunteers and in HIV-positive HCV-uninfected patients on ART. (jenner.ac.uk)
  • The gene therapy consists in introducing the correct version of the gene into the damaged cells by means of vehicles or vectors, generally viruses which have been modified in the laboratory to eliminate their capacity to cause disease but maintain their ability to penetrate the cells. (blogspot.com)
  • We evaluated the effects in nonhuman primates of vaccine strategies that had protected mice or guinea pigs from lethal EBOV infec- tion. (cdc.gov)
  • The disease observed in primates differed from that in rodents, suggesting that rodent models of EBOV may not predict the efficacy of candidate vaccines in primates and that protection of primates may require different mechanisms. (cdc.gov)
  • Results of this study document the feasibility of vaccination have been self-limiting, the lack of an effective vaccine or against EBOV. (cdc.gov)
  • Our efforts to develop a vaccine against EBOV focused on baboons by vaccinating them with an inactivated EBOV vac- several potential vaccine candidates. (cdc.gov)
  • VACV) system expressing EBOV GP and demonstrated that lowing this strategy by using newly developed infectious this vector protected guinea pigs from EBOV hemorrhagic clones of EBOV may now be feasible (8). (cdc.gov)
  • The EBOV is classified as a biosafety level 4 pathogen and is considered a category A agent of bioterrorism by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, with no approved therapies and vaccines available for its treatment apart from supportive care. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although several promising therapeutic agents and vaccines against EBOV are undergoing the Phase I human trial, the current epidemic might be outpacing the speed at which drugs and vaccines can be produced. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Like all viruses, the EBOV largely relies on host cell factors and physiological processes for its entry, replication, and egress. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ZMapp), anti-sense phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers (PMO AVI-6002), lipid nanoparticle small interfering RNA (LNP-siRNA: TKM-Ebola), and an EBOV glycoprotein-based vaccine using live-attenuated recombinant vesicular stomatitis virus (rVSV-EBOGP) or a chimpanzee adenovirus (rChAd-EBOGP)-based vector. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The EBOV is an enveloped filamentous RNA virus belonging to the family Filoviridae . (biomedcentral.com)
  • nearly thirty years after the first epidemics, ebola virus (ebov) remains hardly described, its transmission unclear and its reservoir elusive. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • soon after the ebola fever outbreak and virus discovery in 1976 and in order to investigate the distribution of ebov in central africa, several countries including a range of ecological zones were investigated in the early 1980s, using extensive survey: central african republic (car), cameroon, chad, congo, gabon and equatorial guinea. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Ebolaviruses are known for their ability to cause devastating viral hemorrhagic fever outbreaks in humans and great apes, but the natural reservoir for EBOV has remained elusive for many years. (biomedcentral.com)
  • ATLANTA, GA, April 30, 2020 - GeoVax Labs, Inc. (OTC: GOVX), a biotechnology company developing human vaccines and immunotherapies against infectious diseases and cancer, announced today that Beijing- and Philadelphia-based Sino Biological, Inc. will be its exclusive supplier of SARS-Cov-2 (COVID-19) bioreagent research products. (gabio.org)
  • GeoVax Labs, Inc. is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing human vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer using a novel proprietary vaccine platform (GV-MVA-VLP TM ). (gabio.org)
  • GeoVax Labs, Inc. is a clinical-stage biotechnology company developing human vaccines and immunotherapies against infectious diseases and cancer using novel proprietary platforms. (raiseworthy.com)
  • These include modeling techniques, bioforensics, methods for defining threats, specific and broad-spectrum antibiotic and novel antiviral agents, and means for rapid vaccine fielding. (nationalacademies.org)
  • Experimentally infected cynomolgus macaques ( Macaca fascicularis ) develop ordinary or hemorrhagic smallpox depending on the size of the inoculum. (medscape.com)
  • In 2016, an outbreak of Rift Valley fever was reported in the Kabale District in Uganda for the first time in 48 years. (cdc.gov)
  • In 2007 to 2008 a large outbreak of viral hemorrhagic fever with a case-fatality rate of approximately 25% occurred in humans in Uganda. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Measles inclusion body encephalitis caused by the vaccine strain of measles virus. (unt.edu)
  • Now there is evidence from two separate cohorts of children, and two separate teams of researchers, that the vaccine strain measles virus is present in these children. (whale.to)
  • Since its discovery in 1976, Ebolavirus has caused periodic outbreaks of viral hemorrhagic fever associated with severe and often fatal disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Although no licensed Ebolavirus vaccines are currently available, vaccine research in non-human primates, the 'gold standard' animal model for Ebolavirus, has produced several promising candidates. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In light of the severity of Ebolavirus disease and the observed increase in Ebolavirus outbreaks over the past decade, the expedited translation of potential candidate therapeutics and vaccines from bench to bedside is currently the most challenging task for the field. (biomedcentral.com)
  • protective cytotoxic t-cell responses induced by venezuelan equine encephalitis virus replicons expressing ebola virus proteins. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Her chief research interest is the development of viral-vectored vaccines that work by inducing strong and protective T and B cell responses. (isv-online.org)
  • We will also test next-generation viral vectored vaccines employing an HCV immunogen fused to HLA class II invariant chain. (jenner.ac.uk)
  • A recombinant vesicular stomatitis vaccine vector protected non-human primates in pre- and post-exposure challenge studies. (biomedcentral.com)
  • E make up the family Filoviridae , cause severe hemorrhagic against these gene products but only partially protected them disease in humans and nonhuman primates, killing up to 90% against lethal challenge (9). (cdc.gov)
  • Here, we report on the clinical impact of a novel NiV-derived nonspreading replicon particle lacking the fusion (F) protein gene (NiVF) as a vaccine in three small animal models of disease. (cdc.gov)
  • AAVs are nonenveloped single-stranded DNA viruses used in gene therapy to insert copies of missing genes into host cells. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Any of the processes by which cytoplasmic factors influence the differential control of gene action in viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Smallpox is an acute, contagious disease caused by the variola virus, a member of the genus Orthopoxvirus , in the Poxviridae family (see the image below). (medscape.com)
  • It has been used as a live vaccine against SMALLPOX. (lookformedical.com)
  • we reviewed published reports on 254-nm uv inactivation and tabulated the sensitivities of a wide variety of viruses, including those with double-stranded dna, single-stranded dna, double-stranded rna, or single-stranded rna genomes. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Enterovirus is a genus of positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses associated with several human and mammalian diseases. (wikipedia.org)
  • A virus commonly found in macaques (Old World monkeys) but not in other primates. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Most of these vaccines are based on individual proteins that induce immune responses targeting only one stage of the malaria parasite's life cycle. (raiseworthy.com)
  • However, developing vaccines against global public health threats, such as malaria, is also part of our longer-term focus. (raiseworthy.com)
  • Collaborations with government institutions, such as the National Institutes of Health and USAID, and academic, such as the Burnet Institute, will continue to be components of our efforts to design, produce and test novel vaccines against malaria. (raiseworthy.com)
  • Under the terms of the agreement, Sino Biological will provide key bioreagents such as recombinant proteins, antibodies and detection kits for use in COVID-19 vaccine development underway at GeoVax. (gabio.org)
  • Sino Biological was the first to market with mammalian cell-made COVID-19 viral recombinant proteins and offers a full range of these and other bioreagents to complement and aid in COVID-19 vaccine development and has the world's largest selection of coronavirus research-grade products. (gabio.org)
  • Bender C, Hall H, Huang J, Klimov A, Subbarao K. Characterization of the surface proteins of influenza A (H5N1) viruses isolated from humans in 1997-1998. (unt.edu)
  • To circumvent the need for BSL-3 laboratories, an alternative assay was developed that avoids live virus and instead uses a recombinant VSV expressing luciferase and possesses the full length or truncated spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Proteins found in any species of virus. (lookformedical.com)
  • The GV-MVA-VLP TM derived vaccines can elicit durable immune responses in the host similar to a live-attenuated virus, while typically providing the safety characteristics of a replication-defective vector. (gabio.org)
  • It is also a source of concern for vaccination strategies, because live attenuated/mutated strains used for vaccination could potentially recombine with wild-type related strains, as has been the case with circulating vaccine derived polio viruses (cVDPDs). (wikipedia.org)
  • Characterizing Hepatitis C Virus-Specific CD4+ T Cells Following Viral-Vectored Vaccination, Directly Acting Antivirals, and Spontaneous Viral Cure. (jenner.ac.uk)
  • Nipah virus (NiV) causes a highly lethal disease in humans who present with acute respiratory or neurological signs. (cdc.gov)
  • On the basis of their pathogenesis in humans and animals, the enteroviruses were originally classified into four groups, polioviruses, Coxsackie A viruses (CA), Coxsackie B viruses (CB), and echoviruses, but it was quickly realized that there were significant overlaps in the biological properties of viruses in the different groups. (wikipedia.org)
  • Of the 81 non-polio types, there are 22 Coxsackie A viruses, 6 Coxsackie B viruses, 28 echoviruses, and 25 other enteroviruses. (wikipedia.org)
  • The Company has developed preventive HIV vaccine candidate (GOVX-B11) for the clade B subtype of HIV prevalent in the Americas, Western Europe, Japan, and Australia and the clade C subtype prevalent in Africa and India. (gabio.org)
  • A critical next step in the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines is to define the components of an HIV immunogen that could induce CD8+ T cells with broad and potent inhibitory capacity. (jenner.ac.uk)
  • in the past decade the zaire strain of ebola virus (zebov) has emerged repeatedly into human populations in central africa and caused massive die-offs of gorillas and chimpanzees. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • GeoVax's clade B HIV vaccine is also part of collaborative efforts to develop an immunotherapy as a functional cure for HIV. (gabio.org)
  • So far, efforts to develop effective drugs against these viruses have failed, and typical therapy usually relies on symptomatic treatment. (saratoga.com)
  • The goal of our research is to understand the mechanisms that determine successful containment of HIV and how these can be exploited in the development of vaccines and T cell-based therapies. (jenner.ac.uk)
  • For understanding the virus-driven pathogenesis and its implications on the host, the cellular metabolism needs to be elucidated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Ebola virus: the role of macrophages and dendritic cells in the pathogenesis of Ebola hemorrhagic fever. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • In response to this reemergence, we designed a countrywide survey to determine the seropositivity of anti-Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) IgG antibodies in livestock. (cdc.gov)
  • human recombinant antibodies to ebola virus: preparation and characteristics]. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • human recombinant antibodies against a purified ebola virus (ev) lysate were selected from a combinatorial library of scfv-antibodies using the phage display technique. (liverpool.ac.uk)
  • Antibodies are a key component of the human adaptive immune system, and the elicitation of antibodies has been correlated with vaccine efficacy in many diseases ( 1 ). (frontiersin.org)
  • Efficacy and effectiveness of an rVSV-vectored vaccine in preventing Ebola virus disease: final results from the Guinea ring vaccination, open-label, cluster-randomised trial (Ebola Ca Suffit! (prolekarniky.cz)
  • GeoVax is at the forefront of development for a COVID-19 vaccine and its use of recombinant viruses to generate virus-like particles (VLPs) in vivo has demonstrated considerable immune response for other viruses in a number of human clinical trials. (gabio.org)
  • Eye damaging consequences are often driven by inflammatory cells as a result of an immune response to the virus. (bvsalud.org)
  • 7. Younan P, Iampietro M, Bukreyev A. Disabling of lymphocyte immune response by Ebola virus. (prolekarniky.cz)
  • Results: travellers screened for fever ranged from 10,499 (in March 2020) to 62,441 (in April 2020) with the health districts of Diffa (mean: standard error of the mean: 25,999: 9,220) and of Bosso (mean: standard error of the mean: 30.4: 19.1) accounting for the most and the least of activities during the entire period, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
  • Blydt-Hansen T, Subbarao K, Quennec P, McDonald J. Recovery of respiratory syncytial virus from stethoscopes by conventional culture and polymerase chain reaction. (unt.edu)
  • Poxviridae are linear, double-stranded deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) viruses that replicate in the cytoplasm. (medscape.com)
  • ABBR: AAV A genus in the parvovirus family whose members cannot replicate without the presence of another virus. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • When viruses replicate in giant numbers, as they do, they also may undergo fundamental changes, notably in their DNA genetic code. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
  • The mechanism by which latent viruses, such as genetically transmitted tumor viruses ( PROVIRUSES ) or PROPHAGES of lysogenic bacteria, are induced to replicate and then released as infectious viruses. (lookformedical.com)
  • Besides their function in the virus replication cycle, the viral glycoprotein, nucleoprotein, minor matrix protein and polymerase cofactor are viral determinants of pathogenicity, with evasion of the host innate and adaptive immune responses as the main mechanism. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Through collaboration with the NIAID-funded HIV Vaccine Trials Network and Duke University NC, we have shown that targeting of selected vulnerable regions within the HIV proteome by CD8+ T cells is strongly associated with their capacity to inhibit HIV replication in vitro. (jenner.ac.uk)
  • Second, we used a recombinant Vaccinia virus reversion to a wild-type form. (cdc.gov)
  • The variola virus is a large, brick-shaped, double-stranded DNA virus that serologically cross-reacts with other members of the poxvirus family, including ectromelia, cowpox, monkeypox, vaccinia, and camelpox. (medscape.com)
  • Rabbitpox virus is a subspecies of VACCINIA VIRUS . (lookformedical.com)
  • Recently, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention issued its third Level 1 emergency response in nine years regarding this virus, which is reserved for the most dire health emergencies. (saratoga.com)
  • He has also served as the Vice Dean and the Dean of the Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, and currently the Director and Professor for the International Research and Development Center for Mucosal Vaccines To reflect his scientific contribution, he was listed in ISI Highly Cited Researchers' List and received several prestigious awards. (isv-online.org)
  • Cytomegalovirus PCR and tests for Epstein Barr Virus were not done due to unaffordability. (pediatriconcall.com)
  • No vaccines or treatments are available for human use. (cdc.gov)
  • Human and rodent specimens were tested by means of virus-specific real-time quantitative reverse-transcriptase-polymerase-chain-reaction assays, next-generation sequencing, and virus isolation. (cdc.gov)
  • citation needed] Coxsackie A16 virus causes human hand, foot and mouth disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Its newly launched ProVir TM collection is the world's largest viral antigen bank, carrying over 800 products from 350 strains of viruses. (gabio.org)
  • Interestingly, the Ebola virus is inactivated by UV radiation.12 It certainly isn't the first time sunlight has been shown to be beneficial in the fight against disease, although bacteria appears to be more susceptible to UV radiation than viruses. (saratoga.com)
  • The 400 known viruses are classified in several ways: by genome core (RNA or DNA), host (animals, plants, or bacteria), method of reproduction (such as retrovirus), mode of transmission (such as enterovirus), and disease produced (such as hepatitis virus). (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The largest virus is smaller than the tiniest bacteria, so tiny they cannot even be seen with a regular light microscope. (patrickmalonelaw.com)
  • And unlike bacteria, viruses, as far as we know, are never good for you. (patrickmalonelaw.com)