OrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentDisciplines and OccupationsHealth Care
African Horse SicknessAfrican horse sickness virusCeratopogonidaeOrbivirusEquidaeHorsesPerissodactylaBluetongue virusDigoxigeninBluetongueHemorrhagic Disease Virus, EpizooticViral VaccinesInsect VectorsSerotypingMotion SicknessCapsid ProteinsVaccinesAntibodies, ViralVaccines, InactivatedVeterinary MedicinePlantibodies
EpizooticStrainsAHSVVirusesSerotypeLumpy Skin DiSerotypesViralVeterinaryEquineBluetongue virusOutbreaks have occurredRabiesVectorsPolyvalentEndemicRecombinantVirusSouth AmericaTrypanosomiasisPreventionDiseasesDonkeys and zebrasTrypanosomaDosesMulesLatin AmericaVaccinateVLPsSwine FeverRespiratoryFever formWest NileVector-borneLiveMosquitoesEquidsClinicalImmunityJohannesburgSpeciesDogsImmunogenicityCardiacCogginsImmune responseHumansMortality rateVaccination scheduleMildLivestockSignsSheep
Epizootic5
  • Vaccines are also needed for other related viruses, including African horse sickness virus, and potentially both Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus and Equine encephalosis virus. (thebeefsite.com)
  • The African horse sickness epizootic in Senegal in 2007 caused considerable mortality in the equine population and hence major economic losses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to the African horse sickness virus (AHSV), Culicoides may also transmit bluetongue virus (BTV), epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), equine encephalitis virus (EEV), Akabane virus, bovine ephemeral fever virus and viruses in the Palyam group [ 5 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The Laboratoire National de l'Elevage et de Recherches Veterinaires is involved in animal health and husbandry researches, specially by developing diagnostic tools and veterinary vaccines for a better surveillance of enzootic and epizootic diseases and the implementation of efficient control strategies. (palebludata.com)
  • Bluetongue is an orbivirus which cross-reacts with many antigenically related viruses including Palyam virus and the viruses that cause epizootic hemorrhagic disease of deer and African Horse sickness. (purdue.edu)
Strains3
  • Reactivity to some vaccine strains is reported to be better than to others, and protection may be incomplete in some case. (animalresearch.info)
  • Mertens PPC, Maan NS, Prasad G, Samuel AR, Shaw AE, Potgieter AC, Anthony SJ, Maan S (2007): Design of primers and use of RT-PCR assays for typing European bluetongue virus isolates: differentiation of field and vaccine strains. (ankara.edu.tr)
  • DNA sequences of savannah and rainforest strains in Africa differ, while American strains are identical to savannah strains in western Africa. (najeya.com)
AHSV6
  • Antibodies to AHSV have also been reported in a number of other species, although there are sometimes inconsistencies between studies, such as hyenas, jackals, African wild dogs, cheetahs, lions and large-spotted hyenas, which might be exposed by feeding on infected zebras. (animalresearch.info)
  • African horse sickness (AHS) is caused by multiple serotypes of the dsRNA AHSV and is a major scourge of domestic equids in Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The ELISA test detects antibodies to the African Horse Sickness Virus (AHSV). (equigerminal.shop)
  • African horse sickness (AHS) is a kind of animal disease caused by African horse sickness virus (AHSV), which mainly infects equines and is transmitted by insects such as Culicoid. (ivdc.org.cn)
  • This article reviews the current research progress of AHSV VP7 protein research, in order to provide references for AHSV and its detection methods and vaccine research. (ivdc.org.cn)
  • The paper presents the findings of specific antibodies in the blood sera of donkeys against the following viruses: equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV), African horse sickness virus (AHSV), equine herpesvirus type 1 (EHV-1), equine influenza virus subtype H3N8 (EIV) and equine arteritis virus (EAV). (bvsalud.org)
Viruses6
  • There are also fears that related viruses, such as African horse sickness virus, which can have a fatality rate of more than 95 per cent and shares the same insect vectors as bluetongue, could also be introduced. (thebeefsite.com)
  • Although it has a less than 5% mortality rate, it unfortunately lowers the resistance of the horse to other viruses like AHS. (inthesaddle.com)
  • Other than West Nile, which most horse owners are now aware of, we must also remain committed to continued vaccination against the 'older' mosquito-borne encephalitis viruses," cautions Mallicote. (farnam.com)
  • Mellor PS, Boorman J (1995): The transmission and geographical spread of African horse sickness and bluetongue viruses. (ankara.edu.tr)
  • The group also carries out applied research related to the development and validation of new diagnostic assays and vaccines, as well as the epidemiology and control of the exotic non-vesicular viruses within its portfolio. (pirbright.ac.uk)
  • The group works very closely with the African Swine Fever Virus Group , Orbivirus Research Group , Large DNA Viruses Group and the Entomology Group . (pirbright.ac.uk)
Serotype5
  • Indeed, the vaccines are based on a live serotype of the AHS virus and therefore carry a risk that they could revert to virulence. (animalresearch.info)
  • Previously, we reported on the immunogenicity of a plant-produced AHS serotype 5 virus-like particle (VLP) vaccine, which stimulated high titres of AHS serotype 5-specific neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There is no comercial vaccine for any serotype of AHS currently available in Europe. (equigerminal.shop)
  • The enormous diversity of BTV (29 serotypes) means that a vaccine for one serotype will not protect against another. (veterinary-practice.com)
  • His research integrates issues of Culicoides, Real-time polymerase chain reaction, African horse sickness and Polymerase chain reaction in his study of Serotype. (research.com)
Lumpy Skin Di2
Serotypes5
  • While some serotypes are cross-protective (e.g., serotypes 6 and 9), others are not which makes developing a vaccine difficult. (animalresearch.info)
  • All serotypes (1-9) are distributed throughout South Africa, although there is a variation in their temporal distribution. (animalresearch.info)
  • A vaccine bank is being developed by the European Commission that will hold 100,000 doses of vaccine against seven different AHS serotypes. (equigerminal.shop)
  • Inactivated vaccines (containing killed virus) are only readily available for two serotypes (BTV-4 and BTV-8) so considering the current situation, demand is high. (veterinary-practice.com)
  • The recent emergence of additional BTV serotypes, for which the BTV-4 and BTV-8 vaccine will not offer protection, further complicates the situation. (veterinary-practice.com)
Viral4
  • In this blog, Louise Carelsen of Limpopo Valley Horse Safaris talks about their struggles with African horse sickness (AHS), a highly infectious non-contagious, viral disease endemic to the African continent,affecting all species of Equidae. (inthesaddle.com)
  • African Horse Sickness (AHS) is a non-contagious, highly fatal viral disease that primarily occurs in Sub-Saharan Africa, but outbreaks have occurred in Egypt, the Middle East, Pakistan, India, Morocco, Spain and Portugal. (animalresearch.info)
  • African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious, notifiable viral disease which poses a substantial challenge to horse owners in sub-Saharan Africa. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Both are referred to as "sleeping sickness" and are life-threatening viral diseases that attack the central nervous system. (farnam.com)
Veterinary6
  • Pre-vaccination sera were analysed by VP7 indirect ELISA at the Onderstepoort Veterinary Research Institute (ARC-OVI) in Pretoria, South Africa to determine prior exposure of the horses to AHS, either by vaccination with the currently used live attenuated vaccine (LAV) mixture produced by Onderstepoort Biological Products (OBP), or by natural infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However, the two diseases with the greatest veterinary impact among these are undoubtedly bluetongue (BT) and African horse sickness (AHS). (biomedcentral.com)
  • A 3.5-year-old pregnant intact female Rottweiler was presented to the Onderstepoort Veterinary Academic Hospital (OVAH), Pretoria, South Africa, with a three-day history of progressive lethargy, weakness and inappetence with acute onset dyspnoea. (scielo.org.za)
  • While less likely to result in death to the horse than encephalitis, WNV can require extensive veterinary treatment and affected horses may suffer long-lasting neurologic deficits. (farnam.com)
  • The horse must be accompanied by a Health Certificate issued by a government veterinary officer approved by the Department. (agriculture.gov.au)
  • As reported in a Letter to the Editor in the journal Emerging Infectious Diseases, a veterinary student in South Africa got sickened with West Nile Virus (WNV) last year after doing an autopsy on a 4 month. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
Equine7
  • AHS virus cannot be transmitted directly from horse to horse (or directly between any equine animals). (equigerminal.shop)
  • Equine Infectious Anemia (EIA), otherwise called SWAMP fever is a horse sickness brought about by a retrovirus and transmitted by bloodsucking creepy crawlies. (veterinarydiscussions.net)
  • Even if Zika never becomes an issue in the equine population, there are already enough mosquito-borne diseases that do infect horses. (farnam.com)
  • There are three mosquito-borne diseases that every horse owner should recognize and vaccinate against: Eastern Equine Encephalitis (EEE), Western Equine Encephalitis (WEE) and West Nile Virus (WNV). (farnam.com)
  • a) It comes from Australia where the following diseases are compulsorily notifiable: African Horse Sickness, Dourine, Glanders, Equine Encephalomyelitis (of all types including VEE), Infectious Anaemia, Vesicular Stomatitis, Rabies and Anthrax. (agriculture.gov.au)
  • Unique nationwide field trial for a vaccine for the prevention of Equine Grass Sickness has been completed, co-ordinated by the Animal Health Trust with support from Moredun Foundation Equine Grass Sickness Fund. (midlothiansciencezone.com)
  • Venezuelan equine encephalitis (VEE) causes death in 20-80% of infected horses. (equusmagazine.com)
Bluetongue virus2
Outbreaks have occurred1
Rabies6
  • Most human deaths from rabies occur in Asia and Africa, caused by bites from rabid dogs. (woah.org)
  • The OIE RRAP supported the meeting costs-including awards during the quiz session and printing awareness materials for participants-and provided dog rabies vaccines. (woah.org)
  • Evidence from laboratory and field experience in many areas of the world indicates that postexposure prophylaxis combining local wound treatment, vaccine, and rabies immune globulin, is uniformly effective when appropriately used. (cdc.gov)
  • However, rabies has occasionally developed in humans who had received postexposure antirabies prophylaxis with vaccine alone. (cdc.gov)
  • Human diploid cell rabies vaccine (HDCV)**: HDCV is an inactivated virus vaccine prepared from fixed rabies virus grown in WI-38 or MRC-5 human diploid cell culture. (cdc.gov)
  • The vaccine grown on WI-38 cells and developed in the United States is inactivated with tri-n-butyl phosphate and B-propiolactone (Wyeth Laboratories' WYVAC(R)), while that grown in MRC-5 cells and developed in Europe is inactivated with B-propiolactone (Merieux Institute's RABIES VACCINE(R)). Both vaccines are supplied as 1.0 ml, single-dose vials of lyophilized vaccine with accompanying diluent. (cdc.gov)
Vectors3
  • This first study of the spatial and temporal dynamics of the Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) species, potential vectors of African horse sickness in Senegal, was conducted at five sites (Mbao, Parc Hann, Niague, Pout and Thies) in the Niayes area, which was affected by the outbreak. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Virus transmission between horses, donkeys and zebras occurs via small insect vectors known as midges (Culicoides species). (equigerminal.shop)
  • With each bite or sip of body fluid, mosquitos and flies serve as mechanical vectors to infect your horse with disease-like little syringes or sponges. (equusmagazine.com)
Polyvalent2
  • Three vaccines currently exist, which include a polyvalent vaccine, a monovalent vaccine, and a monovalent inactivated vaccine. (animalresearch.info)
  • There are attenuated (monovalent and polyvalent) vaccines commercially available. (vetacademy.org)
Endemic3
  • The virus is considered endemic to the equatorial, eastern, and southern regions of Africa. (wikipedia.org)
  • AHS is known to be endemic in sub-Saharan Africa, and has spread to Morocco, the Middle East, India, and Pakistan. (wikipedia.org)
  • The vaccines are used in many parts of Africa to help control this endemic disease but they are not licensed in Europe, due to safety concerns. (animalresearch.info)
Recombinant2
  • Research by Spain and Britain continues to investigate the production of a safe, recombinant vaccine (not live and therefore unable to revert to virulence) for use in Europe. (animalresearch.info)
  • While there are well established commercial live attenuated vaccines produced in South Africa, risks associated with these have encouraged attempts to develop new and safer recombinant vaccines. (biomedcentral.com)
Virus16
  • Statistical evidence of reassortment within the genomes of African horse sickness (AHS) virus field isolates identified in outbreaks in the AHS controlled area in Western Cape Province, South Africa, 2004-2014. (cdc.gov)
  • African horse sickness (AHS) is a highly infectious and often fatal disease caused by African horse sickness virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • AHS virus was first recorded south of the Sahara Desert in the mid-1600s, with the introduction of horses to southern Africa. (wikipedia.org)
  • African donkeys and zebras very rarely display clinical symptoms, despite high virus titres in blood, and are thought to be the natural reservoir of the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • To prevent this disease, the affected horses are usually slaughtered, and the uninfected horses are vaccinated against the virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • Although the vaccines against BT virus currently available for use in northern Europe are relatively crude, as they are made from inactivated virus grown in tissue culture cells, it is clear that they can work against BTV-8. (thebeefsite.com)
  • However, more advanced vaccines, made from the protein-subunits of the virus, along with diagnostic tests that can distinguish vaccinated from infected animals, are urgently needed. (thebeefsite.com)
  • In 2003 when my husband and I moved to Mashatu as part of Limpopo Valley Horse Safaris I was to become further acquainted with this dreaded virus. (inthesaddle.com)
  • In addition, the self-assembly characteristics of VP7 protein have a fundamental role in the research of subunit vaccines and virus-like particle vaccines(VLPs). (ivdc.org.cn)
  • virus is mechanically transmitted starting with one horse then onto the next by the bloodsucking flies, Tabanus, Stomoxys spp. (veterinarydiscussions.net)
  • We don't yet have information to suggest that horses become infected with Zika or develop disease, and there are certainly horses present in many parts of the world where Zika Virus is present," observes Martha Mallicote, DVM, a veterinarian in Large Animal Medicine at the University of Florida in Gainesville. (farnam.com)
  • EEE and WEE are spread when infected mosquitoes bite horses after having picked up the virus, usually by feeding on an infected bird. (farnam.com)
  • Vaccinia vaccine is made of live vaccinia virus derived from plaque purification cloning of Dryvax® (calf lymph vaccine, New York City Board of Health Strain) and grown in African Green Monkey kidney (Vero) cells and tested to be free of adventitious agents. (cdc.gov)
  • The latest update on the Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) outbreak in west Africa was released by the World Health Organization (WHO) today and it shows that there is a cumulative total of 218 clinical cases. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • The situation in west Africa with Ebola Virus Disease (EVD) has shown increases in both clinically compatible cases and fatalities in Guinea, according to a World Health Organization (WHO) update today. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Orungo virus, isolated in Africa, has been implicated in an acute illness with myalgias and headache. (medscape.com)
South America2
  • Orbiviral infections in Africa and South America may be spread via mosquito bites. (medscape.com)
  • In Africa, Central America and South America, Black Flies can transmit two diseases to humans: onchocerciasis, known as "river blindness," and mansonellosis. (najeya.com)
Trypanosomiasis3
  • In fact, take sleeping sickness - human African trypanosomiasis, HAT. (african.business)
  • An outbreak of the deadly parasitic disease, African sleeping sickness, or African trypanosomiasis has been reported in Rufunsa District in Lusaka Province according to Member of Parliament Kenneth. (outbreaknewstoday.com)
  • Human African trypanosomiasis, also known as sleeping sickness, is a vector-borne parasitic disease. (najeya.com)
Prevention1
  • JYNNEOS™ is a vaccine indicated for prevention of smallpox and mpox disease in adults 18 years of age and older determined to be at occupational risk for smallpox or mpox infection. (cdc.gov)
Diseases8
  • LNERV is the national reference laboratory for the diagnosis of the African horse sickness and currently developing competences in Culicoides for a better understanding of Culicoides borne-diseases. (palebludata.com)
  • OBP is proud that availability of vaccines will assist in ensuring that outbreaks of diseases are prevented. (agrionline.co.za)
  • Horses owners shouldn't be worried about mosquito-borne diseases, but they should be concerned, aware and proactive. (farnam.com)
  • In Florida, for example, horses are vaccinated for these diseases two to three times annually. (farnam.com)
  • Strategic vaccination is very effective when it comes to protecting horses and ensuring immunity to these diseases is at its best during mosquito season. (farnam.com)
  • While we want to protect against as many of these diseases as possible with vaccination and good property management, horse owners also need to deter flies and mosquitoes from getting on and biting their horses. (equusmagazine.com)
  • There are a number of ways to protect your horse from biting mosquitoes and the diseases they can transmit. (equusmagazine.com)
  • In many countries of the world, Black Flies transmit diseases to animals including bovine onchocerciasis in cattle and horses, and leucocytozoonosis in wild birds. (najeya.com)
Donkeys and zebras1
  • citation needed] The common hosts of this disease are horses, mules, donkeys, and zebras. (wikipedia.org)
Trypanosoma1
  • Another way in which this method can food or water by an cheap Ivermectin Pharmacy person for Dogs tube that correctly corresponds with sleeping sickness, is caused by Trypanosoma brucei. (totoscleaning.com)
Doses1
  • I also remember how we had to vaccinate all 30 horses 2 doses 3 weeks apart as it's a live attenuated vaccine we had to keep it cool all the way from the vet to us, inject it as quickly as possible sub-cutaneous and then rest the horse during the middle week after each vaccine. (inthesaddle.com)
Mules2
Latin America1
  • In much of the world, including most of Asia and all of Africa and Latin America, the dog remains the major source of human exposure. (cdc.gov)
Vaccinate1
VLPs1
  • This is the first report demonstrating the safety and immunogenicity of plant-produced AHS VLPs in horses. (biomedcentral.com)
Swine Fever2
  • The group was instrumental in diagnosing the first ever incursion of BT into northern Europe in 2006, the first outbreak of BT in England in September 2007 and the first outbreak of African swine fever in Georgia in 2007. (pirbright.ac.uk)
  • African swine fever (ASF) has been detected in many European countries since its introduction in Georgia in 2007. (bvsalud.org)
Respiratory2
  • Horses can also be infected with a combination of the above two types, the disease then shows itself initially by mild respiratory signs followed by the typical swellings of the cardiac form. (inthesaddle.com)
  • African Horse Sickness can cause respiratory (lung) disease, cardiac (heart) disease, or a cyclic fever. (equigerminal.shop)
Fever form2
  • Mild or horse sickness fever form Mild to subclinical disease is seen in zebras and African donkeys. (wikipedia.org)
  • Animals with this horse sickness fever form of AHS will typically recover. (equigerminal.shop)
West Nile1
  • West Nile outbreak in horses in Southern France, 2000: the return after 35 years. (research.com)
Vector-borne1
  • Its global epidemiology is complex due to the combination of vector-borne and anthropogenic spread, the circulation of vaccine-like recombinants, and the use of vaccines. (bvsalud.org)
Live6
  • Modified, live vaccines against AHS exist and generally provide good, but not absolute, protection. (animalresearch.info)
  • Most cases were linked to inoculation with a BTV-contaminated canine modified live vaccine. (scielo.org.za)
  • These cases were mostly related to BTV contamination of live attenuated canine vaccines in the United States of America in 1992-93, resulting in abortion and death in pregnant dogs (Akita et al. (scielo.org.za)
  • Rift Valley Fever vaccine (live) is available, and we are currently producing other batches which will be available end of January 2023. (agrionline.co.za)
  • Not been vaccinated with a live, attenuated, or inactivated vaccine during the 14 days immediately preceding exportation. (thepaardyard.com)
  • It's important to discuss vaccination with your veterinarian to come up with a vaccination schedule that fits your particular horse and where you live. (farnam.com)
Mosquitoes2
  • Culiseta melanura mosquitoes transmit it to horses, causing serious neurologic disease with 90% fatality. (equusmagazine.com)
  • Another effective way to combat mosquitoes is with repellents that can be sprayed either directly on the horse or around the stable and/or paddock. (equusmagazine.com)
Equids1
  • The horse remained isolated from other equids not of equivalent health status from the time the blood sample was taken until 21 days immediately after vaccination and was regularly revaccinated as required. (agriculture.gov.au)
Clinical2
  • Signs - four classical clinical forms: pulmonary, cardiac, mixed and horse sickness fever. (vetacademy.org)
  • About 40% of the horses that recover from clinical signs of WNV will continue to experience neurologic deficit. (equusmagazine.com)
Immunity1
  • Moreover, besides the inability to differentiate between natural and vaccine-induced immunity (non-DIVA), the LAV is restricted to use within southern Africa and this has significant implications for both the horse export industry as well as the equestrian sporting arena. (biomedcentral.com)
Johannesburg1
  • The treatment we have used here in Botswana has evolved over the years and our vet, (based 5 hours away in Johannesburg - S.Africa) is always very generous with her time and advice to us. (inthesaddle.com)
Species2
  • The disease is usually fatal to horses, the most susceptible species of all, killing up to 90 percent of infected horses. (animalresearch.info)
  • Horses are more prone to proud flesh than other species, especially when it comes to wounds on the distal limbs. (thehorse.com)
Dogs3
  • Dogs usually contract the disease by eating infected horse meat, although a recent report has been made of the disease occurring in dogs with no known horse-meat ingestion. (wikipedia.org)
  • Dogs often become infected by eating infected horse meat. (animalresearch.info)
  • Dogs can become infected with AHS through eating meat from an infected horse, donkey or zebra. (equigerminal.shop)
Immunogenicity1
  • The aim of the present study was to test the safety and immunogenicity of this VLP candidate vaccine in horses, and to consider ways in which the production platform could be scaled up in a cost-effective manner. (biomedcentral.com)
Cardiac1
Coggins1
  • The Coggins' test is an agar gel diffusion (AGID) test, which is a down to earth demonstrative test for recognizing horses tainted with EIA. (veterinarydiscussions.net)
Immune response1
  • There are two types of immunizing products: (1) vaccines that induce an active immune response, which requires about 7-10 days to develop but may persist for as long as a year or more, and (2) globulins that provide rapid passive immune protection, which persists for a short period of time, with a half-life of about 21 days. (cdc.gov)
Humans2
  • While so far, the disease has only been found in humans and primates, it makes sense for horse owners to wonder if Zika could pose a problem in equines. (farnam.com)
  • In horses, the most common type in North America and Europe is type B (>85% of US cases), and in the western US type A has been reported in only two outbreaks, both in humans, known to have been caused by type F. Type G, isolated from soil in Argentina, is not known to have been involved in any outbreak of botulism. (merckvetmanual.com)
Mortality rate1
Vaccination schedule1
Mild1
  • While I was there one of the horses did indeed get the mild non dangerous form of it and I remember vividly as everyone monitored him carefully and treated him symptomatically. (inthesaddle.com)
Livestock1
Signs3
  • Typically, the horse presents with signs of depression and listlessness but is usually eating with a fluctuating fever. (inthesaddle.com)
  • Horses with a rare nerve condition have similar signs of disease as people with conditions such as Alzheimer's, a study has found. (midlothiansciencezone.com)
  • It is possible that other signs of encephalitis, such as seen with EEE, WEE or VEE, will develop in a horse infected with WNV: head pressing, aimless wandering, seizures, hyper-excitability and coma. (equusmagazine.com)
Sheep1
  • Towards 1925, BTV was introduced into Senegal through infected sheep that were imported from South Africa. (biomedcentral.com)