Vaccine antibodies to botulinum toxins botulinum antitoxin. Medical search. Frequent questions

Bar Goldberg] Botulism is a rare but potentially lethal disease caused by a toxin produced by the bacterium Clostridium botulinum , a gram-negative, spore-forming anaerobic bacteria. (cdc.gov)
the subject of our study), also known as 'floppy baby syndrome', results from ingestion of Clostridium botulinum spores with subsequent colonization in the gut and releases botulism toxin, causing acute flaccid descending paralysis. (cdc.gov)
And the second type is wound botulism, in which Clostridium botulinum spores get into wounds, especially after a traumatic injury, post-op, or IVDU. (cdc.gov)
And the common belief is that infant intestinal flora is insufficient to suppress Clostridium botulinum colonization. (cdc.gov)
Clostridium botulinum is a species of the Clostridium genus that produces and secretes the powerful neurotoxin called botulinum toxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum bacteria thrive in low-oxygen environments. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum secretes botulinum neurotoxins or BoNTs of varying serotypes. (biologydictionary.net)
We now know much more about Clostridium botulinum thanks to whole-genome sequencing. (biologydictionary.net)
This science has led us to divide Clostridium bacteria into two human groups - proteolytic C. botulinum (Group I) and non-proteolytic C. botulinum (Group II). (biologydictionary.net)
Group II is a psychrotroph - a cold-tolerant bacteria that can grow at low temperatures, although the best growth conditions are around 20°C. Group II Clostridium botulinum will grow at 3°C and continue to multiply at temperatures of up to 30°C. Group II spores are not as heat resistant as Group I. Group II secretes serotypes B, E, and F of the botulinum neurotoxin. (biologydictionary.net)
Group III Clostridium botulinum is responsible for avian or nonhuman botulism outbreaks in wild and domestic animals, especially herbivores like cattle, horses, and sheep. (biologydictionary.net)
Clostridium botulinum toxin is listed as a Category A bioterrorism agent on the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. (biologydictionary.net)
In World War II, US soldiers were immunized with an antitoxin before arriving in France due to fears of the German army using Clostridium botulinum as a biological weapon. (biologydictionary.net)
Botulism is an acute severe neuroparalytic disease caused by bacterial exotoxins produced by distinct strains of Clostridium , mainly Clostridium botulinum . (biomedcentral.com)
Botulism is classically caused by Clostridium botulinum , a bacterium that can produce some of the most potent neurotoxins known to science. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
In addition, polyclonal antibodies from hyperimmunized sheep, horses and rabbits are used as antidotes against envenomization (snake and spider venom), certain bacterial toxins (such as Clostridium botulinum neurotoxin), digitalis toxicity, as well as to cause immune suppression in organ transplant recipients to prevent rejection ( 3 ). (inscientioveritas.org)

Vaccination studies have established a direct cor- botulism is largely supportive, although prompt administration relation between antibody titer to PA and survival after lethal of an antitoxin may reduce the severity of symptoms by neu- challenge with virulent anthrax spores (7,8). (cdc.gov)
Classic serum sickness is now rarely seen because the use of foreign proteins is limited to antitoxins such as those used to treat botulism, diphtheria, rabies , and snake, scorpion, and spider venom. (medscape.com)
Because of the risk of adverse reactions, prophylactic antitoxin is not recommended in patients who are exposed to botulism toxin but who have no symptoms. (medscape.com)
Antitoxin indicated for naturally occurring noninfant botulism. (medscape.com)
Lowes R. FDA Approves First Heptavalent Botulism Antitoxin. (medscape.com)
FDA Approves First Botulism Antitoxin for Use in Neutralizing All Seven Known Botulinum Nerve Toxin Serotypes. (medscape.com)
Hill SE, Iqbal R, Cadiz CL, Le J. Foodborne botulism treated with heptavalent botulism antitoxin. (medscape.com)
Webb RP, Smith LA. What next for botulism vaccine development? (medscape.com)
And the third type is foodborne botulism, especially in homemade preserved or canned or fermented food that has contained the toxin. (cdc.gov)
Botulism antitoxin is helpful if given early in the course of the illness. (docshare.tips)
In the cases of botulism, diphtheria and tetanus, the main objective of immunotherapy is to neutralize toxins, but also to opsonize the bacteria, promoting complement-dependent bacteriolysis. (biomedcentral.com)
Botulism was suspected early in the course of disease and he received antitoxin (antibodies against the toxins), which probably played a key role in his response. (wormsandgermsblog.com)
Passive immunization only persisted for use in toxin-mediated diseases such as tetanus and botulism, virus diseases such as rabies, and in snake envenomation ( Table 12.1 ). (veteriankey.com)
chemical injury study of disease neutrophils Botulinum antitoxin produced in a horse and given to a human suffering from botulism food poisoning is an example of? (workflowdigital.com)

In such cases, antitoxin, anti-serum containing antibodies, can sometimes be injected to provide passive immunity. (wikipedia.org)
The only available countermeasure that can provide immediate immunity against a biological agent is passive antibody. (cdc.gov)
Unlike vaccines, which require time to induce pro- tective immunity and depend on the host's ability to mount an immune response, passive antibody can the- oretically confer protection regardless of the immune status of the host. (cdc.gov)
Thus, biological immunity is passive immunization with protective antibody. (cdc.gov)
This article reviews the activity of against specific threats provided that a safe vaccine exists that humoral immunity against several biological agents, discusses can induce a protective response. (cdc.gov)
a) Vaccine: A suspension of live (usually attenuated) or inactivated microorganisms (e.g., bacteria, viruses, or rickettsiae) or fractions thereof administered to induce immunity and prevent infectious disease or its sequelae. (cdc.gov)
Antitoxins are used to confer passive immunity and for treatment. (cdc.gov)
Passive immunization means the provision of temporary immunity by the administration of preformed antibodies. (cdc.gov)
Not surprisingly, this situation resulted in a renewed interest in immune-based therapies, including antibody therapy, aimed at combating disease by buttressing host immunity. (inscientioveritas.org)
chickenpox vaccine triggers extended immunity to chickenpox. (workflowdigital.com)

Other systems for classifying or identifying toxins include: By organism generating the toxin By organism susceptible to the toxin By secretion system used to release the toxin (for example, toxic effectors of type VI secretion system) By tissue target type susceptible to the toxin (neurotoxins affect the nervous system, cardiotoxins affect the heart, etc. (wikipedia.org)
Botulinum neurotoxins are metalloproteases that block peripheral motor and autonomic nerves, leading to death when respiratory muscles are affected. (biomedcentral.com)
GigaGen, a biotech company, secures an $11.8M contract expansion with the US Department of Defense to develop synthetic human antibody treatments for botulinum neurotoxins. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

These bacteria produce different botulinum toxin serotypes (C or D) and are non-proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)
Seven different botulinum toxins, named from A to G serotypes, have been described according to their antigenic properties. (biomedcentral.com)

Passive immunization using a polyclonal or a high-affinity monoclonal antibody may offer adjunctive value to antibiotic therapy. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies usually develop 7-14 days after immunization with the antigen. (medscape.com)
When the antigen and antibody molecules are present in approximately equal molar ratios (slight antigen excess), known as the zone of equivalence, cross-linking and lattice formation occur forming intermediate and large immune complexes. (medscape.com)
Since the development of serum sickness is dependent on the host's ability to produce antibodies to the inciting antigen, patients who are incapable of producing antibodies, such as patients with Bruton agammaglobulinemia, will not develop serum sickness. (medscape.com)
[ 14 ] However, ATG, as well as other immunosuppressive foreign proteins, such as chimeric monoclonal antibodies that consist of murine-derived antigen-binding fragment (Fab) and human-derived crystallizable fragment (Fc) portions of antibodies, have been reported to be sufficiently immunogenic to cause serum sickness. (medscape.com)
e) Specific immune globulin: Special preparations obtained from blood plasma from donor pools preselected for a high antibody content against a specific antigen (e.g., hepatitis B immune globulin, varicella-zoster immune globulin, rabies immune globulin, tetanus immune globulin, vaccinia immune globulin, and cytomegalovirus immune globulin). (cdc.gov)
Given the unique characteristic of high antigen-specificity of Monoclonal Antibodies or MAb(s) (which I touched upon briefly in the previous post ), it is expected that the practice of antibody therapeutics would embrace this technology. (inscientioveritas.org)

The three clinical forms of anthrax are cutaneous, gas- response in approximately 10% of vaccines, and the percent- trointestinal, and inhalational, caused by inoculation, inges- age of nonresponders is substantially higher in immunocom- tion, or inhalation of spores of Bacillus anthracis , respectively promised persons (1). (cdc.gov)
contains botulinum spores, and that's why it is recommended to avoid honey consumption until one year old. (cdc.gov)
Outside of these temperatures, Group I C. botulinum forms spores. (biologydictionary.net)
Iraq admitted to producing 19,000 liters of concentrated botulinum neurotoxin in the 1990s, and even small terrorism groups have been able to grow botulinum from spores found in the soil. (biologydictionary.net)

b) Toxoid: A modified bacterial toxin that has been made nontoxic, but retains the ability to stimulate the formation of antitoxin. (cdc.gov)
Vaccination currently denotes the physical act of administering any vaccine or toxoid. (cdc.gov)
Active immunization is the production of antibody or other immune responses through the administration of a vaccine or toxoid. (cdc.gov)

Thus serum from an immunized animal contains antibodies. (veteriankey.com)
IVIG is a polyclonal antibody preparation derived from healthy donors (whose blood contains antibodies recognizing diphtheria toxin, measles and polio virus at the minimum, as a result of direct exposure, or vaccination) ( 2 ). (inscientioveritas.org)

within the part on tetanus antitoxin. (ncccam.com)
These include tetanus antitoxin, botulinum antitoxin, stem cell preparations and equine plasma products in general. (laboklin.com)

This process was con- cluded in 2005 with the production of the conjugate Hib vaccine by BM. (vdocuments.mx)

Gram negative pathogens may secrete outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and some virulence proteins in the bounding membrane along with some other toxins as intra-vesicular contents, thus adding a previously unforeseen dimension to the well-known eukaryote process of membrane vesicle trafficking, which is quite active at the host-pathogen interface. (wikipedia.org)
Proteolytic toxins break down the proteins of some of these glycoproteins. (biologydictionary.net)
Herein, we used immunochemical methods to predict the quality of horse F(ab') 2 anti-botulinum AB, anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies immunoglobulins, in terms of amount of proteins and protein aggregates. (biomedcentral.com)

Polyclonal antibodies generated in immunized animals and monoclonal antibodies generated in the laboratory are increasingly employed in the treatment of diverse animal and human diseases. (veteriankey.com)

Von Pirquet and Schick first described and popularized the term serum sickness at the turn of the 20th century, using it to describe patients who had received injections of heterologous (nonhuman) antitoxins for the treatment of diphtheria and scarlet fever . (medscape.com)
However, the use of equine and murine antisera as antilymphocyte or antithymocyte globulins and murine monoclonal antibodies for immunomodulation and cancer treatment has created a new group of medications that may cause serum sickness. (medscape.com)
Stool, serum, and food can be tested for toxin. (docshare.tips)
f) Antitoxin: A solution of antibodies (e.g., diphtheria antitoxin and botulinum antitoxin) derived from the serum of animals immunized with specific antigens. (cdc.gov)
It was demonstrated that blood serum containing antibodies to bacterial toxins such as those from tetanus or diphtheria could be transferred from an immune animal to a susceptible individual and so confer protection ( Fig. 12.1 ). (veteriankey.com)
The major antibody in mammalian serum is a protein called immunoglobulin (Ig)G. This is a Y-shaped protein of about 160 kDa. (veteriankey.com)
Although this challenge was somewhat resolved by the 1930s through better-purified antibodies, the introduction of vastly superior, potent, and better tolerated antimicrobial chemotherapy ('antibiotics', starting with sulphonamides and then the β-lactam, penicillin) around 1935 sounded the death-knell for serum therapy. (inscientioveritas.org)
Within 5 years, antibacterial serum therapy fell into disuse, leaving only a niche area for those conditions that were not amenable to antibiotic treatment, namely, venoms, toxins (such as diphtheria and tetanus), and viral infections (such as, hepatitis A and polio) ( 1 ). (inscientioveritas.org)

Shortly after the administration of the foreign protein, the host mounts a specific antibody response to clear the foreign substance. (medscape.com)
Horse F(ab') 2 antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulin preparations presented different amounts of protein. (biomedcentral.com)
The presence of cerebrospinal fluid albuminocytological dissociation (raised protein, normal cell count), antiganglioside antibodies and neurophysiological evidence of axonal or demyelinating neuropathy also support a diagnosis in many cases, but should not be relied upon. (bmj.com)
Pathogenic strains often promote infections by producing virulence factors such as potent protein toxins , and the expression of a cell-surface protein that binds and inactivates antibodies . (mdwiki.org)

shaped antibody in preparations referred to as immune globulins. (ncccam.com)
Immunobiologic: Immunobiologics include antigenic substances, such as vaccines and toxoids, or antibody-containing preparations, such as globulins and antitoxins, from human or animal donors. (cdc.gov)
Three types of immunobiologics are administered for passive immunization: a) pooled human IG or IGIV, b) specific immune globulin preparations, and c) antitoxins. (cdc.gov)
Anti-botulinum AB (bivalent), anti-diphtheric, antitetanic and anti-rabies horse F(ab') 2 immunoglobulins probably contain acceptable levels of aggregates, although other improvements on the preparations must be carried out. (biomedcentral.com)
Research into the principles, technology and use of antibody preparations hadn't stopped. (inscientioveritas.org)

Vaccination and vaccine derive from vaccinia, the virus once used as smallpox vaccine. (cdc.gov)

This article proposes a biological defense initiative based on developing, producing, and stockpiling specific antibody reagents that can be used to protect the population against biological warfare threats. (cdc.gov)

Regarding rabies, antibodies aim to neutralize viral particles, block their entry into uninfected cells, and also to promote antibody-directed cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) of infected cells by natural killer cells [ 3 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
In addition to poisonous plants, toxins, parasitoses and neoplasms, they can also be caused by bacterial or viral infectious agents. (laboklin.com)

19A, a serotype not within the earlier vaccine, was noticed. (ncccam.com)
of this, serotype 19A is included within the present 13 serotype vaccine. (ncccam.com)
While it had formerly not been identified in humans or animals but as a soil-based bacteria, a famous report listing five unexpected sudden deaths due to the presence of type G toxin shows that this group may eventually be categorized as a human serotype. (biologydictionary.net)

Unfortunately, inducing a the advantages and disadvantages of an antibody-based protective response by vaccination may take longer than the defense strategy, and proposes stockpiling specific antibodies time between exposure and onset of disease. (cdc.gov)
unable to generate effective response to vaccination, and cer- tain vaccines may be contraindicated for them (1). (cdc.gov)
Individual vaccination programs should be developed and delivered by your veterinarian to ensure that your horse receives the right vaccines at the optimal time of year. (ufl.edu)
Key words: vaccines - immunization - combination vaccines - DTP/Hib vaccine The combined diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis- Haemo- philus influenzae type b (DTP/Hib) vaccine allows for a reduction in the number of required injections, thus im- proving compliance to the vaccination schedule and high- er vaccination coverage. (vdocuments.mx)

The antitoxins are actually antibodies that neutralize the circulatory toxins and prevent them from binding to the neuromuscular junction in the presynaptic acetylcholine release area. (cdc.gov)
Immunotherapy consists of the use of specific antibodies to neutralize the main causes of these afflictions. (biomedcentral.com)

The combined DTP/Hib vaccine with a cellular per- tussis component generally provides good efficacy for all antigens, but in some studies the combination result- ed in decreased immunogenicity of the Hib component in comparison to individual administration. (vdocuments.mx)

Rather, it's caused by eating food that contains the toxin that was produced when the bacterium was able to grow in the food). (wormsandgermsblog.com)
However, C. butryicum , not C. botulinum , was identified in his stool and it was confirmed that the bacterium was able to produce botulinum toxin E. (wormsandgermsblog.com)

or individuals younger than 6 months and ineligible for the influenza vaccine. (cdc.gov)
Thus, it is important for individuals to receive an annual influenza vaccine and for health-care providers to provide early antiviral treatment for patients with suspected influenza who are at increased risk of severe outcomes, not only when there is high influenza A H3N2 virus circulation but also when influenza A H1N1pdm09 and influenza B viruses are circulating. (cdc.gov)

Non-proteolytic toxins act upon the carbohydrate part (glucose or maltose, for example) of the glycoprotein. (biologydictionary.net)
It produces type G botulinum toxin that is proteolytic. (biologydictionary.net)

These retain their antigenic specificity and can be used to produce antitoxins and, in the case of diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, are used as vaccines. (wikipedia.org)

The chromatographic profiles of antitoxins and anti-rabies immunoglobulins allowed to estimate the percentage of contaminants and aggregates in the samples. (biomedcentral.com)

Such alternatives include small molecules and antibodies against toxins that the lethal bacteria secrete. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

C. botulinum bacteria are anaerobic, gram-positive bacilli found primarily in food items, freshwater sources, and the soil. (biologydictionary.net)

The 2001 anthrax attacks in the United States are fostering development of a new generation of vaccines, antibiotics, and other medications to protect people against the potentially deadly bacteria in any future bioterrorist incident. (infectioncontroltoday.com)
Also on the horizon: New antibiotics that are less likely to encounter resistance and medicines that can block the effects of anthrax toxin. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Passive antibody therapy has substantial advantages over antimicrobial agents and other measures for postexposure prophylaxis, including low toxicity and high specific activity. (cdc.gov)

Today's drug arsenal has another weakness: no medications available to fight the dangerous toxin that can circulate in a person's blood when antibiotic treatment begins after the disease has taken hold. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

The Military Infectious Diseases Research Program (MIDRP) focuses on vaccines, anti-parasitic drugs, deployable field clinical diagnostics (human and vector), prophylactics and novel therapeutics to treat multidrug-resistant organisms in combat wound infections, as well as vector control pertinent to naturally occurring endemic diseases with demonstrated or potential capability to decrease military operational effectiveness. (globalbiodefense.com)
Given the tepid interest of the pharmaceutical industry to develop and market vaccines for diseases in areas of low commercial gain, the MIDRP is also interested in proposals and products toward finding treatment options for infectious diseases that are likely to lead to U.S. Food and Drug Administration-licensable, broadly active therapeutics against multiple endemic disease threats. (globalbiodefense.com)
The performance of this combined vaccine is extremely important considering its role in the containment of the target diseases and its well-known reactogenicity ac- counted for by the whole-cell pertussis component. (vdocuments.mx)
495-497, 1975), MAbs were hailed as the 'Magic Bullet' that harnessed the therapeutic power of specific antibodies against specific diseases. (inscientioveritas.org)

A "primary series" of the vaccines with booster doses is required to produce a protective immune response and is routinely administered to horses in the first year of life. (ufl.edu)
They include a new genre of anthrax vaccines that would be more effective and yet require fewer doses than current vaccines. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Marburg virus (MARV), one of two members of the genus Marburgvirus, is characterized by a hemorrhagic fever and a high case fatality rate for which there are no licensed vaccines or therapeutics available. (bvsalud.org)
At the same time, there was an increasing appreciation of the fact that, although antimicrobials work (and work well) by slowing down and/or killing the microbial pathogens, the totality of host defence is a dynamic process dependent upon host-pathogen interactions - because of which immune therapies, including antibody-associated therapies, had a definite and important role to play in clinical therapeutics. (inscientioveritas.org)

Adverse events rates were comparable among the vaccine groups. (vdocuments.mx)

The potential threat of biological war- lowing exposure to preformed toxins. (cdc.gov)

Testing not Supportive necessary, care selflimiting (consider testing food and stool for toxin in outbreaks). (docshare.tips)

Therefore, there is an urgent need for the discovery of antitoxin agents that would be effective at the end stage of anthrax. (infectioncontroltoday.com)

Botulinum toxin E was found in his stool, and C. butyricum was isolated. (wormsandgermsblog.com)

Exotoxins are susceptible to antibodies produced by the immune system, but some exotoxins are so toxic that they may be fatal to the host before the immune system has a chance to mount defenses against them. (wikipedia.org)

The clinical signs of tetanus are a result of toxin production, and include muscle stiffness and rigidity, third eyelid prolapse, stiff legs and 'sawhorse' stance, nostril flare, and lockjaw. (ufl.edu)
This was a study for clinical validation of the DTP/Hib-BM vaccine, which was required for its licensure by the Brazilian National Regulatory Agency. (vdocuments.mx)

There are a number of polysaccharide vaccine formulations. (ncccam.com)

If it is injected into an animal of the donor species then the injected antibodies will simply be removed through normal catabolic processes. (veteriankey.com)

Most channel-forming toxins, which form pores in the target cell membrane, can be classified into two families: the cholesterol-dependent toxins and the RTX toxins. (wikipedia.org)

Organisms3

Diseases7

Chemicals and Drugs20

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment1

Phenomena and Processes1

Clostridium16

Botulism14

Immunity10

Neurotoxins3

Serotypes2

Monoclonal antibody1

Antigen6

Spores4

Toxoid3

Contains antibodies2

Tetanus antitoxin2

Conjugate1

Proteins3

Polyclonal1

Serum8

Protein4

Preparations5

Smallpox Vaccine1

Specific antibody1

Viral2

Serotype3

Vaccination4

Neutralize2

Antigens1

Bacterium2

Influenza Vaccine2

Proteolytic2

Antigenic1

Rabies1

Lethal1

Anaerobic1

Antibiotics2

Antimicrobial1

Antibiotic treatment1

Diseases4

Doses2

Therapeutics2

Adverse1

Exposure1

Supportive1

Anthrax1

Stool1

Immune system1

Clinical2

Polysaccharide1

Species1

Pores1