• An exotoxin is a toxin secreted by bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
  • - Pertussis toxin (PT), is a protein toxin released in part by the germ (various synonyms have been used to describe this toxin, reflecting its various activities: HSF, histamine-sensitizing factor, LPF, lymphocytosis-promoting factor and IPA , islet-activating protein). (medical-actu.com)
  • Bacterial toxins are often characterized based upon the secretion mechanism that delivers the toxin out of the bacterium, termed types I-VII. (springer.com)
  • Pertussis toxin is responsible for most of the systemic manifestations associated with whooping cough (e.g., hypoglycemia , lymphocytosis , modulation of host immune response ). (amboss.com)
  • Pertussis is primarily a toxin-mediated disease. (wikidoc.org)
  • B. pertussis utilizes virulence factors - including pertussis toxin (PT), filamentous hemagglutinin (FHA), fimbriae (FIM), adenylate cyclase toxin (ACT), tracheal cytotoxin (TCT), lipooligosaccharide (LOS), and dermonecrotic toxin (DNT) - to attach, proliferate, and and evade the host immune system. (wikidoc.org)
  • Others can include filamentous hemagglutinin, chemically or genetically detoxified pertussis toxin, and fimbrial-2 and fimbrial-3 antigens. (vaxopedia.org)
  • BP1492 is present in all B. pertussis isolates sequenced to dateand there are not homologues in other Bordetella species. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Immunity induced by the whole-cell pertussis vaccine controlled the circulation of vaccine-type isolates but not all types of isolates ( 5 , 6 ). (cdc.gov)
  • Since the introduction of acellular pertussis vaccines, the number of B. pertussis and B. parapertussis isolates collected that do not express pertactin (PRN), which is used as a vaccine antigen ( 7 - 11 ), has steadily increased. (cdc.gov)
  • Genomic Content of Bordetella pertussis Clinical Isolates Circulating in Areas of Intensive Children Vaccination », PloS One , June 18, 2008. (pasteur.fr)
  • Results of phylogenetic reconstruction and virulence-related gene contents of the recovered NDC isolates indicated they were likely commensal organisms, though 80.4%(45/56) were not susceptible to erythromycin, and most showed high minimum inhibition concentrations against azithromycin. (cdc.gov)
  • These results demonstrate the high resolution with which WGS can aid molecular investigation of diphtheria outbreaks, through the quantification of bacterial genetic relatedness, as well as the detection of virulence factors and antibiotic resistance markers among case isolates. (cdc.gov)
  • Analysis of data for 2430 B. pertussis isolates identified 272 putative amplifications, of which 94% were located at 11 hotspot loci. (cdc.gov)
  • As early as 1959, whole-cell pertussis vaccine was used intensively in France for primary vaccination of infants at 3-5 months of age and for the first booster at 24 months ( 1 ). (cdc.gov)
  • These vaccines replaced whole-cell pertussis vaccines in 2005, changing herd immunity by specifically targeting the virulence of the bacteria ( 2 , 3 ). (cdc.gov)
  • While the acellular pertussis vaccines (DTaP and Tdap) that replaced the more effective whole cell pertussis vaccine (DTP) do work, the immunity they provide does not last as long as we would like. (vaxopedia.org)
  • Key amongst these is recent data indicating that the immune responses induced by aP vaccines differ fundamentally from those induced by the whole cell pertussis (wP) vaccines, and do not lead to mucosal immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Gram negative pathogens may secrete outer membrane vesicles containing lipopolysaccharide endotoxin and some virulence proteins in the bounding membrane along with some other toxins as intra-vesicular contents, thus adding a previously unforeseen dimension to the well-known eukaryote process of membrane vesicle trafficking, which is quite active at the host-pathogen interface. (wikipedia.org)
  • Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative strictly human pathogen of the respiratory tract and the etiological agent of whooping cough. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • B. pertussis is a reemerging pathogen and although there is a vaccine for pertussis, its effectiveness wanes after only a few years. (nih.gov)
  • It is the pathogen responsible for pertussis (whooping cough). (wikidoc.org)
  • Bordetella pertussis , the causative agent of whooping cough, is a highly clonal pathogen of the respiratory tract. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The most common bacterial pathogen overall is S pneumoniae , although, in some settings, including in the United States, its incidence is decreasing, possibly owing to vaccination. (medscape.com)
  • Part of this uncertainty rests in the limitations of our knowledge of pertussis disease pathogenesis and how natural or vaccine induced immunity impedes pathogen acquisition, replication, and movement through populations. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Acellular pertussis vaccines (2- and 3-component vaccines) were introduced in 1998 as boosters for vaccinated adolescents and were rapidly adopted for primary vaccination of infants. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers have therefore underlined the importance of adapting vaccine strategies, as recommended by the French health authorities, by using new vaccines for adolescents and adults that no longer target specific bacteria but the virulence factors of circulating bacteria. (pasteur.fr)
  • High vaccine coverage, based on these new vaccines which target virulence, could therefore speed up control of whooping cough. (pasteur.fr)
  • Current pertussis vaccines protect against disease, but not against colonization by and transmission of Bordetella pertussis , whereas natural infection protects against both. (mdpi.com)
  • Do Pertussis Vaccines Work Against Pertactin-Negative Pertussis Bacteria? (vaxopedia.org)
  • Pertussis vaccines aren't perfect. (vaxopedia.org)
  • pertactin is only one of the components (antigens) of the pertussis bacteria that are in pertussis vaccines that help them to induce immunity. (vaxopedia.org)
  • the first pertactin-negative Bordetella pertussis bacteria were found as early as the 1990s, long before we started using the current acellular versions of pertussis vaccines and before we started seeing an increase in outbreaks. (vaxopedia.org)
  • Although pertussis vaccines aren't perfect, vaccination remains our best prevention tool and we should continue to maintain high levels of DTaP coverage among children, sustain Tdap coverage in adolescents and increase Tdap coverage in adults and pregnant women. (vaxopedia.org)
  • Most importantly, it should be clear that pertussis vaccines work as we are not seeing pre-vaccine era levels of pertussis, even as we do see some outbreaks. (vaxopedia.org)
  • Pertactin-negative pertussis bacteria are not driving outbreaks of pertussis or whooping cough, and they have not become resistant to pertussis vaccines. (vaxopedia.org)
  • Pertussis incidence is rising in almost every country where acellular pertussis (aP) vaccines have been introduced, and is occurring across all age groups from infancy to adulthood. (biomedcentral.com)
  • If so, it appears likely that differences in how the two categories of vaccines work, may be pivotal to our overall understanding of the pertussis resurgence. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Several years later an increase in incidence of pertussis in children aged 7-10 years was seen, the first birth cohort to receive the aP vaccines [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Other countries who also switched from wP to aP vaccines, including the UK, Australia, Canada, Spain, Belgium, and the Czech Republic had the same experience, with a rise in pertussis incidence after a 5-10 year lag from the wP to aP vaccine switch. (biomedcentral.com)
  • His family had been among several who were against vaccinations, and so he had not received regular vaccines since birth. (medbullets.com)
  • The administration of vaccines is called vaccination . (webot.org)
  • [15] The terms vaccine and vaccination are derived from Variolae vaccinae (smallpox of the cow), the term devised by Edward Jenner (who both developed the concept of vaccines and created the first vaccine) to denote cowpox . (webot.org)
  • Neither vaccination nor actual infection confers complete or lifelong immunity . (amboss.com)
  • While several known factors such as waning of immunity, detection bias due to more sensitive tests and higher awareness of the disease among practitioners, and evolutionary shifts among B. pertussis all likely contribute, collectively, these do not adequately explain the existing epidemiologic data, suggesting that additional factors also contribute. (biomedcentral.com)
  • [10] widespread immunity due to vaccination is largely responsible for the worldwide eradication of smallpox and the restriction of diseases such as polio , measles , and tetanus from much of the world. (webot.org)
  • This vaccine program resulted in a dramatic decrease in the incidence of pertussis among young children. (cdc.gov)
  • The incidence of pertussis in European countries has declined largely due to vaccination when the disease is increasing in the US. (medical-actu.com)
  • The incidence of pertussis is approximately 1.5 to 3.0 per 100,000 individuals, with approximately 5,000 to 7,000 cases reported annually. (wikidoc.org)
  • More than 100,000 cases of pertussis have been reported in Britain in 1977. (medical-actu.com)
  • There is also no suggestion that these new strains are causing more severe cases of pertussis. (vaxopedia.org)
  • B. pertussis attaches to the cilia of the respiratory epithelial cells , proliferates and produces virulence factors that paralyze the cilia, and causes inflammation of the respiratory tract, which interferes with the clearing of pulmonary secretions. (wikidoc.org)
  • Clinical signs are then due to virulence factors released by the bacteria. (medical-actu.com)
  • Pertussis is usually suspected based on clinical findings and confirmed by either nasopharyngeal culture, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or serology. (wikidoc.org)
  • Indications - The decision to hospitalize a child with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is individualized based upon age, underlying medical problems, and clinical factors including severity of illness ( table 1 ) [ 1-3 ]. (medilib.ir)
  • Bordetella pertussis and B. parapertussis are closely related bacterial species, and both cause whooping cough. (cdc.gov)
  • Researchers from the Institut Pasteur in Paris and the Institut Pasteur in Lille have analyzed the consequences of intensive vaccination of young children against whooping cough on the bacterium agent of the disease. (pasteur.fr)
  • consequences of intensive vaccination of young children against whooping cough on the genome of Bordetella pertussis - the bacterium agent of the disease. (pasteur.fr)
  • Analysis of bacterial genomes shows that current cases of whooping cough are caused by B. pertussis strains that are different from the vaccine strains. (pasteur.fr)
  • Typically, pertussis manifests in three stages, with the second and third stages characterized by intense paroxysmal coughing that is followed by a distinctive whooping sound on inhalation and, in some cases, vomiting . (amboss.com)
  • Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a highly contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Bordetella pertussis , a Gram-negative, aerobic, non-motile coccobacillus. (wikidoc.org)
  • As many BvgS homologs have similar architectures, the mechanisms unveiled here are likely to generally apply to the regulation of sensor-histidine kinases of that family.IMPORTANCEThe whooping cough agent Bordetella pertussis colonizes the human respiratory tract using virulence factors co-regulated by the sensory transduction system BvgAS. (bvsalud.org)
  • Whooping cough caused by Bordetella pertussis is increasing in several countries despite high vaccine coverage. (edu.au)
  • Bordetella pertussis causes whooping cough, a highly communicable disease that killed roughly 279,000 people and infected 17.6 million people globally in a recent typical year [ 1 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bordetella pertussis Pertussis Pertussis, or whooping cough, is a potentially life-threatening highly contagious bacterial infection of the respiratory tract caused by Bordetella pertussis. (lecturio.com)
  • Does that mean that Bordetella pertussis , the bacteria that cause pertussis or whooping cough, have mutated and are causing a pertussis resurgence because they are resistant to the vaccine? (vaxopedia.org)
  • The resurgence of Whooping cough, caused by Bordetella pertussis , to many parts of the world, is a subject of great concern and debate. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Pertussis is classically described as a prolonged illness of paroxysmal coughs ending with an inspiratory whooping sound and post-tussive emesis. (biomedcentral.com)
  • There has been a resurgence of pertussis in Australia from 1987. (medical-actu.com)
  • One potential reason for the resurgence is the emergence of genetic variants of the bacterium. (edu.au)
  • During infection B. pertussis is exposed to acidic conditions when phagocyte by host cells. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • In particular, we have investigated the activation of phage T4 promoters during T4 infection and the regulation of promoters that express virulence gene products in the pathogens Bordetella pertussis and Vibrio cholerae . (nih.gov)
  • The live attenuated vaccine BPZE1 was developed to mimic immunogenicity of natural infection without causing disease, and in preclinical models protected against pertussis disease and B. pertussis colonization after a single nasal administration. (mdpi.com)
  • The evaluation should include an assessment of any factors that may compromise the performance of job duties, as well as a review of scientifically and medically accepted infection control practices. (iaff.org)
  • B. pertussis has several antigens, capsular polysaccharide antigen, somatic antigen thermostable corresponding to the endotoxin of gram-negative bacteria. (medical-actu.com)
  • Eight classical TB vaccine candidate antigens, 51 DosR regulon encoded antigens, 23 TB reactivation antigens, 5 TB resuscitation promoting factors (rpfs), 6 starvation and 24 other stress response-associated TB antigens were evaluated in the study. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Unlike B. bronchiseptica , B. pertussis is not motile . (wikidoc.org)
  • The genomes of B. pertussis and the two closely related species, B. bronchiseptica and B. parapertussis , were screened for homopolymeric tracts longer than expected on the basis of chance, given their nucleotide compositions. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Reaching especially young children, pertussis in infants less than 3 months is a life-threatening severe illness, death occurs from asphyxiation. (medical-actu.com)
  • Postexposure prophylaxis for pertussis is recommended for all close contacts and high-risk individuals (e.g., infants ) regardless of immunization status. (amboss.com)
  • Infants , vaccinated individuals, and adults may not whoop and may not follow the classic stages of pertussis. (amboss.com)
  • In the pre vaccine era the disease was responsible for hundreds of thousands of pertussis cases a year with severe or fatal cases concentrated among very young infants. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The apparent scarcity of variation in the B. pertussis genome is unusual among bacterial pathogens, in which extensive genomic plasticity is thought to contribute to host immune evasion [ 12 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Towards comprehensive understanding of bacterial genetic diversity: large-scale amplifications in Bordetella pertussis and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. (cdc.gov)
  • Cholesterol is a crucial component in Mycobacterium tuberculosis virulence as it is required for phagocytosis of mycobacteria by macrophages. (bvsalud.org)
  • Bordetella pertussis is a gram‑negative , obligate aerobic coccobacillus. (amboss.com)
  • Bordetella is a genus of obligate aerobic, Gram-negative coccobacilli. (lecturio.com)
  • Patients who meet the suspected case definition for pertussis should be started on antibiotic therapy for pertussis and confirmatory laboratory studies (usually PCR or culture) should be conducted. (amboss.com)
  • The mainstay of treatment of pertussis is antibiotic therapy with either a macrolide or trimethoprim-sulfamethoxasole . (wikidoc.org)
  • These data will assist in better delineating the boundary between these related species and understanding their virulence potential. (cdc.gov)
  • Bacteria adhere to the cilia of the cells, cause paralysis eyelashes and activation of mucous secretions. (medical-actu.com)
  • At the state phase of the disease, there is more than B. pertussis viable in secretions. (medical-actu.com)
  • The earliest outbreaks of pertussis were recognized by Bahaodwole Razi in 1502 in Persia and by Guillaume de Baillou in 1578 in France. (wikidoc.org)
  • To evaluate this, we exposed wild type and mutant strains to pH=4 and determinateviable bacteria after treatment. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Nine HPTs were genotyped in a collection of 90 geographically and temporally diverse B. pertussis strains using the polymerase chain reaction/ligase detection reaction (PCR/LDR) assay. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Six HPTs were polymorphic in this collection of B. pertussis strains. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Of note, one of these polymorphic HPTs was found in the fimX promoter, where a single base insertion variant was present in seven strains, all of which were isolated prior to introduction of the pertussis vaccine. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We demonstrate the approach with Bordetella pertussis, whose insertion sequence element-rich genome provides extensive scope for amplifications to occur. (cdc.gov)
  • Allelic polymorphism at homopolymeric tracts is common within the B. pertussis genome. (biomedcentral.com)
  • First-line antimicrobials for S pneumoniae , the most prevalent cause of bacterial pneumonia, are, for the penicillin-susceptible form of the bacterium, penicillin G and amoxicillin. (medscape.com)
  • What about the fact that we are starting to find pertactin-negative pertussis bacteria? (vaxopedia.org)
  • CDC is currently conducting studies in the United States to determine whether pertactin deficiency is one of the factors contributing to the increase in the number of reported pertussis cases. (vaxopedia.org)
  • Also of note, pertactin-negative Bordetella pertussis bacteria do not cause more severe symptoms than pertactin-positive bacteria. (vaxopedia.org)
  • We are interested in elucidating the details of gene regulation by the B. pertussis global response regulator, BvgA, which regulates all the known pertussis virulence genes. (nih.gov)
  • Genes amplified in B. pertussis include those involved in motility and respiration, whilst in M. tuberuclosis, functions included intracellular growth and regulation of virulence. (cdc.gov)
  • The lipopolysaccharide-containing outer membrane of B. pertussis is unique and contains a different phosphate composition from other bacterial outer membranes. (wikidoc.org)
  • The Two-Partner secretion pathway mediates protein transport across the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. (bvsalud.org)
  • Pertussis classically has three stages: catarrhal, paroxysmal , and convalescent. (amboss.com)
  • Pertussis, poisoning B. pertussis is essentially a bronchopulmonary disease, the bacillus has a tropism for the ciliated cells of the respiratory epithelium. (medical-actu.com)
  • To study the role of this DGC in B.pertussis we interrupted bp1492 gen and evaluate phenotypes previously described as c-di-GMP regulated in other bacteria. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Tipically, overexpresion of DGC in heterologous or homologous bacteria augments cdi-GMP intracellular concentration and enhanced biofilm formation. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • The primary prevention method for pertussis is vaccination with multiple doses of the DTaP vaccine during childhood and adolescence/adulthood. (wikidoc.org)
  • Phase variability may be an important mechanism in B. pertussis for evasion of the immune system and adaptation to different niches in the human host. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The results show that the bacteria targeted by the vaccine have been controlled by widespread child vaccination. (pasteur.fr)
  • Tandem duplication/amplifications are thought to be widespread among bacteria but due to their often-intractable size and instability, comprehensive studies of these mutations are rare. (cdc.gov)
  • From the 1950's widespread immunization of children in the US with the whole cell (wP) pertussis vaccine led to a 99% reduction in pertussis cases, but not in complete elimination of the disease [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • B. parapertussis can also be responsible for pertussis syndromes. (medical-actu.com)
  • However other regulators systems are present in B. pertussis and needs further research.In the present work we focused on the role of the second messenger c-di-GMP, a key signaling molecule that regulates many importantphysiological processes in bacteria. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Although these types of studies can provide valuable information regarding the effectiveness of various interventions, several factors decrease the certainty of attributing improved outcome to a specific intervention. (cdc.gov)
  • Phase variation is one means by which B. pertussis might adapt to host immune surveillance and vaccine-induced immune responses without loss or acquisition of genomic fragments [ 13 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Bordetella pertussis is a Gram-negative , aerobic , non-motile, non-spore-forming coccobacillus . (wikidoc.org)
  • Most bacteria can be classified according to a lab procedure called Gram staining. (lecturio.com)
  • Bacteria with cell walls that have a thin layer of peptidoglycan do not retain the crystal violet stain utilized in Gram staining. (lecturio.com)
  • These bacteria do, however, retain the safranin counterstain and thus appear as pinkish-red on the stain, making them gram negative. (lecturio.com)
  • Despite thehigh vaccination coverage among children, pertussis is considered a re-emerging disease. (conicet.gov.ar)
  • Patients who had been infected with pertussis or who have received vaccination against pertussis in the past may be re-infected in the future, but typically experience a milder course of the disease. (wikidoc.org)
  • IAFF members are exposed every day to potentially life threatening disease including MRSA, HIV, pertussis and many more. (iaff.org)
  • The issue of infectious (communicable) disease in the fire service continues to take on an urgent meaning with fire fighter's risks of contracting AIDS, hepatitis, pertussis and MRSA. (iaff.org)
  • - Adenylate cyclase exocellular B. pertussis is excreted in the form of a 200 kDa protein with a 43 kDa fragment corresponds to adenylate cyclase, the other parts having binding functions and internalization, it has a hemolytic activity, it is activated by intracellular calmodulin. (medical-actu.com)
  • Scientists have finally observed that some bacterial genetic sequences likely to be involved in bacterial virulence are particularly unstable. (pasteur.fr)
  • A single RNA polymerase in bacteria and archaea-and only three different polymerases in eukaryotes-program an amazing variety of developmental pathways. (nih.gov)
  • Bordetella pertussis is highly contagious and is usually transmitted to the human host by direct contact with aerolized mucus of infected individuals. (wikidoc.org)
  • The combined effects of genotypes and environmental factors together on phenotypic characteristics. (lookformedical.com)
  • Throughout life, factors that interact with RNA polymerase and with sequences close to or within the core promoter itself can alter promoter recognition. (nih.gov)
  • In many cases, these factors interact with only a small surface of RNA polymerase, yet they impose a major specificity change through this contact. (nih.gov)
  • These interactions result in the formation of a remodeled specificity factor for RNA polymerase that recognizes a new promoter sequence. (nih.gov)
  • Rarely isolated in humans, this bacterium causes pseudocoqueluches. (medical-actu.com)
  • Humans are the only known reservoir for B. pertussis . (wikidoc.org)