Approximately 100 million years ago (mya), within the yeast lineage there was a whole genome duplication (WGD). (wikipedia.org)
Conclusions The comparative whole-genome along with transcriptome analysis indicated that G. stearothermophilus B5 owned the ability of lignocellulose degradation and could be considered as a potential inoculant in composting efficiency, thus are also valuable for the lignocellulosic bioenergy industry. (researchsquare.com)
Transporter2
The evolution of aerobic fermentation likely involved multiple successive molecular steps, which included the expansion of hexose transporter genes, copy number variation (CNV) and differential expression in metabolic genes, and regulatory reprogramming. (wikipedia.org)
Transcript levels of the sucrose transporter NtSUT1 and hexose transporter NtMST1 encoding genes increased significantly in the source leaves and roots of Vac-Inv lines, whereas increased NtMst1 transcript levels were also detected in the roots of Apo-Inv lines. (sun.ac.za)
Genes1
It was believed that the WGD was a mechanism for the development of the Crabtree effect in these species due to the duplication of alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) encoding genes and hexose transporters. (wikipedia.org)
Metabolism4
Aerobic fermentation or aerobic glycolysis is a metabolic process by which cells metabolize sugars via fermentation in the presence of oxygen and occurs through the repression of normal respiratory metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
When Saccharomyces cerevisiae is grown below the sugar threshold and undergoes a respiration metabolism, the fermentation pathway is still fully expressed, while the respiration pathway is only expressed relative to the sugar availability. (wikipedia.org)
The genetic transformation of plants and the subsequent development of transgenic lines with disturbed sugar metabolism have made an unprecedented impact on the study of sugar translocation and -partitioning. (sun.ac.za)
For instance, the transformation of plants with a yeast-derived invertase targeted to different subcellular compartments has led to the elucidation of several key aspects of sugar metabolism, including phloem loading mechanisms, the regulation of photosynthesis by sugars, the importance of sugar-metabolism compartmentation with regards to sucrose biosynthesis, storage and distribution, as well as the role of cell-wall invertase in phloem unloading and sink strength. (sun.ac.za)
Saccharomyces2
The origin of aerobic fermentation, or the first step, in Saccharomyces Crabtree-positive yeasts likely occurred in the interval between the ability to grow under anaerobic conditions, horizontal transfer of anaerobic DHODase (encoded by URA1 with bacteria), and the loss of respiratory chain Complex I. A more pronounced Crabtree effect, the second step, likely occurred near the time of the WGD event. (wikipedia.org)
In high sugar environments, S. cerevisiae outcompetes and dominants all other yeast species, except its closest relative Saccharomyces paradoxus. (wikipedia.org)
Type4
The ability of S. cerevisiae to dominate in high sugar environments evolved more recently than aerobic fermentation and is dependent on the type of high-sugar environment. (wikipedia.org)
The astringency type affects sugar, flavonoids, and tannin accumulation and is well known in persimmon fruit. (bvsalud.org)
However, the impact of the fruit astringency type on ascorbic acid (AsA) accumulation is limited. (bvsalud.org)
One manifestation of negative selection in the globins is that minimal 3-base type amino acid replacements occur less frequently than would be expected if base replacements had occurred and were accepted at random. (pharmaceuticalintelligence.com)
Growth1
Producing a toxic compound, like ethanol, can slow the growth of bacteria, allowing the yeast to be more competitive. (wikipedia.org)
Expression2
These factors include sugar transporters and invertases as well as metabolites, including sucrose and glucose, which function as signalling molecules to modulate gene expression. (sun.ac.za)
Transgenic lines overproducing the yeast-derived invertase in either the vacuole (Vac-Inv) or apoplast (Apo-Inv) were utilised to analyse the effect of the altered sugar levels in sink and source organs on the expression of sugar transporters, as well as the endogenous cell wall invertase and inhibitors in these plants. (sun.ac.za)
Study1
In this study, a similar strategy of transgenic plant analysis was employed to expand our insight into the regulation of sugar partitioning. (sun.ac.za)
Glucose3
Crabtree-positive yeasts also have increased glycolytic flow, or increased uptake of glucose and conversion to pyruvate, which compensates for using a portion of the glucose to produce ethanol rather than biomass. (wikipedia.org)
Over 200 structurally distinct HMOs have been identified 7 with chain lengths from 3 to 15 carbohydrate units, composed of five monosaccharides: glucose, galactose, N -acetylglucosamine, fucose, and N -acetylneuraminic acid (also known as sialic acid). (nature.com)
1996). Glucose and fructose are the major sugars in berry and grape-must, with concentrations ranging from 150 to 300 g l-1. (moam.info)
Ethanol3
Producing a toxic compound, like ethanol, can slow the growth of bacteria, allowing the yeast to be more competitive. (wikipedia.org)
However, the yeast still had to use a portion of the sugar it consumes to produce ethanol. (wikipedia.org)
they are responsible for the conversion of sugars to ethanol and carbon dioxide, which make a relatively small contribution to flavour, and hundreds of by-products, some of them not yet identified, that greatly contribute to the fermentation bouquet. (moam.info)
Yeast6
Approximately 100 million years ago (mya), within the yeast lineage there was a whole genome duplication (WGD). (wikipedia.org)
These fruits provided an abundance of simple sugar food source for microbial communities, including both yeast and bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Bacteria, at that time, were able to produce biomass at a faster rate than the yeast. (wikipedia.org)
In high sugar environments, S. cerevisiae outcompetes and dominants all other yeast species, except its closest relative Saccharomyces paradoxus. (wikipedia.org)
Compared to the control wine made with SO2 and commercial yeast, the concentration of lactic acid was 47-fold higher in the must dominated by L. dasiensis, and the concentrations of acetic acid and lactic acid were 10-fold and 20-fold higher in the must dominated by LAB, respectively. (bvsalud.org)
In wine, some aroma compounds arise from the must with minor or no modifications, while others are products of yeast metabolism, in particular from the sugar and nitrogen compounds initially present in the grapes. (moam.info)
Concentrations1
Sucrose and other sugars, such as xylose, rhamnose and arabinose, are present in very low concentrations, and it is widely accepted that S. cerevisiae strains do not use these sugars as carbon or energy sources during alcoholic fermentation (Bisson, 1993). (moam.info)
Biosynthesis2
The pathways of tyrosine metabolism, biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids, and metabolism of 2-oxocarboxylic acids enriched 17 distinct metabolites. (bvsalud.org)
use DICARBOXYLIC ACIDS 1970-1979 MH - 3-Phosphoshikimate 1-Carboxyvinyltransferase UI - D051229 MN - D8.811.913.225.735 MS - An enzyme of the shikimate pathway of AROMATIC AMINO ACID biosynthesis, it generates 5-enolpyruvylshikimate 3-phosphate and ORTHOPHOSPHATE from PHOSPHOENOLPYRUVATE and SHIKIMATE-3-PHOSPHATE. (nih.gov)
Cerevisiae1
The ability of S. cerevisiae to dominate in high sugar environments evolved more recently than aerobic fermentation and is dependent on the type of high-sugar environment. (wikipedia.org)
Pathway1
The shikimate pathway is present in BACTERIA and PLANTS but not in MAMMALS. (nih.gov)
Carbon1
Sivakumar, P. (2013): Orthophosphoric Acid Activated Ananas comosus Leaves Carbon as an Adsorbent for the Removal of Basic Yellow 2. (nutzpflanze.org)
Differential1
The evolution of aerobic fermentation likely involved multiple successive molecular steps, which included the expansion of hexose transporter genes, copy number variation (CNV) and differential expression in metabolic genes, and regulatory reprogramming. (wikipedia.org)
Higher1
Organic acids, higher alcohols, low-volatile organic sulphur compounds and esters, with their fruity notes, are significant sensorial components of wine and other fermented beverages and are the primary compounds that form a fermentation bouquet. (moam.info)
Fermentation4
The Crabtree effect is a regulatory system whereby respiration is repressed by fermentation, except in low sugar conditions. (wikipedia.org)
The origin of aerobic fermentation, or the first step, in Saccharomyces Crabtree-positive yeasts likely occurred in the interval between the ability to grow under anaerobic conditions, horizontal transfer of anaerobic DHODase (encoded by URA1 with bacteria), and the loss of respiratory chain Complex I. A more pronounced Crabtree effect, the second step, likely occurred near the time of the WGD event. (wikipedia.org)
Diverse microbes were involved in the spontaneous fermentation (particularly in Koshusanjaku), indicating that residual sugar remained and lactic and acetic acid largely increased. (bvsalud.org)
Conversion1
use AMINO ACIDS, BRANCHED-CHAIN 1979, & KETO ACIDS & VALERATES 1973-1979 MH - 3-Hydroxyanthranilate 3,4-Dioxygenase UI - D050561 MN - D8.811.682.690.416.328 MS - An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of 3-hydroxyanthranilate to 2-amino-3-carboxymuconate semialdehyde. (nih.gov)