Upper airways resistance. Medical search. Frequent questions

Why some patients with airway obstruction present with UARS and not OSA is thought to be caused by alterations in nerves located in the palatal mucosa. (wikipedia.org)
Patients with intact nerves are able to dilate the genioglossus muscle, a key compensatory mechanism utilized in the presence of airway obstruction. (wikipedia.org)
Long interruptions of breathing (more than 10 seconds) during sleep caused by partial or total obstruction or blockage of the airway. (dreamsleeplk.com)
Children with craniofacial syndromes have fixed anatomic variations that predispose them to airway obstruction, while in children with neuromuscular disease, obstruction is caused by hypotonia. (aafp.org)
The patients with snoring should be evaluated for nasal airway obstruction. (scirp.org)
The simple definition of obstructive sleep apnea is collapse of the upper airways during sleep, resulting in airflow obstruction and repetitive arousals. (medscape.com)
Continued narrowing results in an obstruction of the upper airways and a cessation of airflow, which is an obstructive apneic event. (medscape.com)
This obstruction leads to an arousal from sleep which increases muscle tone, reestablishes airway patency, and allows normal airflow. (medscape.com)
In patients with OSA, there is a repetitive pattern of upper airway collapsibility, airflow obstruction, and resultant arousals. (medscape.com)
Exposures of 50 to 100 ppm may be tolerated for more than 30 to 60 minutes, but higher or longer exposures can cause death from airway obstruction. (cdc.gov)
Childhood obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is characterized by recurrent episodes of partial or complete upper airway obstruction during sleep. (scielo.br)
The physical examination should assess growth status, signs of chronic upper airway obstruction, and craniofacial malformations. (scielo.br)
Although some respiratory disorders, such as sleep apnea, occur only during sleep, virtually all respiratory disorders-including upper airway obstruction, central hypoventilation, and chronic lung disease-are worse during sleep than wakefulness. (atsjournals.org)
In essence, this is an upper airway obstruction. (vin.com)
These conditions differ mainly in how much of the airway is blocked (degree of airway obstruction) and where the blockage is. (merckmanuals.com)
This study tries to circumvent some of these problems by measuring the overnight change in blood pressure and relating it to relevant measures of the severity of upper airway obstruction on the same night. (bmj.com)
This usually is caused by a blockage (obstruction) or narrowing in the nose, mouth, or throat (airway). (healthlinkbc.ca)
Sleep destabilizes patency of the upper airway, leading to partial or complete obstruction of the nasopharynx, oropharynx, or both. (msdmanuals.com)
The sleep apnea obstructive syndrome is a debilitating condition in which the upper airway collapse causes mechanical obstruction to the airflow during sleep, which may result in an impairment of daily activities, as well as cardiac and neurovascular implications. (bvsalud.org)

Ambulatory Blood Pressure Following Therapeutic and Sub-Therapeutic Nasal Continuous Positive Airway Pressure for Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: A Randomised Prospective Parallel Trial," Lancet, Vol. 359, No. , 2002, pp. 204-210. (scirp.org)
Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial of Continuous Positive Airway Pressure on Blood Pressure in the Sleep ApneaHypopnea Syndrome," American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Vol. 163, No. 2, 2001, pp. 344-348. (scirp.org)
For many, a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine provides relief for their sleepless nights. (baptisthealth.net)
Current treatment options for patients with obstructive sleep apnea include continuous positive airway pressure, oral appliance therapy, behavioral management, and adjunctive therapies that include orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT). (aadsm.org)
continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), oral appliance therapy (OAT), surgery, weight loss, behavioral management, and adjunctive therapies such as orofacial myofunctional therapy (OMT). (aadsm.org)
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a highly prevalent disorder with significant morbidity and impact on quality of life that can be improved by treatment with continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP). (cdc.gov)
Treatment includes the use of continuous positive airway pressure and weight loss in obese children. (aafp.org)
Treatment ranges from medication to surgery, but the most common way of dealing with the condition is the use of a continuous positive airway pressure machine (CPAP), which blows oxygen into the airway to ensure breathing. (calgaryjournal.ca)
Most procedures for improving obstructive sleep apnea involve attempting to open the airways - either by bringing the lower jaw forward with surgery or using a continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) machine to splint open the airway at night. (buteykoclinic.com)
The use of nasal continuous positive airway pressure as a therapeutic test can help to confirm the diagnosis. (medscape.com)
[ 2 ] Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) stabilizes the upper airway, targeting some, but not all, of the traits that cause the disease. (medscape.com)

Due to multiple arousals, upper airway resistance syndrome causes hypertension similar to obstructive sleep apnea . (sleepdisordersguide.com)
Treatment for upper airway resistance syndrome is same as the sleep apnea treatment. (sleepdisordersguide.com)
For patients in whom obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is suspected or is diagnosed, examination of the upper airway is essential for determining an optimal treatment, as many variables are involved in the pathogenesis of the disease, making the choice of the correct treatment a complex one. (medscape.com)
UARS restricts airflow during sleep like OSA, but the level of resistance is lower than what is required for a diagnosis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea. (highcountrydentistry.com)
When the causes of snoring begin to progress from relatively harmless noise-making to the harmful sleep disorder of sleep apnea, it often first develops into upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS). (dreamsleeplk.com)
Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition in which individuals experience pauses in breathing (apnea) during sleep, which are associated with partial or complete closure of the throat (pper airway). (medlineplus.gov)
UARS/Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome, is a type of sleep disorder, that is NOT the same as OSA/Obstructive Sleep Apnea. (neurotalk.org)
Huon L-K, Guilleminault C. Signs and symptoms of obstructive sleep apnea and upper airway resistance syndrome. (medlineplus.gov)
A. E. Sher, K. B. Schechtman and J. F. Piccirillo, "The Efficacy of Surgical Modifications of the Upper Airway in Adults with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome," Sleep, Vol. 19, No. 2, 1996, pp. 156-177. (scirp.org)
However, within two breaths after resolution of the apnea, RT and Rs returned to normal, reflecting rapid recovery of upper airway and total pulmonary resistance. (nih.gov)
Although there are many different types of SBDs, upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) may be of particular interest to dentists. (aadsm.org)
The present study contributes to understanding the relationship of nasal /upper airway mechanisms to the development of sleep apnea in this population and explores the possibility of improving comfort and adherence to CPAP treatment by modifying how CPAP is delivered. (cdc.gov)
In WTC responders we hypothesized that chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) would be associated with increased prevalence and severity of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), mediated by elevated total nasal resistance (TNR). (cdc.gov)
Identification of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in this population that is at high risk for OSA due to traditional risk factors and in addition due to upper airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
SDB includes obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), upper-airway resistance syndrome, and snoring. (scienceblog.com)
There are two branches of sleep apnea, the first being obstructive, where the upper airway becomes blocked many times while you sleep. (calgaryjournal.ca)
Breathing quietly and gently through the nose reduces the risk of obstructive sleep apnea, a condition which involves stopping of the breath during sleep caused by collapse of the upper airways. (buteykoclinic.com)
People with narrow airways, often caused by mouth breathing during childhood are more prone to obstructive sleep apnea. (buteykoclinic.com)
Incoming chronic insomnia patients routinely undergo a sleep study at Maimonides, and Krakow says approximately 70% end up having an apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) greater than 5 and another 20% have upper airway resistance syndrome. (sleepreviewmag.com)
Obstructive sleep apnea involves a compromise in upper airway anatomy during sleep. (msdmanuals.com)
Airway patency tends to oscillate causing recurrent periods of apnea and recovery. (msdmanuals.com)

Upper airway resistance syndrome (UARS) is a sleep disorder characterized by the narrowing of the airway that can cause disruptions to sleep. (wikipedia.org)
A typical UARS patient is not obese and possesses small jaws, which can result in a smaller amount of space in the nasal airway and behind the base of the tongue. (wikipedia.org)
Upper Airway Resistance Syndrome (UARS) is caused when soft tissues in the throat relax, reducing the size of the airway and increasing the effort required for breathing. (highcountrydentistry.com)
UARS manifests (shows itself) as multiple EEG (Electo Encephalo Gram, showing brain waves) arousals during the night, from partial upper airway obstructions, leading to daytime fatigue (bigtime), leading to many other problems. (neurotalk.org)

When these structures vibrate and bump against one another the airway becomes obstructed, causing snoring. (dreamsleeplk.com)
Snoring and pathologic upper airway resistance syndromes. (medlineplus.gov)
Sleep-disordered breathing refers to a pathophysiologic continuum that includes snoring, upper airway resistance syndrome, obstructive hypopnea syndrome, and OSA. (aafp.org)
In this study, the upper air way tract was characterized in snoring patients and compared with none snoring using a quantify method for the corresponding anatomic upper air way (UA) parameters examined by Computerized Tomography (CT). (scirp.org)
The differences in neck circumference (NC), linear distance between mandibular plane and hyoid bone (Mp-H), upper airway length (UAL), the maximum thickness of the soft palate (SP max), soft palate length (PNS-U), linear distance between anterior and posterior nasal spine (ANS-PNS), retroglosal width (RS), retroplatal width (RP) between the snoring and non-snoring groups were compared statistically using independent sample t-test. (scirp.org)
Snoring by itself is not pathologic, but it suggests narrowing of the upper airways. (medscape.com)
The disease encompasses a continuum from primary snoring (a benign condition without physiological alterations or associated complications) to increased upper airway resistance, obstructive hypoventilation and OSAS. (scielo.br)
The narrower the airway is, the more the tissue vibrates, and the louder the snoring is. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Just like snoring, there are two factors we need to consider: the first is the width of the upper airways and the second is breathing volume. (buteykoclinic.com)

Will CPAP adherence be affected by high nasal resistance in those with OSA and will reducing expiratory pressure using CPAP flex improve adherence? (cdc.gov)
Determining the comparative effectiveness of CPAP versus CPAPflex in those subjects with OSA who have high nasal resistance through increasing adherence to therapy, thus allowing the WTC Health Program to make appropriate treatment decision with regard to these responders. (cdc.gov)

Respiratory therapy to teach purse lip breathing techniques helps to keep airways open and reduce air trapping. (aapmr.org)
Effects of obesity on respiratory resistance. (nih.gov)
Influence of thoracoabdominal pattern of breathing on respiratory resistance. (nih.gov)
Despite this, the respiratory resistance devices available in the market only use mouthpieces (oral airway). (frontiersin.org)
When this process fails to happen (for example, because of disease or a blocked airway) the body is deprived of oxygen and the person suffers a respiratory arrest. (gosh.nhs.uk)
The first two steps of BLS - Airway and Breathing - deal with respiratory (breathing) arrest and the third step of BLS - Circulation - is intended to deal with cardiac (heart) arrest. (gosh.nhs.uk)
CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that increased respiratory effort during sleep (seen in OSA and related syndromes of increased upper airway resistance during sleep) offsets the normal fall in BP that occurs overnight, even within this community population. (bmj.com)
To circumvent these problems, nal distribution of chlorine absorption in human airways: a the distribution of O3 uptake in the human respiratory comparison to ozone absorption. (cdc.gov)
O3 penetrated beyond the upper airways and 10% reached adapted to Cl the respiratory air spaces. (cdc.gov)
Therapy addressing specific symptoms is the mainstay for most upper respiratory infections (URIs). (medscape.com)
In immunocompromised patients, treatment of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and cytomegalovirus infections may be appropriate, especially if lower airway disease is suspected. (medscape.com)
It is indicated for the prophylaxis or treatment of mild to moderately severe upper respiratory tract infections caused by organisms susceptible to low concentrations of penicillin G. (medscape.com)
The anatomy of the respiratory system can be divided into 2 major parts, airway anatomy and lung anatomy. (medscape.com)
The purpose of this chapter is to provide a better understanding of the anatomy of the airways and lungs, which will help the health provider to recognize and manage different respiratory abnormalities. (medscape.com)
[ 3 ] The respiratory centers in the brainstem track mechanical constraints (low lung volumes, resistance to airflow) and gas-exchange abnormalities (oxygen, pH, and carbon dioxide changes) during sleep. (medscape.com)

OSA is characterized by repetitive partial or complete obstructions in the upper airway, usually along the pharyngeal segment, while maintaining the thoracic effort of breathing and with associated oxygen desaturations and/or neurologic arousals. (aadsm.org)

The symptoms of upper airway resistance syndrome are daytime sleepiness and excessive fatigue. (sleepdisordersguide.com)
Acute upper airway, eye, and lower airway symptoms were recorded in a post-shift survey (n = 50). (cdc.gov)
Hospital cleaning staff using a sporicidal product containing HP, PAA, and AA reported work-shift eye (44%), upper airway (58%), and lower airway (34%) symptoms. (cdc.gov)
CRS was defined by =3 nasal/upper airway symptoms over the prior 8 weeks. (cdc.gov)
Determining factors that are mainly responsible for this high risk for OSA including factors such as nasal symptoms, nasal inflammation and nasal resistance. (cdc.gov)
Upper airway resistance syndrome causes excessive daytime sleepiness or other symptoms but not all that is required for doctors to diagnose OSA. (merckmanuals.com)

Thus, OSA is defined as repetitive arousals from sleep from collapse of the upper airway. (medscape.com)
Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) and its variant (upper airways resistance syndrome) cause recurrent arousals and thus rises in blood pressure (BP) during sleep and, in addition, may be independently responsible for increases in awake BP. (bmj.com)
In one sense, arousals are protective: They stabilize the airway by harnessing the muscle tone inherent to the "wake" state. (medscape.com)

Health Effects of Obstructive Sleep Apnoea and the Effectiveness of Continuous Positive Airways Pressure: A Systematic Review of the Research Evidence," British Medical Journal, Vol. 314, No. 7084, 1997, pp. 851-860. (scirp.org)
How lateral airway tissues affect upper airway dimensions with mandibular advancement in obstructive sleep apnoea. (ers-education.org)

Does increase in nasal resistance due to nasal inflammation play a role in the development of OSA in those responders who have chronic rhinosinusitis? (cdc.gov)
To date, the effects of the individual salbutamol enantiomers on allergen-induced early (EAR) and late (LAR) asthmatic reactions, AHR and airway inflammation have not been established. (ersjournals.com)
Therefore, in this study, a guinea pig model of allergic asthma was used to compare the protective effects of inhaled racemic salbutamol and the equivalent doses of the R - and S -enantiomers on the magnitudes of the EAR and LAR, AHR to histamine after both the EAR and LAR, and airway inflammation after the LAR. (ersjournals.com)
There are many effective medications, some inhaled, that open the airways and reduce inflammation. (aapmr.org)
The innovation could reduce upper-airway bacterial inflammation during intubation, a situation that can lead to chronic inflammation and a condition called subglottic stenosis, the narrowing of the airway by an accumulation of scar tissue. (sciencedaily.com)
Not only does the negative pressure on the upper airways increase, but over-breathing also causes the airways to cool and dry out, leading to inflammation and further narrowing of the airways. (buteykoclinic.com)

Effects of nasal prongs on nasal airflow resistance. (nih.gov)
PE can effectively reduce the airflow resistance of the upper airway and the probability of airway collapse, thus improving the patient's ventilation function. (techscience.com)
This causes air flow resistance at the level of the rima glottidis during inspiration, resulting in turbulence leading to laryngeal oedema, which results in further decrease in size of the rima glottidis and increase in airflow resistance, resulting in a vicious cycle. (vin.com)
The surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion (SARME) produces a widening at the nasal floor which reduces the nasal airflow resistance, improving the nasopharynx function and breathing patterns. (bvsalud.org)

Warmed, humidified air minimizes airway constriction and the resultant increased airway resistance. (frontiersin.org)

Craniofacial abnormalities, such as small jaw, narrow upper arch, or high palatal, are considered a common cause of SDB in children. (scienceblog.com)

Swollen adenoids and tonsils that block the airways. (medlineplus.gov)

This is especially true because the components aiding in appropriate tongue positioning may help manage one of the important anatomic points of collapse in the upper airway: the tongue. (aadsm.org)

It is thought that excess fatty tissue in the head and neck constricts airways and abdominal fat may prevent the chest and lungs from fully expanding and relaxing. (medlineplus.gov)
This condition increases the risk of developing pneumonia and bronchitis, infection of the lungs and airways. (aapmr.org)
Jorth and his colleagues sampled both left and right lungs from 10 cystic fibrosis patients at three sites: the upper, middle, and lower lobe airways. (genomeweb.com)
Normally when people breathe in (inhale) air through their mouth/nose/tracheostomy, it passes down their air passages (or airway) to their lungs. (gosh.nhs.uk)
You snore when the flow of air from your mouth or nose to your lungs makes the tissues of the airway vibrate. (healthlinkbc.ca)
Collapse of the upper airway occurs if the negative upper airway pressure generated as the breath is drawn into the lungs is greater than the dilating force of the upper airway muscles. (buteykoclinic.com)
6 The individual breathes out, and just as they are about to breathe in, the negative pressure created by trying to take air into the lungs causes the walls of the upper airways to collapse. (buteykoclinic.com)

Persons with a high arousal threshold can make adjustments to breathing and to the airway without awakening, thus avoiding the fragmentation and ventilatory overshoot associated with the sleep/wake transition. (medscape.com)

Resistance exercise is especially helpful to patients who have lost muscle mass. (aapmr.org)
After sequencing the genomes of 96 isolates from the upper, middle, and lower lobes from three patients, the researchers constructed phylogenetic trees. (genomeweb.com)
Patients with herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection or gonococcal upper airway disease also benefit from specific treatment. (medscape.com)
Aim: To evaluate prospectively the upper airway of 16 patients submitted to surgically assisted rapid maxillary expansion. (bvsalud.org)

In normal individuals upper airway narrowing increases the resistance to airflow at sleep onset. (scirp.org)
2003) found significant ratory effects (using spirometry) from expo- potent toxins that cause neurotoxic shellfish increases in reported upper and lower respira- sure to aerosolized red tide toxins and poisoning. (cdc.gov)

The muscles of the airway during sleep become relaxed. (sleepdisordersguide.com)
Due to the reduction of these muscles, airways become narrowed. (sleepdisordersguide.com)
Poor muscle tone in the throat and tongue: Throat and tongue muscles can be too relaxed, which allows them to collapse and fall back into the airway. (dreamsleeplk.com)
Muscle tone maintains upper airway tone, so when we go to sleep our muscles relax and the caliper of our airways will narrow. (medscape.com)

Each child underwent a routine orthodontic examination of the upper, lower and total face height, hyoid position, soft palate length, mandibular length, vertical airway length, overjet and overbite to determine craniofacial characteristics. (scienceblog.com)
The back of the mouth-where the tongue and upper throat meet the soft palate and uvula -is collapsible. (healthlinkbc.ca)

Upper airway resistance syndrome is caused when the upper airway narrows without closing. (wikipedia.org)
Also, tissue relaxation narrows the upper airway, making flutter more likely. (merckmanuals.com)

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a lung disease that causes a feeling that it is difficult to breathe air in because of airway collapse, causing air trapping. (aapmr.org)
It is important for interpreting volume-dependent pulmonary mechanics such as airway resistance or forced expiratory flows, and for defining normal lung growth. (ersjournals.com)
The aim of this paper is to summarize what is currently seen to be good laboratory practice, and to provide recommendations for both users and manufacturers of infant lung function equipment and software with respect to plethysmographic measurements of lung volume and airway resistance in infants. (ersjournals.com)
Phylogenetic analysis indicated that all P. aeruginosa infecting a lung were related, but it also showed that as the bacteria became isolated in different lung regions, they began to evolve differences in treatment resistance, nutritional requirements, and more. (genomeweb.com)
What made this so important to us is that the bacterial populations inhabiting different lung regions varied dramatically in terms of their antibiotic resistance and virulence," first author Peter Jorth from the University of Washington School of Medicine said in a statement. (genomeweb.com)
P. aeruginosa isolates from different lung regions exhibited different phenotypes, including virulence and resistance phenotypes, the researchers noted. (genomeweb.com)
For patient one, Jorth and his colleagues surveyed the functional differences between isolates from various lung regions, finding that subpopulations living in upper and lower lobes differed in their growth capacity, stress and antibiotic tolerance, and virulence. (genomeweb.com)
The right lung comprises 10 segments: 3 in the right upper lobe (apical, anterior and medial), 2 in the right middle lobe (medial and lateral), and 5 in the right lower lobe (superior, medial, anterior, lateral, and posterior). (medscape.com)

The extra tissue in your neck puts pressure on your airways. (medlineplus.gov)

Inspiratory efforts against a closed upper airway cause swings in intrathoracic pressure that affect cardiac performance. (msdmanuals.com)

In addition, total pulmonary resistance (RT) and supraglottic resistance (Rs) were measured over the same epochs in inspiration and expiration. (nih.gov)

[ 1 ] The lower airway begins in the trachea and continues to the bronchial tree. (medscape.com)

Inhalation of RS - and R -salbutamol 30 min before and 5.5 h after allergen challenge suppressed allergen-induced airway hyperreactivity to histamine after the early and late asthmatic reaction, completely inhibiting the early asthmatic reaction and tending to reduce the development of the late asthmatic reaction. (ersjournals.com)
In vitro , S -salbutamol was shown to increase the contractile response to carbachol in guinea pig tracheal smooth muscle preparations 12 , intracellular calcium levels in bovine airway smooth muscle cells 13 , and histamine and interleukin-4 production in immunoglobulin (Ig)E-stimulated murine mast cells 14 . (ersjournals.com)
In addition, the acute protective effects against histamine-induced bronchoconstriction were assessed in both normoreactive and hyperreactive airways, after both the EAR and the LAR. (ersjournals.com)

Healthy adults experience increased airway resistance at 5 ppm, sneezing and coughing at 10 ppm, and bronchospasm at 20 ppm. (cdc.gov)

Is the cough efficacy impaired after upper abdominal surgery? (ers-education.org)

Increased upper airway resistance in this syndrome does not lead to cessation of airflow or decrease in airflow, but instead leads to an arousal secondary to increased work of breathing to overcome the resistance. (sleepdisordersguide.com)

It should include some high intensity and low intensity exercise, using upper and lower limbs. (aapmr.org)
For instance, about 40 percent of the P. aeruginosa isolates they obtained from the right upper lobe of one patient were resistant to the antibiotic ciprofloxacin, while all right lower lobe isolates were sensitive to it. (genomeweb.com)
Left lower lobe airway cannot be seen. (medscape.com)

The turbulence leads to vibration of the soft tissues in the collapsible part of the upper airway. (scirp.org)

Obstructed nasal airways: Some people snore only during allergy seasons or when they have a sinus infection. (dreamsleeplk.com)
May cause airway narrowing and increased airway resistance in children with asthma or a history of recent upper airway infection. (nih.gov)

Although β 2 -agonists, including salbutamol, are the most effective bronchodilators available for the treatment of asthma, long-term use of these drugs has been associated with adverse effects, including the development of airway hyperreactivity (AHR) and tolerance to β 2 -agonist-induced bronchoprotection against allergic and pharmacological stimuli 1 - 4 . (ersjournals.com)
People with asthma can experience increased airway resistance with sulfur dioxide concentrations of less than 0.1 ppm when exercising. (cdc.gov)

The structures forming the upper airway are the nose and the pharynx with its 3 divisions (ie, nasopharynx, oropharynx, hypopharynx). (medscape.com)

Anatomy32

Organisms5

Diseases40

Chemicals and Drugs19

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment49

Psychiatry and Psychology4

Phenomena and Processes50

Technology, Industry, Agriculture1

Health Care4

Obstruction19

Continuous Positive11

Apnea21

UARS4

Snoring9

CPAP2

Respiratory15

Pharyngeal1

Symptoms6

Arousals3

Obstructive Sleep2

Inflammation6

Airflow resistance4

Resultant1

Abnormalities1

Tonsils1

Anatomic1

Lungs7

Ventilatory1

Patients4

Increases2

Muscles4

Soft palate2

Narrows2

Lung8

Tissue1

Intrathoracic1

Pulmonary1

Bronchial1

Histamine3

Adults1

Efficacy1

Arousal1

Lower3

Collapsible1

Infection2

Asthma2

Nasopharynx1