• Heterophile antibody interference usually doesn't change linearly with serial dilution, but a true result most often will. (wikipedia.org)
  • Blocking heterophile antibody interference can be achieved by removal of immunoglobulins from a sample (such as with PEG), by modifying antibodies which may be present in a sample or by using buffers to reduce interference. (wikipedia.org)
  • Laboratory studies ruled out heterophile antibody interference and hook effect by multiple methods including analysis by different serum hCG assays, treatment with heterophile antibody blocking agents, and dilution studies. (medscape.com)
  • For example, the heterophile antibodies detected by Monospot are often not present in children with infectious mononucleosis. (cdc.gov)
  • The presence of antibodies to both VCA and EBNA suggests past infection (from several months to years earlier). (cdc.gov)
  • Heterophile antibodies are antibodies induced by external antigens (heterophile antigens). (wikipedia.org)
  • These are considered heterophile antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • In clinical diagnosis, the heterophile antibody test specifically refers to a rapid test for antibodies produced against the Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies can cause significant interference in any immunoassay. (wikipedia.org)
  • The presence of a heterophile antibody is characterized by broad reactivity with antibodies of other animal species (which are often the source of the assay antibodies). (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies may thus give false positives (by bridging the capture and signal antibody) or false negatives (by blocking one or the other). (wikipedia.org)
  • Other options include the use of heterophile blocking reagents, steps to remove immunoglobulins, serial dilutions and using non-mammalian capture and/or detection antibodies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies are of particular importance in clinical medicine for their use in detecting Epstein-Barr Virus (the causative agent of infectious mononucleosis). (wikipedia.org)
  • EBV infection induces the production of several antibody classes, of which heterophile antibodies are one (others include anti-i, rheumatoid factor and ANA). (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies are IgM antibodies with affinity for sheep and horse red blood cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antibodies can arise in non-EBV infections. (wikipedia.org)
  • An important clinical pearl for heterophile antibodies is they can also be seen in genetic immunodeficiencies. (wikipedia.org)
  • Thus, another possible cause of false positives in a pregnancy test are heterophile antibodies, commonly seen in EBV infection as well as selective IgA deficiency. (wikipedia.org)
  • Both IgM and IgG antibodies to the viral capsid antigen (VCA) peak three to four weeks after primary EBV infection. (custom-monoclonalantibody.com)
  • Antibody to EBNA, determined by the standard immunofluorescent test, is not seen in the acute phase of EBV infection but slowly appears two to four months after onset of symptoms and persists for the rest of a person's life. (cdc.gov)
  • Other results that strongly suggest a primary infection are a high or rising level of anti-VCA IgG and no antibody to EBNA after at least four weeks of illness. (cdc.gov)
  • The EBV VCA IgG Rapid Test Cassette (Whole Blood/Serum/Plasma) is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of IgG antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) of Epstein-Barr virus in human whole blood, serum, or plasma. (custom-monoclonalantibody.com)
  • This is one strategy for heterophile antibody detection. (wikipedia.org)
  • Three additional doses of methotrexate over six months were required for serum hCG concentrations to decline to undetectable levels. (medscape.com)
  • The case study is a 33-year-old white female with persistently elevated serum human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels following methotrexate treatment and emergency surgery for ectopic pregnancy. (medscape.com)
  • At the time of the first methotrexate dose, the serum hCG concentration was 27,995 IU/L. The laboratory was consulted 3.5 months after the surgery, because serum hCG levels had stopped declining and had leveled off to around 80 to 90 IU/L but with negative urine pregnancy tests. (medscape.com)
  • If a person is ill for more than six months and does not have a laboratory-confirmed diagnosis of EBV infection, other causes of chronic illness or chronic fatigue syndrome should be considered. (cdc.gov)
  • Heterophile antibody is a fairly specific but insensitive test for EBV. (wikipedia.org)
  • Heterophile antigen An immunoassay is a biochemical test, frequently used in medical diagnostic testing, that measures the presence or concentration of a macromolecule in a solution through the use of an antibody or immunoglobulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • Resolution of the illness may occur before the diagnostic antibody levels appear. (cdc.gov)
  • High or elevated antibody levels may be present for years and are not diagnostic of recent infection. (cdc.gov)
  • Heterophile antigen An immunoassay is a biochemical test, frequently used in medical diagnostic testing, that measures the presence or concentration of a macromolecule in a solution through the use of an antibody or immunoglobulin. (wikipedia.org)
  • The EBV VCA IgG Rapid Test Cassette (Whole Blood/Serum/Plasma) is a rapid chromatographic immunoassay for the qualitative detection of IgG antibody to Viral Capsid Antigen (VCA) of Epstein-Barr virus in human whole blood, serum, or plasma. (custom-monoclonalantibody.com)
  • Monospot tests are slightly more sensitive (85%) than the heterophile assay, but false-positive findings may occur in children or in patients with other viral illnesses. (medscape.com)
  • These antigens are classified as early, late, or latent, depending on the phase of viral replication in which they appear. (medscape.com)
  • Viral capsid antigen (VCA) is considered a late phase antigen and represents viral structural protein. (medscape.com)
  • While the heterophile test is a quantitative assay, the various Monospot tests are qualitative. (medscape.com)
  • While these assays are more expensive and time consuming, they may be indicated in patients with atypical presentation in whom EBV infection is suspected or in patients who present with persistently negative heterophile testing despite a clinical presentation consistent with EBV-related illness. (medscape.com)
  • Early antigen (EA) - Anti-EA IgG appears during the acute phase and falls to undetectable levels after 3 to 6 months. (medscape.com)
  • Heterophile antibody interference usually doesn't change linearly with serial dilution, but a true result most often will. (wikipedia.org)
  • The heterophile response usually persists for 3 months, although it may be present for as long as a year following onset. (medscape.com)
  • Early antigens (EAs) become detectable 3-4 weeks following the onset of symptoms in approximately 70% of patients, especially those with severe symptoms. (medscape.com)
  • Immunoglobulin M (IgM) anti-VCA antibody is detectable at the onset of symptoms and persists for 1-3 months. (medscape.com)
  • As few as 50% of patients who are younger than 4 years may develop the heterophile antibody. (medscape.com)