AnatomyOrganismsDiseasesChemicals and DrugsAnalytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and EquipmentPhenomena and ProcessesInformation Science
MeiosisHaploidyChromosome PairingDiploidySpermatocytesChromosome SegregationSpores, FungalOocytesSynaptonemal ComplexMeiotic Prophase ISpermatogenesisProphaseCrossing Over, GeneticRecombination, GeneticSaccharomyces cerevisiaeNondisjunction, GeneticChromosomesChromatidsCentromereMitosisChromosomes, FungalPachytene StageMutationMetaphaseCell Cycle ProteinsSpermatidsTestisSchizosaccharomycesSaccharomyces cerevisiae ProteinsSchizosaccharomyces pombe ProteinsOogenesisGerm CellsMolecular Sequence DataSpindle ApparatusFungal ProteinsSpermatozoaChromosomal Proteins, Non-HistoneGametogenesisBase SequenceDNA, FungalParthenogenesisAnaphaseChromosomes, PlantKinetochoresPloidiesCrosses, GeneticPollenGametogenesis, PlantProto-Oncogene Proteins c-mosAmino Acid SequencePhenotypeGenes, Mating Type, FungalAneuploidyGene Expression Regulation, FungalAllelesChromosome MappingNuclear ProteinsCell NucleusSex ChromosomesModels, GeneticCaenorhabditis elegansOvumCyclin BFertilizationStarfishGenes, FungalDNA Breaks, Double-StrandedPolyploidyCoprinusMicrotubulesSpermatogoniaCaenorhabditis elegans ProteinsSaccharomycetalesSeparaseCloning, MolecularMaturation-Promoting FactorDNA-Binding ProteinsSister Chromatid ExchangeOogoniaProtein-Serine-Threonine KinasesY Chromosome
ChromosomesNucleiSpores by meiosisGametophytesAsexualAlternationGermFertilizationSecond meiotic divisionGametophyteSecondary spermatocytesSomatic cellsProcess of meiosisFuse to formNucleusSpermatogenesisFusion of haploidSpermatocyte undergoesGameteSperm and eggMature haploidUnicellularDivisionsZygote then undergoesGerminate and undergoSpermatidsGeneticallyHyphaeSporophyteOrganismChromosomeMitosis and meiosisReproductiveFungiDividesOvarySporicCellMicrosporesOogenesisGametes uniteGametogenesisSporophyticSexuallyInterphaseMetaphasePollen grainsSister chromatidsTestisMitotically
Chromosomes27
Nuclei15
  • Upon germination the diploid oospore undergoes meiosis, producing four haploid nuclei. (wikipedia.org)
  • A septum divides a small apical cell with one haploid nucleus from a large basal cell containing the other three nuclei, which will slowly degenerate. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nuclei of most fungi are haploid except when a zygote is formed in sexual reproduction. (tripod.com)
  • The diploid zygotes undergo meiosis, producing haploid nuclei that will be integrated into the spores. (tripod.com)
  • When haploid fungal spores germinate, their nuclei divide mitotically to produce hyphae (the structural unit of a fungus in its vegetative phase or mycelium). (tripod.com)
  • In response to nitrogen starvation in the presence of a poor carbon source, diploid cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergo meiosis and package the haploid nuclei produced in meiosis into spores. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)
  • In the absence of nitrogen and the presence of a non-fermentable carbon source, diploid cells of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae undergo meiosis and the resulting haploid nuclei are packaged into spores [1]. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)
  • Some chytrids are coenocytic, producing cells with multiple nuclei and sometimes producing short coenoctyic hyphae, cylindrical structures with multiple nuclei ('eucarpic polycentric' in the image above). (geneseo.edu)
  • The diploid nuclei of the Plasmodium undergo reduction division before spore formation in the fruit-body. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Each of these nuclei are haploid nuclei, which will be discussed later in this section. (uwlax.edu)
  • Once diploid, the nucleus almost immediately undergoes meiosis to produce 4 haploid (n) nuclei. (uwlax.edu)
  • The two haploid nuclei are now in the same cell, which means the ploidy is now. (uwlax.edu)
  • The two nuclei of the dikary-otic ascus initially fuse and undergo meiosis to produce four haploid daughter nuclei. (botanydictionary.org)
  • These then undergo one mitotic division resulting in eight haploid nuclei. (botanydictionary.org)
  • In contrast, meiosis consists of two nuclear divisions leading to 4 nuclei that are often partitioned into 4 new cells. (styleslicker.com)
Spores by meiosis2
  • This sporophytic plant produces haploid spores by meiosis. (majordifferences.com)
  • the sporophyte produces haploid spores by meiosis that develop into gametophytesAlternation of Generations:Animals are composed of almost entirely diploid, somatic cells. (gradebuddy.com)
Gametophytes6
Asexual8
  • Asexual reproduction is different from sexual reproduction in the way that offspring has been produced through asexual means. (biologyonline.com)
  • Fungi commonly produce spores during sexual and asexual reproduction. (oxygenboules824.sbs)
  • These include not only a variety of forms of sexual reproduction, in which two individuals produce specialized cells that fuse to become a new offspring, but also many ways of achieving asexual reproduction, in which a single plant produces offspring. (blogspot.com)
  • Nuclear division to produce two identical daughter cells (asexual reproduction) is called mitosis. (blogspot.com)
  • In asexual reproduction , a single microbe produces two identical offspring (clones) without the help of a partner. (futurelearn.com)
  • These reproductive strategies are examples of asexual reproduction , which produces offspring genetically identical to the parent (that is, to the original starfish or cactus). (khanacademy.org)
  • Apomixis refers to an asexual reproduction that occurs without fertilization and not involving meiosis while polyembryony refers to the formation of more than one embryo from a single fertilized ovum or in a single seed. (pediaa.com)
  • Generally organisms with plurinucleate cells or those producing black pig-ments or producing asexual spores borne on distinct aerial structures are excluded. (biologydiscussion.com)
Alternation7
  • A few species exhibit an alternation between a haploid and a diploid generation, as found in plants ( Chapter 11 ). (geneseo.edu)
  • Alternation of generations is a type of life cycle in which a diploid sporophytic spore producing phase is alternating with a haploid gametophytic gamete producing generation. (majordifferences.com)
  • This organism is then able to produce its own gametes and fertilize another organism of the same species to continue the cycle.Plants undergo a process known as alternation of generations. (gradebuddy.com)
  • The existence of a multicellular, haploid phase in the life cycle between meiosis and gametogenesis is also referred to as alternation of generations. (pathshalanepal.com)
  • Types of sexual life cycles: diploid-dominant, haploid-dominant, and alternation of generations. (khanacademy.org)
  • Sexual life cycles involve an alternation between meiosis and fertilization. (khanacademy.org)
  • In alternation of generations , both the haploid and the diploid stages are multicellular, though they may be dominant to different degrees in different species. (khanacademy.org)
Germ10
  • In brevity, the oogonium (the female primordial germ cell) undergoes meiosis to produce four haploid egg cells. (biologyonline.com)
  • Quintessentially, the spermatogonium (the male primordial germ cell) will go through meiosis to give rise to four haploid sperm cells. (biologyonline.com)
  • The lining of seminiferous tubules called germinal epithelium contains two types of cells - primary germ ceils which undergo spermatogenesis to form spermatozoa and columnar indifferent cells (derived from coelomic epithelium) which enlarge to form Sertoli cells. (ncertmcq.com)
  • Spermatogonia are male germ cells which produce primary spermatocytes by meiotic divisions. (saralstudy.com)
  • Diploid germ cells undergo the above mentioned two stages of meiosis in order to produce their haploid gametes. (replicadb4.com)
  • Whereas somatic cells undergo mitosis to proliferate, the germ cells undergo meiosis to produce haploid gametes (the sperm and the egg). (github.io)
  • Mitosis produces two diploid (2n) somatic cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, whereas meiosis produces four haploid (n) gametes that are genetically unique from each other and the original parent (germ) cell. (github.io)
  • The male germ cells undergo meiotic divisions finally leading to sperm formation, while Sertoli cells provide nutrition to the germ cells. (earivs.com)
  • In testis, the immature male germ cell (spermatogonia) produce sperms by spermatogenesis that begins at puberty. (earivs.com)
  • Germ cells can divide by mitosis to make more germ cells, but some of them undergo meiosis, making haploid gametes (sperm and egg cells). (khanacademy.org)
Fertilization10
Second meiotic division1
Gametophyte9
  • As in other seed plants, the microgametophyte (male, or sperm-producing gametophyte) is highly simplified and called a pollen grain .The megagametophyte (female, or egg-producing, gametophyte) develops within the ovule (immature seed). (digitalatlasofancientlife.org)
  • Growth of meiospore produces the gametophyte. (majordifferences.com)
  • Under favourable conditions the spore can develop into a new organism using mitotic division, producing a multicellular gametophyte , which eventually goes on to produce gametes. (oxygenboules824.sbs)
  • The main difference between spores and seeds as dispersal units is that spores are unicellular, the first cell of a gametophyte, while seeds contain within them a developing embryo (the multicellular sporophyte of the next generation), produced by the fusion of the male gamete of the pollen tube with the female gamete formed by the megagametophyte within the ovule. (oxygenboules824.sbs)
  • Even more interesting is the sporic life cycle, in which a plant will have both a haploid gametophyte and diploid sporophyte body at different stages of its life. (blogspot.com)
  • These spores germinate and undergo mitosis to form a multicellular haploid gametophyte body. (blogspot.com)
  • The gametophyte forms reproductive organs in which gametes are produced. (blogspot.com)
  • the spore can divide by mitosis to develop into a multicellular haploid individual (the gametophyte) without fusing with another cell14. (gradebuddy.com)
  • They divide through mitosis to create a multicellular haploid stage, where it is known as the gametophyte. (gradebuddy.com)
Secondary spermatocytes3
Somatic cells1
  • Mitosis produces 2 diploid somatic cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cells. (kegrat.online)
Process of meiosis4
  • In this process, each sperm is haploid, containing a single copy of each chromosome.In order to create the haploid gamete, a cell undergoes the process of meiosis in which the genome is replicated and divided twice to produce four haploid gametes. (powtoon.com)
  • The process is essentially a step-by-step process of meiosis . (biologyonline.com)
  • It produces haploid spores or meiospores through the process of meiosis in its diploid cells. (majordifferences.com)
  • The process of meiosis is additional characterised by synapsis formation, the meeting of synaptonemal complicated and chiasma formation, bringing about genetic range during gametogenesis. (styleslicker.com)
Fuse to form2
  • The haploid gametes fuse to form diploid zygote (2n). (majordifferences.com)
  • Eventually some of these haploid cells will differentiate into gametes, and two gametes will fuse to form a new zygote. (blogspot.com)
Nucleus4
  • The diploid nucleus divides mitotically to produce a multinucleate Plasmodium. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • Keep in mind that each basidiospore contains one haploid nucleus. (uwlax.edu)
  • In sexual reproduction, a nucleus must divide by meiosis. (blogspot.com)
  • The first eukaryote may have originated from an ancestral prokaryote that had undergone membrane proliferation, compartmentalization of cellular function (into a nucleus, lysosomes, and an endoplasmic reticulum), and the establishment of endosymbiotic relationships with an aerobic prokaryote which led to mitochondria. (gatech.edu)
Spermatogenesis3
Fusion of haploid2
  • Sexual reproduction is a mode of reproduction involving the fusion of haploid female gamete (egg cell) and haploid male gamete ( sperm cell ). (biologyonline.com)
  • Syngamy refers to the fusion of haploid sex cells resulting in the formation of a diploid zygote. (biologyonline.com)
Spermatocyte undergoes1
Gamete2
  • Each haploid cell, then, undergoes maturation to become fully-differentiated gamete (sex cell). (biologyonline.com)
  • Gamete: a haploid reproductive cell, usually an egg or sperm, that combines with another gamete to produce a diploid zygote during sexual reproduction6. (gradebuddy.com)
Sperm and egg1
  • Meiosis is a type of cell division which is concerned mainly with the production of sex gametes( sperm and egg cells). (kegrat.online)
Mature haploid2
  • Spores are usually haploid and grow into mature haploid individuals through mitotic division of cells ( Urediniospores and Teliospores among rusts are dikaryotic). (oxygenboules824.sbs)
  • Gametogenesis is a biological process by which diploid or haploid precursor cells undergo cell division and differentiation to form mature haploid gametes. (pathshalanepal.com)
Unicellular5
  • Many chytrids are unicellular: a single cell grows from a zoospore and eventually develops into a single celled sporangium that produces more zoospores (see the 'holocarpic' example in the image above). (geneseo.edu)
  • In plants, spores are usually haploid and unicellular and are produced by meiosis in the sporangium of a diploid sporophyte . (oxygenboules824.sbs)
  • In these plants, the diploid zygote divides bymeiosis to produce haploid daughter cells, which multiply to form either a population of haploid unicellular plants or a multicellular plant with a haploid body. (blogspot.com)
  • In a haploid-dominant life cycle, the multicellular (or sometimes unicellular) haploid stage is the most obvious life stage and is often multicellular. (khanacademy.org)
  • Most fungi and some protists (unicellular eukaryotes) have a haploid-dominant life cycle, in which the "body" of the organism-that is, the mature, ecologically important form-is haploid. (khanacademy.org)
Divisions9
  • After cutting off the trichoblast initials, the cells of the central siphon undergo several oblique vertical divisions. (botanystudies.com)
  • The pericentral cells in the basal portion undergo longitudinal divisions. (botanystudies.com)
  • Zygote will then undergo various divisions to form a new organism. (iitianacademy.com)
  • In brief, gametogenesis is a biological process that incorporates cell divisions, particularly mitosis and meiosis , to produce gametes (sex cells). (biologyonline.com)
  • Meiosis is a form of cell division wherein a cell goes through two sequential cell divisions. (biologyonline.com)
  • The zygote then undergoes a series of divisions, dividing and re-dividing to form an embryo. (microbiologynote.com)
  • 5. The jacket cells by further divisions produce a single layered wall. (istudy.pk)
  • Meiosis involves two divisions of the parent cell resulting in four daughter cells. (kegrat.online)
  • Each haploid microspore then undergoes further development, including mitotic divisions and differentiation, to ultimately form a mature pollen grain. (biologysir.com)
Zygote then undergoes1
  • This zygote then undergoes repeated cell division (cleavage) and slowly becomes a fetus, after undergoing blastulation and gastrulation. (gradebuddy.com)
Germinate and undergo1
  • If a basidiospore happens to be one of the lucky few (quite literally 'one in a million') they germinate and undergo mitosis and develop into fine, branching, tube-like structures known as hyphae ( Biology-Online ). (uwlax.edu)
Spermatids2
Genetically2
  • Two haploid gametes unite resulting in genetically distinct diploid offspring. (biologyonline.com)
  • The plants produced by apomixis are genetically-identical to the parent while the plants produced by polyembryony are not genetically-identical to the parent. (pediaa.com)
Hyphae2
  • These haploid hyphae in filamentous fungi may be in a dikaryotic stage (n+n) which is different from haploid (n) or diploid (2n) state. (tripod.com)
  • In sexual reproduction of this mold, hyphae (multicellular, thread-like haploid structures) from two compatible individuals first grow towards each other. (khanacademy.org)
Sporophyte3
  • Growth of zygote produces the sporophyte. (majordifferences.com)
  • In a sporic life cycle, the diploid adult sporophyte plant forms reproductive organs in which meiosis occurs to form spores. (blogspot.com)
  • A multicellular diploid plant (a sporophyte) will produce haploid cells called spores through meiosis. (gradebuddy.com)
Organism4
  • Reproduction is defined as the ability of an organism to produce new individuals. (iitianacademy.com)
  • In hermaphrodites, reproductive organs from both the sexes are present within the same organism whereas in case of parthenogenesis, single haploid organism will produce new organism without being fertilized. (iitianacademy.com)
  • Furthermore, the parent organism produces offspring even in the absence of a mate. (biologyonline.com)
  • The gametes produced by an organism define its sex: males produce small gametes (e.g. spermatozoa, or sperm , in animals) while females produce large gametes ( ova , or egg cells). (artandpopularculture.com)
Chromosome7
  • Hybrids are often sterile, because the different chromosome structures of the parents are incompatible and cells cannot undergo meiosis to initiate the reproductive cycle. (blogspot.com)
  • Each microspore mother cell undergoes meiosis, a type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half. (biologysir.com)
  • If two different haploid cells fuse, the resulting cell will have pairs of every type of chromosome but with one of each pair contributed by each of the two parents. (blogspot.com)
  • During the interphase of meiosis, every chromosome is duplicated. (styleslicker.com)
  • How many homologous chromosome alignments are potential for independent assortment throughout meiosis? (styleslicker.com)
  • The centromeres of the two sister chromatids join to produce a single kinetochore that binds microtubules when a homologous chromosome orients at the metaphase plate of meiosis I. (microbenotes.com)
  • For effective homologous chromosomal separation during meiosis I, there must be at least one chiasma per chromosome, but there may be as many as 25. (microbenotes.com)
Mitosis and meiosis2
Reproductive8
  • The body cells of the adult are diploid, but in the reproductive organs, meiosis occurs to form haploid cells, either eggs or sperm. (blogspot.com)
  • If these haploid reproductive cells (gametes) fuse, a new diploid cell is formed, the zygote. (blogspot.com)
  • So Darwin never quite cracked the code of inheritance as we understand it today, but the work with plants which occupied his last years - allowing him to avoid the acrimony around human origins surrounding the publication of On the origin of species - produced important results for the understanding of plant reproductive biology. (ussromantics.com)
  • Canto: Right, but let's not get bogged down in the history of reproductive biology and the birth of genetics here, as it's hard enough for me to comprehend meiosis and mitosis, gametes and zygotes and all the rest, as we understand it all today. (ussromantics.com)
  • The function of the male reproductive system ( Figure 1 ) is to produce sperm and transfer them to the female reproductive tract. (bccampus.ca)
  • The paired testes are a crucial component in this process, as they produce both sperm and androgens, the hormones that support male reproductive physiology. (bccampus.ca)
  • The structures of the male reproductive system include the testes, the epididymides, the penis, and the ducts and glands that produce and carry semen. (bccampus.ca)
  • They produce both sperm and androgens, such as testosterone, and are active throughout the reproductive lifespan of the male. (bccampus.ca)
Fungi1
  • Chytrids are sometimes described as the most primitive group of fungi, but a more appropriate description might be that they are the group that diverged first along the line that produced four other fungal groups: bread molds (Zygomycota), endomycorhizal fungi (Glomeromycota), club fungi (Basidiomycota) and cup fungi (Ascomycota). (geneseo.edu)
Divides3
  • The oospore apical cell divides to produce the protonemal initial, from which the primary protonema arises, and the rhizoidal initial, from which the primary rhizoid descends. (wikipedia.org)
  • The trichoblast initial divides transversely to produce a dichotomously forked trichoblast clament. (botanystudies.com)
  • The zygote divides by mitosis to produce a mature human. (khanacademy.org)
Ovary2
Sporic1
Cell20
  • All cells of the Charales are haploid except for the fertilized zygote, the large single cell in the interior of the oogonium, which becomes enclosed in a thickened hard wall to form an oospore that awaits favorable conditions for germination. (wikipedia.org)
  • Sporulation is a response to nutrient deprivation in which yeast exits mitotic cell cycle and enters into meiosis, leading to spore formation [1]. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)
  • Both haploid and diploid yeast cells can reproduce asexually by budding, in which a small bud emerges from the mother cell, enlarges until reaching a certain size, and then separates from the mother cell. (atheistsforhumanrights.org)
  • In some species the sporangium develops entirely within a host cell, sometimes producing root-like rhizoids (see the 'endobiotic' example). (geneseo.edu)
  • Other species penetrate the host cell and develop rhizoids inside it but produce a sporangium that is attached and outside of the host cell ('epibiotic' in the image above). (geneseo.edu)
  • Each spermatangial mother cell produces one to four spermatangia. (botanystudies.com)
  • The pericentral cells adjacent to the supporting cell divide sinu Itaneously: They produce a single layered covering around the carpogonium. (botanystudies.com)
  • In humans, a sex cell may be identified from a somatic cell in being a haploid cell. (biologyonline.com)
  • Individually they are uninucleate, naked haploid amoebae without cell-wall, showing typical amoeboid movement with the help of pseudopodia. (biologydiscussion.com)
  • It produces a primary stalk cell at the base and a primary antheridial cell at the top. (istudy.pk)
  • It starts with one diploid parent cell and gives rise to two haploid daughter cells. (kegrat.online)
  • This results in the formation of four haploid microspores from each microspore mother cell. (biologysir.com)
  • During anther development, the tapetum undergoes programmed cell death (PCD) and become a lipoidal mass that is deposited coating the pollen wall surface [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Zygote: the diploid cell produced by the union of haploid gametes during fertilization7. (gradebuddy.com)
  • Finally, during the G2 phase , the cell undergoes the final preparations for meiosis. (styleslicker.com)
  • When a haploid a-type and haploid (alpha)-type cell meet they recognise the pheromones produced by the other mating type. (futurelearn.com)
  • This diploid cell can either replicate asexually by budding, and remain as a diploid or undergo meiosis to form four haploid spores. (futurelearn.com)
  • Here, nonrecurrent apomixis is the formation of a haploid embryo from the megaspore mother cell by undergoing mitosis. (pediaa.com)
  • If the mitochondria (or chloroplasts) are removed from a eukaryotic cell, the cell has no way to produce new ones. (gatech.edu)
  • There are yeasts, however, in which the buds will remain attached so that the mother cell and first daughter cell may produce additional buds. (biologydiscussion.com)
Microspores7
  • Microsporogenesis is the process by which microspore mother cells (also known as microsporocytes) within the anther of a flowering plant undergo meiosis to produce microspores. (biologysir.com)
  • 7. The microspores produced during microsporogenesis are ___ in nature. (biologysir.com)
  • 8. After microsporogenesis, what process transforms haploid microspores into mature pollen grains? (biologysir.com)
  • The spores of seed plants are produced internally, and the megaspores (formed within the ovules) and the microspores are involved in the formation of more complex structures that form the dispersal units, the seeds and pollen grains. (oxygenboules824.sbs)
  • Such plants typically give rise to the two kind of spores from within separate sporangia, either a megasporangium that produces megaspores or a microsporangium that produces microspores. (oxygenboules824.sbs)
  • Pollen development begins when pollen mother cells (PMC) divide by meiosis to form tetrads of haploid microspores, which are enclosed by a callose wall. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After callose degradation by a tapetal β-1,3-glucanase [ 4 ], microspores are released and undergo mitosis to produce bicellular pollen grains. (biomedcentral.com)
Oogenesis2
Gametes unite1
  • the haploid gametes unite and develop into sporophytes15. (gradebuddy.com)
Gametogenesis1
Sporophytic1
  • Both gametophytic (haploid) and sporophytic (diploid) generations are identical. (botanystudies.com)
Sexually1
  • Other species do reproduce sexually, producing gametes capable of fusing (syngamy) and cells capable of undergoing meiosis. (geneseo.edu)
Interphase2
Metaphase1
Pollen grains1
Sister chromatids1
Testis2
  • The seminiferous tubules of the testis produce sperm. (ncertmcq.com)
  • The Leydig cells of testis produce hormones such as androsterone and testosterone, together called androgens. (ncertmcq.com)
Mitotically1
  • It begins with the primordial cells dividing mitotically and then each of them will undergo meiosis . (biologyonline.com)