Typhoid conjugate vaccines vaccine diseases typhoid paratyphoid vaccines. Medical search. Frequent questions

A global comprehensive vaccine-preventable disease surveillance strategy for the immunization agenda 2030. (cdc.gov)
The study aims to evaluate the incidence rate and severity of Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFI) of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine during the first quarter of 2021 until the second quarter of 2022 in Indonesia. (bvsalud.org)
The inactivated vaccine is widely used in Indonesia's national immunization program due to its eligibility of stock, easier to transport, and considered to be more established than newer platforms. (bvsalud.org)
Further progress toward typhoid fever prevention and control in SEAR and WPR will require country commitment and international support for enhanced surveillance, targeted use of existing vaccines and availability of newer vaccines integrated within routine immunization programs, and integration of vaccination with safe water, sanitation, and hygiene measures. (cdc.gov)
The material in this report originated in the National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Anne Schuchat, MD, Director. (cdc.gov)
The group has specifically focused on the development of B cell memory after immunization with glycoconjugate vaccines and has found correlations between the generation of memory during priming and the persistence of the immune response. (ox.ac.uk)
We determined the avidity, overall magnitude, and vaccine-induced fold-change in magnitude from before immunization to day of challenge of Vi IgA and IgG subclass antibodies. (ox.ac.uk)
Encourage innovation while safeguarding affordable, sustainable vaccine and immunization market dynamics. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Gavi's five-year (2021-2025) strategy ('Gavi 5.0') envisions to 'leave no-one behind with immunization' and aims to save lives and protect people's health by increasing equitable and sustainable use of vaccines. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Independent specialists in routine immunization, health system strengthening, epidemiology and disease control, cold chain and logistics, financial and budget analysis, and gender and equity analyze all applications. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Health system and immunization strengthening - Strong health and immunization systems are vital to delivering vaccines to all the children who need them. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Sustainable immunization - Gavi support aims to ensure that countries can independently sustain high immunization coverage and equal access to life-saving vaccines. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Mass immunization campaigns to control typhoid have been thwarted because of religious and cultural prejudices. (medscape.com)

Two safe and effective typhoid vaccines are licensed and marketed internationally, an injectable polysaccharide vaccine based on the purified Typhi Vi antigen (ViPS vaccine) for persons aged ≥2 years, and a live attenuated oral Ty21a vaccine available in capsule formulation for persons aged ≥5 years. (cdc.gov)
January 27, 2022 - SEOUL, Republic of Korea - A new study shows that late booster dosing with Vi polysaccharide conjugated with diphtheria toxoid (Vi-DT), one of the typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs), at 27.5 months post-first dose is safe and elicits robust immune responses in children aged 6-23 months. (ivi.int)
A pivotal Phase III study conducted by IVI in collaboration with SK bioscience involving four hospitals in Kathmandu, Dhulikhel, Dharan, and Nepalgunj in Nepal has shown that the Vi-DT test vaccine is safe, immunogenic, and non-inferior to the WHO prequalified Vi polysaccharide-tetanus toxoid (Vi-TT) Typbar TCV vaccine in individuals aged 6 months to 45 years. (ivi.int)
High-dimensional assessment of B-cell responses to quadrivalent meningococcal conjugate and plain polysaccharide vaccine. (ox.ac.uk)
IgA and IgG1 Specific to Vi Polysaccharide of Salmonella Typhi Correlate With Protection Status in a Typhoid Fever Controlled Human Infection Model. (ox.ac.uk)
Vaccination against Salmonella Typhi using the Vi capsular polysaccharide, a T-cell independent antigen, can protect from the development of typhoid fever. (ox.ac.uk)
To interrogate the relationship between antibody properties and protection against typhoid fever, we analyzed humoral responses from participants in a vaccine efficacy (VE) trial using a controlled human infection model (CHIM) who received either a purified Vi polysaccharide (Vi-PS) or Vi tetanus toxoid conjugate (Vi-TT) vaccine followed by oral challenge with live S. Typhi. (ox.ac.uk)
The enteric fever human challenge model provides a unique opportunity to investigate the innate immune response during this incubation period, and how this response is altered by vaccination with the Vi polysaccharide or conjugate vaccine. (ox.ac.uk)

Salmonella enterica serotypes Typhi, Paratyphi A, Paratyphi B, and Paratyphi C cause potentially severe and occasionally life-threatening bacteremic illnesses referred to as typhoid fever (for Typhi serotype) and paratyphoid fever (for Paratyphi serotypes), and collectively as enteric fever. (cdc.gov)
Typhoid fever is a type of enteric fever, along with paratyphoid fever. (wikipedia.org)
Typhoid fever, or enteric fever, is a potentially fatal multisystemic infection produced primarily by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi and to a lesser extent Salmonella enterica serotypes and paratyphi A, B, and C. Salmonella are motile enterobacteriaceae that can produce a variety of gastrointestinal infections. (medscape.com)

To prevent and control Typhoid fever, key interventions include hygiene promotion, improvement of water safety, use of safe water for all purpose, better sanitation infrastructure and ensuring adequate and timely access to patient care. (who.int)
The vaccine will be submitted to the WHO for prequalification review after the Korean Ministry of Food and Drug Safety approves SK bioscience's Marketing Authorization request, responding to the need for sufficient and sustainable supply of TCVs to prevent and control typhoid fever globally. (ivi.int)

Typhoid fever, also known as typhoid, is a disease caused by Salmonella serotype Typhi bacteria. (wikipedia.org)
Typhoid is caused by the bacterium Salmonella enterica subsp. (wikipedia.org)
The most serious of these is typhoid that is primarily produced by Salmonella enterica serotype typhi and, to a lesser extent, S enterica serotypes paratyphi A, B, and C. It presents in a wide variety of ways ranging from an overwhelming septic illness to minor cases of diarrhea with low-grade fever. (medscape.com)
Typhoid bacteria (Salmonella typhi). (ox.ac.uk)
But there are particular types of salmonella that can cross into the blood stream and spread to other organs in the body, leading to more severe diseases called typhoid and paratyphoid fever (collectively called enteric fevers). (ox.ac.uk)
A vaccination programme to give people immunity to typhoid and paratyphoid fever could provide a cost-effective way to lower the number of salmonella-linked deaths globally. (ox.ac.uk)
The team set out to cast more light on which, if any, of the available vaccines reduce salmonella levels in poo. (ox.ac.uk)
At the end of the study those who had no signs of typhoid or paratyphoid fever had antibiotics too, to make sure the salmonella bacteria were gone from their systems. (ox.ac.uk)
Typhoid fever is a life-threatening infection of the intestinal tract and bloodstream, caused by the highly virulent bacteria Salmonella Typhi . (who.int)
Typhoid fever is an invasive water-borne bacterial infection caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi ( S . Typhi) presenting with mild to severe symptoms and even resulting in death. (ivi.int)

An estimated 11-21 million cases of typhoid fever and 5 million cases of paratyphoid fever occur worldwide each year, causing an estimated 135,000-230,000 deaths. (cdc.gov)
The average annual cases of typhoid fever are estimated to be 15 million worldwide, with infants and children especially exposed to the risk of mortality and morbidity from complications of typhoid fever. (ivi.int)

Sabin Vaccine Institute Travel Award, 11th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses. (chrfbd.org)

The findings from this study newly published online in npj Vaccines support the use of TCV booster doses to confer long-term protection against typhoid fever in young children. (ivi.int)
Over the past decade, significant progress in the development of TCVs has presented an opportunity to control and potentially eliminate typhoid in high burden settings, yet there is limited understanding of the long-term persistence of immune response and protection against typhoid fever following vaccination using single dose of the new-generation TCVs. (ivi.int)
These data will inform studies on mechanisms of protection against typhoid fever, including identification of antibody effector functions, as well as informing future vaccination strategies. (ox.ac.uk)

During 2016, extensively drug-resistant typhoid (XDR) were documented in Pakistan. (medscape.com)
WHO staff inspecting a health center in Pakistan, where an outbreak of extensively drug-resistant typhoid fever started in 2016 (Photo: Mamunur Malik/WHO). (who.int)

International Vaccine Institute, Seoul, Republic of Korea. (jenner.ac.uk)
This publication, co-authored by Drs. Birkneh Tilahun Tadesse and Maria Rosario Capeding, reports the results from the Phase II clinical trial of Vi-DT conducted by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) in collaboration with the Research Institute for Tropical Medicine in Manila, the Philippines and SK bioscience in South Korea. (ivi.int)
The International Vaccine Institute (IVI) is a nonprofit inter-governmental organization established in 1997 at the initiative of the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). (ivi.int)

A review of health-related quality of life associated with pneumococcal disease: Pooled estimates by age and type of disease. (cdc.gov)
GSK is the only company supplying three vaccines (pneumococcal, rotavirus, and cervical cancer vaccines) at reduced prices to Gavi. (globalhealthprogress.org)
They have committed to deliver 720 million doses of their pneumococcal vaccine, Synflorix, to Gavi through the Advance Market Commitment (AMC) at a discounted price up to 2024. (globalhealthprogress.org)
Eight Gavi countries are now using their new four-dose vial presentation of the Synflorix pneumococcal vaccine, designed to reduce cold chain challenges in countries. (globalhealthprogress.org)

Typhoid is treated with antibiotics such as azithromycin, fluoroquinolones, or third-generation cephalosporins. (wikipedia.org)
Typhoid decreased in the developed world in the 1940s as a result of improved sanitation and the use of antibiotics. (wikipedia.org)
[ 1 ] Although antibiotics have markedly reduced the frequency of typhoid fever in the developed world, it remains endemic in developing countries. (medscape.com)
The disease can be treated with antibiotics, although increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is making treatment more complicated. (who.int)
Typhoid vaccination can contribute to reduction of antibiotics use, which will delay AMR. (who.int)
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, based entirely on modern biotechnological techniques, as to date encompass a wider range of altogether newer medicinal compounds, e.g., antibiotics, vaccines, and monclonal antibodies (MABs) that may now be produced commercially using well-defined, optimized, and improved fermentative methodologies. (123dok.com)

During 2009–2013, 23 (48%) of 48 countries and areas of SEAR (11) and WPR (37) collected surveillance or notifiable disease data on typhoid cases, with most surveillance activities established before 2008. (cdc.gov)
However, availability of good quality surveillance data on typhoid fever is a pre-requisite for introduction of typhoid conjugate vaccine either as preventive or control strategy for typhoid fever. (who.int)

Estimation of Incidence of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic. (ox.ac.uk)
We sought to estimate typhoid and paratyphoid fever incidence in Vientiane, the capital and largest city of the Lao People's Democratic Republic (Lao PDR). (ox.ac.uk)

Mapping the distribution of zero-dose children to assess the performance of vaccine delivery strategies and their relationships with measles incidence in Nigeria. (cdc.gov)
The incidence threshold was sensitive to the typhoid-related case-fatality rate, carrier contribution to transmission, vaccine characteristics, and country-specific economic threshold for cost-effectiveness. (unboundmedicine.com)
Typhoid Vi conjugate vaccines would be highly cost-effective in low-income countries in settings of moderate typhoid incidence (50 cases/100000 annually). (unboundmedicine.com)
Despite the high incidence, typhoid surveillance is weak in these two regions, and vaccination efforts have been limited. (cdc.gov)
After applying multipliers, we estimated that the annual incidence of typhoid was 4.7 per 100,000 persons and paratyphoid was 0.5 per 100,000 persons. (ox.ac.uk)
During the study period, the incidence of typhoid and paratyphoid fever was low in Vientiane. (ox.ac.uk)
Prompt administration of high-dose dexamethasone reduces mortality in patients with severe typhoid fever without increasing incidence of complications, carrier states, or relapse among survivors. (medscape.com)

In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended use of available typhoid vaccines to control endemic disease and outbreaks and strengthening of typhoid surveillance to improve disease estimates and identify high-risk populations (e.g., persons without access to potable water and adequate sanitation). (cdc.gov)
The typhoid vaccination play an important role to control endemic typhoid fever and outbreaks as well. (who.int)

At present, she is a Director and Scientist at the Child Health Research Foundation, where she is conducting fundamental studies on infectious diseases in Bangladesh, integrating clinical epidemiology with molecular laboratory-based investigations and genomic analyses. (chrfbd.org)
She has also led the design of low-cost diagnostic tools to detect bacterial and viral pathogens and track antimicrobial resistance, making significant contributions in understanding the epidemiology of typhoid and its antibiotic resistance patterns in Bangladesh. (chrfbd.org)

Comprehensive vaccine-preventable disease surveillance in the Western Pacific Region: A literature review on integration of surveillance functions, 2000-2021. (cdc.gov)
Surveillance for blood culture-confirmed typhoid fever was conducted over 2 years. (jenner.ac.uk)
This report summarizes the status of typhoid surveillance and vaccination programs in the WHO South-East Asia (SEAR) and Western Pacific regions (WPR) during 2009–2013, after the revised WHO recommendations. (cdc.gov)
We undertake epidemiological studies, including evaluation of carriage of Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae in childhood in the UK and Nepal, and surveillance of invasive bacterial infections in children admitted to Patan hospital in Kathmandu, where we are now assessing the impact of the new pneumonia vaccine which is being implemented there in 2014. (ox.ac.uk)
At CHRF, we have been conducting typhoid and paratyphoid surveillance since the 1990s. (chrfbd.org)

The recommendations for vaccinating HCP are presented by disease in two categories: 1) those diseases for which vaccination or documentation of immunity is recommended because of risks to HCP in their work settings for acquiring disease or transmitting to patients and 2) those for which vaccination might be indicated in certain circumstances. (cdc.gov)
Vaccine responses and the persistence of vaccine-immunity vary considerably between individuals, this is particularly relevant in childhood, as infants generally have lower magnitude immune responses that wane more rapidly than adults. (ox.ac.uk)
In this issue, we talk to Professor Andrew Pollard, Professor of Paediatric Infection and Immunity in the Department of Paediatrics, and Director of the Oxford Vaccine Group (OVG ). (ox.ac.uk)
Booster vaccines may enhance waning immunity and expand the breadth of immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. (umaryland.edu)

16 years, residing in 150 clusters with a baseline population of 205 760 residents, were randomized 1:1 by cluster to Vi-tetanus toxoid TCV or Japanese encephalitis (JE) vaccine. (jenner.ac.uk)

Prevention of Typhoid by Vi Conjugate Vaccine and Achievable Improvements in Household Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene: Evidence From a Cluster-Randomized Trial in Dhaka, Bangladesh. (jenner.ac.uk)
Achievable improvements in household water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) combined with vaccination using typhoid conjugate vaccines (TCVs) may be an effective preventive strategy. (jenner.ac.uk)

While the meningococcal ACWY vaccine is recommended for all adolescents, the meningococcal B vaccine is also recommended for individuals with certain immune conditions. (healthline.com)
A major programme is focussed on the development of novel serogroup B meningococcal vaccines from preclinical studies through to clinical trials. (ox.ac.uk)

Risk for infection is high in low- and middle-income countries with endemic disease and poor access to safe food and water, and poor sanitation. (cdc.gov)
Typhoid thrives in conditions of poor sanitation, crowding, and social chaos. (medscape.com)

BACKGROUND: Protection against symptomatic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection (coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19]) can limit transmission and the risk of post-COVID conditions, and is particularly important among healthcare personnel. (cdc.gov)
By running a human infection study instead of collecting samples from people naturally infected, the researchers could be certain of the exact timing of infection, the amount of bacteria people were exposed to, collect and analyse many samples, and easily compare the different vaccines. (ox.ac.uk)
Our aim is to understand disease pathogenesis and host responses to infection and vaccination. (ox.ac.uk)

There have been mixed results from studies so far as to whether existing vaccines reduce bacterial shedding, and the most recently developed vaccines haven't yet been tested. (ox.ac.uk)
Dexamethasone may decrease the likelihood of mortality in severe typhoid fever cases complicated by delirium, obtundation, stupor, coma, or shock if bacterial meningitis has been definitively ruled out by cerebrospinal fluid studies. (medscape.com)

The Oxford Vaccine Group (OVG) is a multi-disciplinary team working on the design, development and evaluation of vaccines to improve human health through the prevention of serious infectious disease. (ox.ac.uk)
The Oxford Vaccine Group would like to acknowledge and thank its funders: Wellcome Trust, MRC, NIHR EME and HTA programme, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Action Medical Research, Meningitis Research Foundation, Meningitis UK, Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunisation, World Health Organisation, and vaccine manufacturers. (ox.ac.uk)

The boosters provide an important tool to prevent severe disease, hospitalization, and death. (umaryland.edu)
To date, the most systematic trial of this has been a randomized controlled study in patients aged 3-56 years with severe typhoid fever who were receiving chloramphenicol therapy. (medscape.com)
The data are sparse, but the authors of this article agree with the WHO that dexamethasone should be used in cases of severe typhoid fever. (medscape.com)
The risk of severe illness or death from a vaccine-preventable disease must be weighed against potential adverse events from administering a live vaccine to an immunocompromised patient. (unboundmedicine.com)
HIV patients without severe immunosuppression (for definitions of severe immunosuppression, see www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/acip-recs/general-recs/downloads/general-recs.pdf ). (unboundmedicine.com)

Head-to-head comparison of the immunogenicity of RotaTeq and Rotarix rotavirus vaccines and factors associated with seroresponse in infants in Bangladesh: A randomised, controlled, open-label, parallel, phase 4 trial. (cdc.gov)

Untreated typhoid fever may progress to delirium , obtundation, intestinal hemorrhage, bowel perforation, and death within 1 month of onset. (medscape.com)

001).ConclusionsImplementation of TCV programs combined with achievable and culturally acceptable household WASH practices were independently associated with a significant reduction in typhoid risk.Clinical trials registrationISRCTN11643110. (jenner.ac.uk)
New breakthroughs in vaccine development, early clinical trials for the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli, Shigella, noroviruses and conjugate typhoid vaccines, and updates on the implementation of rotavirus, cholera and typhoid vaccines were reported. (usuhs.edu)
The preliminary clinical trial results, reported today in The New England Journal of Medicine , found that is safe and effective to receive boosters that are the same or a different one from the person's primary vaccine(s). (umaryland.edu)
The UMSOM Vaccine Treatment and Evaluation Unit (VTEU) is part of the Infectious Diseases Clinical Research Consortium (IDCRC) that investigated the mix-and-match boosters. (umaryland.edu)

We are confident that with these results, we are close to achieving our goal of developing a safe, effective, and affordable vaccine with long-lasting immunogenicity to protect individuals, especially infants and children, against typhoid fever," said Dr. Sushant Sahastrabuddhe, Associate Director General at IVI and Director of the Typhoid Program. (ivi.int)
Vaccines are very important for infants . (healthline.com)
Celebrating our 20th anniversary in 2014, a major focus of our work has been developing and studying vaccines against important pathogenic bacteria that cause serious infections, such as meningitis, pneumonia and typhoid, in infants and children. (ox.ac.uk)
Despite the challenges of so doing, new and improved vaccines must be evaluated in the target population of infants and young children prior to licensure. (ox.ac.uk)

Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccination in Indonesia has shown effectiveness in reducing the morbidity and mortality of Covid-19. (bvsalud.org)

Capsule-mediated immune evasion: a new hypothesis explaining aspects of typhoid fever pathogenesis. (medscape.com)

Typhoid fever remains a major public health problem globally. (unboundmedicine.com)
The 6th Vaccines for Enteric Diseases Symposium was held in Cannes, France, on 14-16 September 2011, drawing approximately 200 vaccine developers, academics and public health experts globally. (usuhs.edu)

Characterizing vaccine responses using host genomic and transcriptomic analysis. (ox.ac.uk)

Nine (19%) countries reported implementation of typhoid vaccination programs or recommended vaccine use during 2009–2013. (cdc.gov)

This study is a critical step in the ongoing efforts to understand vaccine efficacy, effectiveness, and long-term immunogenicity enabled by a Vi-DT booster dose. (ivi.int)
A University of Maryland School of Medicine (UMSOM) , Center for Vaccine Development and Global Health (CVD ), expert is co-leading an ongoing study that was pivotal in recommending adults and teens receive booster COVID-19 shots of their choosing starting in fall 2021. (umaryland.edu)
Kirsten E. Lyke, MD , Professor of Medicine at UMSOM, is Co-Chair and site Principal Investigator for the study and presented data to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's (FDA) expert vaccine panel in October that led to the recommendation for mix-and-match booster doses following completion of Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) regimens. (umaryland.edu)
The newly published study found that for adults who previously received a full regimen of any COVID-19 vaccine granted EUA or approved by the FDA, an additional booster dose of any of these vaccines was safe and prompted an immune response. (umaryland.edu)
The ability to use vaccines for boosting that are different from those used for the primary series - mix and matching - can simplify vaccine booster administration. (umaryland.edu)
For a given primary EUA COVID-19 vaccine, administering a different vaccine as a booster elicited similar or higher serologic responses as compared to their respective homologous booster response. (umaryland.edu)

The incubation period of both typhoid and paratyphoid infections is 6-30 days. (cdc.gov)

Heterologous prime-boost strategies may offer immunological advantages to optimize the breadth and longevity of protection achieved with currently available vaccines. (umaryland.edu)

We hypothesized that variability in the biophysical properties of vaccine-elicited antibodies, including subclass distribution and avidity, may impact protective outcomes. (ox.ac.uk)

This may be due to the immunologic naïveté of a given population as well as the incomplete coverage provided by current Typhoid vaccines against these pathogens. (medscape.com)

Rising XDR-Typhoid Fever Cases in Pakistan: Are We Heading Back to the Pre-antibiotic Era? (medscape.com)

Their Rotarix vaccine is available in 36 Gavi countries to protect against rotavirus. (globalhealthprogress.org)

This research underpins half of the vaccines in the NHS childhood immunisation schedule and is cited in the vaccine policies of many countries around the world. (ox.ac.uk)
A bank of DNA has been collected from children enrolled in vaccine trials and studies of the genetic control of the immune response following immunisation are currently underway. (ox.ac.uk)

In 2018, they delivered over 120 million doses of vaccines to Gavi. (globalhealthprogress.org)
In 2018, they distributed around two million doses of the vaccine Cervarix in Zimbabwe in support of its multi-age cohort vaccination program to protect over 800,000 girls against human papillomavirus and have also supported Gavi pilots of our Cervarix vaccine for human papillomavirus (HPV) in 12 countries since 2012. (globalhealthprogress.org)

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (cdc.gov)
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) sets a recommended vaccine schedule for both children and adults, which is shown in the table below. (healthline.com)
The travel health care provider may need to contact the traveler's primary or specialty care providers (with the patient's permission) to discuss the traveler's fitness to travel, give specific medical advice for the proposed itinerary, verify the drugs and doses composing their usual maintenance regimen, and discuss whether any of the disease-prevention measures recommended for the proposed trip could destabilize the underlying medical condition, directly or through drug interactions. (unboundmedicine.com)
Do the conditions, medications, and treatments of the traveler constitute contraindications to, decrease the effectiveness of, or increase the risk for adverse events of any of the disease-prevention measures recommended for the proposed trip? (unboundmedicine.com)

Vaccines "teach" the immune system to recognize and eliminate certain microbes. (healthline.com)
This study was pivotal in contributing knowledge about the safety and immune responses of mixing and matching primary vaccines and boosters," said Dr. Lyke, who is also the Director of CVD's Malaria Vaccine and Challenge Unit . (umaryland.edu)

Methods: A prospective analytical study was conducted to evaluate the safety profile of inactivated COVID-19 vaccine among healthy adults aged ≥ 18 years from September 2nd to December 28th, 2021, at ten primary health centers from 5 districts in Jakarta, Indonesia. (bvsalud.org)
The manuscript is published online in The Lancet Infectious Diseases in December 2021. (ivi.int)

These results were sensitive to case-fatality rates, underscoring the need to consider factors contributing to typhoid mortality (eg, healthcare access and antimicrobial resistance) in the global vaccination strategy. (unboundmedicine.com)

Our findings support recommendations to stay up to date on recommended doses of COVID-19 vaccines for all those eligible. (cdc.gov)
Each vaccine is given on a timeline, and some require multiple doses. (healthline.com)
GSK is the leading vaccines company - they deliver over two million vaccine doses per day and more than 945 million vaccine doses since 2010 to people living in 158 countries. (globalhealthprogress.org)

Diagnostic tools in regions where typhoid is most prevalent are quite limited in their accuracy and specificity, and the time required for a proper diagnosis, the increasing spread of antibiotic resistance, and the cost of testing are also hardships for under-resourced healthcare systems. (wikipedia.org)

The Journal of Infectious Diseases , 218 (suppl_4), S232-S242. (unboundmedicine.com)

Vaccines that both protect people from becoming ill and help to stop bacteria being shed into the environment are likely to be the most effective strategy," says Dr Voysey. (ox.ac.uk)
After making sure that volunteers understood all the details of the study and checking they were fit and well enough to take part, the researchers gave them all a drink containing either typhoid or paratyphoid fever-causing bacteria. (ox.ac.uk)
Typhoid is most often contracted through ingestion of food or drink contaminated by bacteria shed by infected people. (ivi.int)

This is a potentially dangerous infectious disease. (healthline.com)
Paul Newton is an infectious disease doctor and Director of the Lao-Oxford-Mahosot-Wellcome Trust Research Unit (LOMWRU), Microbiology Laboratory, Mahosot Hospital in Vientiane, Laos, within the Mahidol-Oxford Tropical Health Network, core funded by the Wellcome Trust. (bu.edu)
Webby Award for Infectious Disease Detectives (with Chan Zuckerberg Initiative). (chrfbd.org)

Background: Vaccines are urgently needed to handle the morbidity and mortality of the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. (bvsalud.org)

Figures for burden of disease vary due to this difficulty, however the World Health Organization estimates that 128,000-161,000 people die every year from typhoid fever with 11-21 million annual cases. (ivi.int)

The CDC recommends adults and children be vaccinated against typhoid before international travel to places where typhoid fever is common. (healthline.com)

However, lower vaccine effectiveness (VE) has been reported since predominance of the Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variant. (cdc.gov)
We developed a dynamic, age-structured transmission and cost-effectiveness model that simulated multiple vaccination strategies with a typhoid Vi conjugate vaccine from a societal perspective. (unboundmedicine.com)

Anatomy2

Organisms11

Diseases8

Chemicals and Drugs56

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment7

Phenomena and Processes2

Anthropology, Education, Sociology and Social Phenomena1

Health Care5

Geographicals1

Immunization13

Polysaccharide8

Enteric fever3

Prevent and control Typhoid fever2

Salmonella10

Cases of typhoid fever2

Sabin Vaccine I1

Protection against typhoid fever3

Extensively drug-resistant typhoid2

International Vaccine Institute3

Pneumococcal4

Antibiotics6

Data on typhoid2

People's Democratic Republic2

Incidence7

Control endemic2

Epidemiology2

Surveillance5

Immunity4

Toxoid1

Hygiene2

Meningococcal2

Sanitation2

INFECTION3

Bacterial2

Oxford Vaccine Group2

Severe5

Rotavirus vaccines1

Delirium1

Clinical4

Infants4

20191

Pathogenesis1

Globally2

Transcriptomic1

Vaccination programs1

Booster6

Infections1

Available vaccines1

Antibodies1

Pathogens1

Fever cases1

Rotarix1

Immunisation2

20182

Prevention4

Immune2

20212

Antimicrobial resistance1

Doses3

Healthcare1

Journal of Infectious Diseases1

Bacteria3

Infectious disease3

Mortality1

World Health Organ1

Adults and children1

Effectiveness2