Type ii diabetes enzyme glucose transporter type 2. Medical search. Frequent questions

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are overweight or obese, antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagonlike peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors) are suggested, in addition to the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, metformin. (medscape.com)
In obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who require insulin therapy, at least one of the following is suggested: metformin, pramlintide, or GLP-1 agonists to mitigate associated weight gain due to insulin. (medscape.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers, rather than beta-adrenergic blockers, should be considered as first-line therapy for hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are obese. (medscape.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) accounts for approximately 90% of the cases of diabetes. (ddw-online.com)
However, while the pancreas itself is a beautiful organ that hosts important physiology and pathology, this article will mostly focus on its Insulin production (and its antagonist pair, glucagon) to elaborate on their contribution to the development of the disease entity that is Diabetes Mellitus. (dnx.news)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and depression are significant public health and socioeconomic issues. (frontiersin.org)
Soon after the introduction of atypical antipsychotics, which antagonize serotonin receptors and dopamine D 2 receptors (D 2 R), numerous case reports appeared showing that the use of these drugs were associated with increased obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
ACTOS is indicated as an adjunct to diet and exercise to improve glycemic control in adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus. (globalrph.com)
Type 2 diabetes is also called type 2 diabetes mellitus and adult-onset diabetes. (harvard.edu)
Ginsenosides extracted from ginseng, which is derived from the roots and rhizomes of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, have been used in China as an adjuvant in the treatment of diabetes mellitus. (frontiersin.org)
stream Reductions in the expression levels of these receptors resulted in decreased cholesterol efflux to apoA-I and HDL.163 Further, consistent with other studies,165-169 it was found that diabetes mellitus enhanced both atherosclerosis progression and impaired regression and that global deletion of RAGE overcame these defects by restoration of ABCA1 and ABCG1, promoting macrophage CEC despite ongoing hyperglycemia.163,170. (skanestugan.se)
Yet, vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are very common across the globe and are connected to many pathophysiological states, for example, diabetes mellitus, allergies, autoimmune diseases, pregnancy complications, and recently have also been associated with worse COVID-19 clinical outcomes. (karger.com)
In this review, we summarize current knowledge about vitamin D metabolism in general, its role in diabetes mellitus (mainly type 2) and diabetic complications (mainly diabetic kidney disease), and potential therapeutic perspectives including vitamin D signalling as a druggable target. (karger.com)
Vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency are also more common across type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. (karger.com)
Vitamin D deficiency also contributes to many extraskeletal outcomes, including higher risk of type 1 or type 2 diabetes mellitus, allergy, autoimmunity, pregnancy complications, and many other pathologies. (karger.com)
A brief history of the key steps in understanding and treating diabetes mellitus is given. (encyclopedia.pub)
Diabetes mellitus is a disease that has long been known and, over the centuries, knowledge concerning its nature has grown gradually and incrementally. (encyclopedia.pub)
The development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is highly influenced by complex interactions between genetic and environmental (dietary and lifestyle) factors. (researchsquare.com)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a major medical problem worldwide, and its development is highly affected by complex interactions between genetic and environmental (dietary and lifestyle) factors 1 . (researchsquare.com)
Angiotensin converting enzyme-2, albumin to creatinine ratio, connective tissue growth factor, Diabetes Mellitus. (edu.iq)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease, which affects many organs besides the pancreas such as the kidney, liver, brain and eye. (edu.iq)
Coronary artery calcification, carotid intima-media thickness and cardiac dysfunction in young adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus J Diabetes complicat. (edu.iq)
SGLT2 inhibitors are a new class of oral drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus currently in phase III studies. (bjcardio.co.uk)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for developing both microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease). (bjcardio.co.uk)
In this trial, the investigators aimed to determine whether dapagliflozin can be used to treat heart failure in patients with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus. (cardiologynownews.org)
Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) a magic enzyme: it's role in diabetes mellitus and glucose homeostasis, interactions with fluroquionlones. (scielo.br)
Glicogênio sintase quinase-3 (GSK-3), uma enzima mágica: seu papel no diabetes mellitus e na homeostase da glicose: interações com fluoroquinolonas. (scielo.br)
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a non-communicable disease throughout the world in which there is persistently high blood glucose level from the normal range. (scielo.br)
O diabetes mellitus (DM) é uma doença não transmissível em todo o mundo, na qual existe nível glicêmico persistentemente alto em relação à normalidade. (scielo.br)
Dominant negative mutations in human PPARγ associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension. (scielo.br)
People with diabetes mellitus have many serious long-term complications that affect many areas of the body, particularly the blood vessels, nerves, eyes, and kidneys. (msdmanuals.com)
Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Diabetes mellitus is a disorder in which the body does not produce enough or respond normally to insulin, causing blood sugar (glucose) levels to be abnormally high. (msdmanuals.com)
People with diabetes mellitus may experience many serious, long-term complications. (msdmanuals.com)
3. Diagnosis of diabetes mellitus. (who.int)

The recently cloned SLC2A10 gene encodes a 541 amino acid putative facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT10) of the GLUT family class III with between 30 and 34% amino acid homology with the known GLUT proteins ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
The liver contains Glucose Transporter type 2 (GLUT-2) receptors in which glucose enters freely. (dnx.news)
In contrast to the Liver, the glucose transporter in the muscles is type 4 (GLUT 4) in which the difference from GLUT 2 is that it needs insulin in order to be activated. (dnx.news)
the first is a glucose transporter (GLUT), and the second is insulin. (tryondailybulletin.com)
When insulin attaches to the insulin receptor (GLUT) on the cell, it activates a series of enzyme signaling reactions, which starts glucose transport. (tryondailybulletin.com)
Since the mid-1960s, it has been known that there are energy-dependent, sodium-coupled glucose transporter (SGLT) and energy-independent, facilitative glucose transporter (GLUT) pathways for glucose uptake in the lung [ 1 ], and that glucose can permeate the alveolar epithelial barrier [ 2 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In muscle cells, gene expression of glucose transporters Glut 1 and Glut 4 and phosphoinositide 3-kinase is increased, which results in noninsulin-mediated increases in glucose transport ( 14 ). (cdc.gov)

T2D is characterized by failure of the insulin receptors to respond to insulin, thus preventing glucose uptake from the bloodstream. (encyclopedia.pub)
The actions of the proteins that control the uptake, storage, and distribution of zinc, the zinc transporters, are under intense investigation due to their emerging role in type 2 diabetes. (hindawi.com)
Glucose removal is determined by cellular glucose uptake and metabolism ( fig. 1 ) [ 4 , 12 - 14 ]. (ersjournals.com)
Insulin is an anabolic hormone that promotes glucose uptake, glycogenesis, lipogenesis, and protein synthesis of skeletal muscle and fat tissue through the tyrosine kinase receptor pathway. (medscape.com)
Dietary sugars trigger the production of insulin or insulin-like peptides which are sensed by Insulin receptors at the cell surface and initiate a kinase cascade, leading to the activation of the downstream kinase Akt (PKB), the translocation of GLUT4 glucose transporters to the cell surface, and ultimately glucose uptake. (biomedcentral.com)

SGLT2=sodium-glucose co-transporter-2. (medscape.com)
The findings represent the first in a new wave of renal outcomes trials in the sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor class, a game-changing group of type 2 diabetes drugs with many benefits beyond lowering blood glucose. (ajmc.com)
The CREDENCE trial is the first dedicated phase 3 renal outcomes study of any sodium glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor in patients with T2D and CKD in addition to standard of care. (ajmc.com)
The CREDENCE findings will be the first in a new wave of renal outcomes trials, representing the next phase of competition among the 3 top-selling drugs in the SGLT2 inhibitor class, which work by targeting a protein that affects reuptake of glucose by the kidneys back into the bloodstream. (ajmc.com)
In late February, the SGLT2 inhibitor dapagliflozin, sold as Farxiga by AstraZeneca, received approval for a label update expanding its use in patients with T2D and moderate renal impairment, defined as CKD with eGFR of 45-59 mL/min/1.73m 2 . (ajmc.com)
A new sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (therapeuticresearch.com)
A new sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor to reduce cardiovascular death, heart failure-related hospitalization, and urgent heart failure visits. (therapeuticresearch.com)
In April 2021, dapagliflozin (Farxiga) received a new indication from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for slowing progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in people without any other disorder - type 2 diabetes or heart failure - that qualified them for treatment with a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, the class that includes dapagliflozin. (medscape.com)
In this study, somewhat more than half of the 6609 randomized participants did not have type 2 diabetes, and again the efficacy of SGLT2 inhibitor treatment significantly surpassed that of placebo in both those with and those without diabetes. (medscape.com)
Another key barrier, cited by de Boer, Molony, and others, has been lack of authoritative guidelines that clearly call for SGLT2 inhibitor treatment in patients with CKD but without diabetes or heart failure. (medscape.com)
We recommend treating adults with CKD and heart failure or eGFR ≥20 mL/min/1.73m 2 with a urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥200 mg/g with an SGLT2 inhibitor (1A). (medscape.com)
SGLT2 inhibitors represent a novel 'glucuretic' therapeutic strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and are currently in phase III trials. (bjcardio.co.uk)
Approximately 10% of renal glucose re-absorption occurs via SGLT1, and the remaining 90% occurs via SGLT2, which is found in the early proximal tubule. (bjcardio.co.uk)
Phlorizin, a bitter white glycoside isolated from apple tree bark by French chemists in 1835, is a naturally occurring inhibitor of both SGLT1 and SGLT2 and was used for the treatment of diabetes in the pre-insulin era. (bjcardio.co.uk)
SGLT2, a high-capacity, low-affinity transporter of glucose and sodium is found in high concentration at the brush border membrane of the S1 and S2 segment of the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). (bjcardio.co.uk)
SGLT2 binds to sodium and glucose in the filtrate and these compounds are translocated across the apical cell membrane, an active process driven by the electrochemical sodium gradient between tubular filtrate and the cell. (bjcardio.co.uk)
Empagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter-2 (SGLT2) inhibitor, reduced liver fat from 16.2% to 11.3% compared with a control in a trial of just under 50 patients who also had type 2 diabetes, reported Mohammad Shafi Kuchay, MD, Medanta, Gurgaon, India. (medscape.com)
2017;46:494-507 ), studies in patients with type 2 diabetes have demonstrated improvement in the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and weight loss with the SGLT2 inhibitors ipragliflozin ( Suglat , Astellas) and canagliflozin ( Invokana, Janssen), as well as a reduction in fatty liver index score. (medscape.com)
Other diabetes agents being studied in NAFLD include another SGLT2 inhibitor, tofogliflozin (Chugai Pharmaceuticals), and the GLP-1 agonist exenatide ( Bydureon , AstraZeneca). (medscape.com)
9. Subjects taking sodium glucose co transporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors or permitted immunosuppression (prednisone = 10 mg or steroid equivalent, mycophenolate, tacrolimus or cyclosporine) must have been on a stable dose for 4 weeks before screening. (who.int)

This altered glucose metabolism state is associated with an increased risk of developing T2DM (Figure 1), although other parameters including excess adiposity, inflammation and dyslipidemia are risk factors associated with the development of insulin resistance, loss of pancreatic function, worsening of hyperglycemia and progression to diabetes (1). (ddw-online.com)
Food high in chromium normalizes carbohydrates, and lipid metabolism helps to bring glucose into our cells. (tryondailybulletin.com)
Magnesium-rich foods aid in glucose metabolism. (tryondailybulletin.com)
The chemical reactions of metabolism are organized into metabolic pathways, in which one chemical is transformed through a series of steps into another chemical, each step being facilitated by a specific enzyme. (wikipedia.org)
Enzymes are crucial to metabolism because they allow organisms to drive desirable reactions that require energy and will not occur by themselves, by coupling them to spontaneous reactions that release energy. (wikipedia.org)
Many proteins are enzymes that catalyze the chemical reactions in metabolism. (wikipedia.org)
Amino acids also contribute to cellular energy metabolism by providing a carbon source for entry into the citric acid cycle (tricarboxylic acid cycle), especially when a primary source of energy, such as glucose, is scarce, or when cells undergo metabolic stress. (wikipedia.org)
Likewise, graduate students who receive their training in medicinal chemistry not only learn the art of organic synthesis as applied to rational design and synthesis of enzyme substrates and inhibitors (or receptor agonists and antagonists) for structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses, but also gain an appreciation for biochemical screening and drug metabolism through their graduate coursework and potentially hands-on experience in the laboratory. (aspetjournals.org)
James F. List, MD, PhD, global therapeutic area head of Cardiovascular & Metabolism for Janssen said in a statement, "Today, millions of people living with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease are at high risk of experiencing kidney failure, and unfortunately, we have not seen treatment innovation for these patients in almost 20 years. (ajmc.com)
Activation of PPARγ nuclear receptors modulates the transcription of a number of insulin responsive genes involved in the control of glucose and lipid metabolism. (globalrph.com)
In this study, we examined AA effects on metabolism in wild-type (WT) mice and GLUT10 G128E mice fed with a normal diet (CD) or HFD, as we previously showed that GLUT10 G128E mice are highly sensitive to HFD-induced T2DM 9 . (researchsquare.com)
Glucose is removed from ASL in proximal airways via facilitative glucose transporters, down a concentration gradient generated by intracellular glucose metabolism. (ersjournals.com)
The most striking and characteristic metabolic alteration in cancer cells is anomalous glucose metabolism and cancer cells tend to utilize glycolysis to obtain energy even under aerobic conditions via a process called 'aerobic glycolysis' ( 9 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
amobarbital will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
idelalisib will increase the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
ivosidenib will decrease the level or effect of linagliptin by affecting hepatic/intestinal enzyme CYP3A4 metabolism. (medscape.com)
Glucose-6-phosphate is an intermediate in glycogen synthesis and glucose metabolism. (medscape.com)

More recent incretin-based treatment strategies include glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) mimetics and inhibitors of the enzyme that degrades GLP-1, dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4). (ddw-online.com)
Dapagliflozin became the first agent in a new drug class approved for treating people with isolated CKD since angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and angiotensin receptor blockers became mainstays more than two decades ago. (medscape.com)

300 to ≤5000 mg/g), who were receiving standard of care including a maximum tolerated labeled daily dose of an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor or angiotensin II receptor blocker. (ajmc.com)
The study, which was published in the New England Journal of Medicine , showed that dapagliflozin, an SGLT-2 inhibitor, can potentially be used to treat heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) in patients with and without type 2 diabetes. (cardiologynownews.org)
In response to delegates' questions about this, he said different mechanisms of action may be at play in the way an SGLT-2 inhibitor reduces liver fat and lowers blood glucose. (medscape.com)
On a stable, maximum tolerated labeled dose (at least 4 weeks before screening) of an angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitor or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB), unless documented to be intolerant to ACE inhibitor/ARB. (who.int)

Conversely, the D 2 R agonist bromocriptine, which has been used for over 40 years to treat Parkinson's disease and hyperprolactinemia ( 6 ), was found to lower blood glucose levels and improve insulin sensitivity in patients with T2DM ( 7 ). (frontiersin.org)
They inhibit glucose re-absorption in the proximal renal tubules providing an insulin independent mechanism to lower blood glucose. (bjcardio.co.uk)

While a lot of molecular processes happen in the islets of Langerhans before any of these hormones get released, generally they are released by triggers such as hyperglycemia (high blood glucose) and hypoglycemia (low blood glucose). (dnx.news)
In animal models of diabetes, pioglitazone reduces the hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and hypertriglyceridemia characteristic of insulin-resistant states such as type 2 diabetes. (globalrph.com)
The antidiabetic activity of rosiglitazone has been demonstrated in animal models of type 2 diabetes in which hyperglycemia and/or impaired glucose tolerance is a consequence of insulin resistance in target tissues. (globalrph.com)
Diabetes is known to affect zinc homeostasis in variety of ways, although it is the hyperglycemia rather than any primary lesion related to diabetes, which is responsible for the increased urinary loss and decrease in total body zinc. (scirp.org)
Due to hyperglycemia at long periods and uncontrolled on diabetes with presence of other risk factors, diabetes complications could occurr. (edu.iq)
It is a common metabolic disorder that is characterized by chronic hyperglycemia coupled with reduced life expectancy resulting from debilitating disease states that include heart disease, stroke, peripheral neuropathy, and renal disease [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)

Recent studies have highlighted zinc's dynamic role as a "cellular second messenger" in the control of insulin signaling and glucose homeostasis. (hindawi.com)
Understanding of mechanisms underlying lung glucose homeostasis could identify new therapeutic targets for control of ASL glucose and prevention and treatment of lung infection. (ersjournals.com)
In addition, insulin is the most important factor in the regulation of plasma glucose homeostasis, as it counteracts glucagon and other catabolic hormones-epinephrine, glucocorticoid, and growth hormone. (medscape.com)
Therefore, it is the need of the day to properly understand functions and mechanisms of GSK-3, especially its role in glucose homeostasis via effects on glycogen synthase. (scielo.br)

So while pharmaceutical companies like Merck and American Home Products are rushing to develop an enzyme drug that turns on the IRS pathways more efficiently, researchers are still pounding away at the problem, striving to clarify the picture. (biologywriter.com)
Despite beneficial effects of current glucose-lowering treatments, disease-related morbidity and mortality remain considerable in T2DM patients, galvanising the search for innovative medications that target the multiple metabolic abnormalities as well as inflammatory processes and other pathways predisposing to diabetes-associated disorders. (ddw-online.com)
Glucose diffuses into ASL via paracellular pathways at a rate determined by paracellular permeability and the transepithelial glucose gradient. (ersjournals.com)
Our model therefore shows the complexity of the interaction between the two pathways and highlights the need for such integrated computational models to give insight into the dysregulation of insulin signalling along with more data at the individual level. (biomedcentral.com)
With an enzyme defect, carbohydrate metabolic pathways are blocked, and excess glycogen accumulates in affected tissues. (medscape.com)

Enzymes act as catalysts - they allow a reaction to proceed more rapidly - and they also allow the regulation of the rate of a metabolic reaction, for example in response to changes in the cell's environment or to signals from other cells. (wikipedia.org)
We investigated the impacts of AA on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced metabolic dysregulation in wild type (WT) and GLUT10 G128E mice. (researchsquare.com)
We have previously showed that genetic polymorphisms in glucose transporter 10 (GLUT10) gene are associated with a T2DM intermediate phenotype in non-diabetic population, and GLUT10 G128E mice (carrying human orthologous GLUT10 G128E variant) are highly sensitive to HFD-induced metabolic dysregulation. (researchsquare.com)
Accordingly, mechanisms that contribute to dysfunctional zinc signaling are suggested to be associated with metabolic disease states including cancer, cardiovascular disease, Alzheimer's disease, and diabetes. (hindawi.com)
In addition to its role in ageing, dysregulation of IS is central in metabolic diseases such as Type II Diabetes (T2D). (biomedcentral.com)
This makes it difficult to disentangle independent associations Covid-19 may have with single components of cardiometabolic multimorbidity, defined here as a group of main metabolic disorders that increase the risk of cardiovascular events, such as diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidaemia. (biomedcentral.com)
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia and represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)

The SLC2A10 gene encodes the GLUT10 facilitative glucose transporter, which is expressed in high amounts in liver and pancreas. (diabetesjournals.org)
Northern hybridization analysis indicates highest levels of expression in liver and pancreas ( 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
For glucose to be utilized, Insulin binds to another receptor in the liver called a Tyrosine Kinase Receptor (specifically the Insulin receptor type) in which the overall result is the activation of the enzyme called PI3K/AKT. (dnx.news)
This enzyme converts the glucose absorbed by the liver into either of the two: Glycogen - in the process of glycogenesis or into pyruvate which will eventually be converted into energy, in the process of glycolysis. (dnx.news)
Now in a fasting state (hypoglycemia) in which the blood lacks glucose, Glucagon binds to its receptor in the liver and activates another receptor called the "g-protein coupled receptor" and eventually along the way this process lead to the activation of protein kinase A (PKA). (dnx.news)
Another unique process helped by glucagon (especially the protein kinase A enzyme that glucagon's responsible for activating) is gluconeogenesis - which also happens in the liver. (dnx.news)
ACTOS decreases insulin resistance in the periphery and in the liver resulting in increased insulin-dependent glucose disposal and decreased hepatic glucose output. (globalrph.com)
The renowned French scientist, Claude Bernard, in the 19th century described the glycogenic action of the liver which is very pertinent to diabetes. (encyclopedia.pub)
In insulin-dependent peripheral tissues such as skeletal muscle, adipose, and liver, zinc ions play a role in insulin-induced glucose transport and glycemic control [ 9 - 16 ]. (hindawi.com)
The G-6-P transporter protein is found in the liver and kidney. (medscape.com)
Shafi Kuchay explained that the prevalence of fatty liver in patients with type 2 diabetes is estimated to be 50% and higher, leading to numerous trials looking for new drugs to treat NAFLD. (medscape.com)
Cite this: Empagliflozin Eyed for Fatty Liver Disease in Type 2 Diabetes - Medscape - Mar 22, 2018. (medscape.com)

Your body manufactures insulin after a meal as a way to alert cells that higher levels of glucose are coming soon. (biologywriter.com)
When levels of glucose in the blood rise (for example, after a meal), the pancreas produces more insulin. (harvard.edu)

Glucose, absorbed into the bloodstream through the intestine, is the primary energy source for cells. (tryondailybulletin.com)
Once in the bloodstream, glucose dissolves and circulates throughout the body. (tryondailybulletin.com)
As a result, your body generates too much blood glucose (sugar) to build up in the bloodstream. (walkinlab.com)

This is in contrast to conditions in the gut and kidney, where luminal glucose concentrations regularly exceed plasma glucose concentrations [ 6 , 7 ]. (ersjournals.com)
0.01 mM and plasma glucose 0.19 mM [ 3 ]. (ersjournals.com)

Since beta cells contain relatively low levels of antioxidant enzymes [ 7 ] , there is minimal protection against oxidant events in these cells. (encyclopedia.pub)
Accordingly, organisms protect themselves by the production of many classes of antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase and catalase (that catalyse reactions that lead ultimately to the conversion of ROS to water), and thioredoxins and peroxiredoxins (that use reversible oxidation of sulphydryl groups to remove ROS) [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

But it shares with type 1 diabetes high blood sugar levels, and the complications of high blood sugar. (harvard.edu)
Both types have the same long-term complications. (scirp.org)
Diabetes complications include microvascular and macrovascular complications that target the kidneys. (edu.iq)
The rising global burden of diabetes and its complications: estimates and projections to the year 2010. (scielo.br)
People with either type 1 or type 2 diabetes are likely to have complications as a result of the elevated glucose level. (msdmanuals.com)
However, because type 2 diabetes may be present for some time before it is diagnosed, complications in type 2 diabetes may be more serious or more advanced when they are discovered. (msdmanuals.com)
Some of these complications begin within months of the onset of diabetes, although most tend to develop after a few years. (msdmanuals.com)
In people with diabetes, strictly controlling the level of glucose in the blood makes these complications less likely to develop or worsen. (msdmanuals.com)
Most complications of diabetes are the result of problems with blood vessels. (msdmanuals.com)

Rosiglitazone reduces blood glucose concentrations and reduces hyperinsulinemia in the ob/ob obese mouse, db/db diabetic mouse, and fa/fa fatty Zucker rat. (globalrph.com)
Using serum samples of diabetic patients whose glucose concentrations were above the threshold (10.0 mmol/l), spectroscopic methods were used to determine the concentration of glucose and zinc. (scirp.org)
Here, we consider a newly identified role for pulmonary glucose transport in maintaining low airway surface liquid (ASL) glucose concentrations and propose that this contributes to lung defence against infection. (ersjournals.com)
These processes vary between species but universally maintain ASL glucose at 3-20-fold lower concentrations than plasma. (ersjournals.com)
ASL glucose concentrations are increased in respiratory disease and by hyperglycaemia. (ersjournals.com)
ASL glucose concentrations are the net result of diffusion of glucose from blood and interstitial fluid across the respiratory epithelium into the ASL, and removal of glucose from ASL by epithelial glucose transport processes. (ersjournals.com)
Current model of the mechanisms controlling glucose concentrations in the surface liquid lining the airway and distal lung epithelium. (ersjournals.com)
In vitro experiments found that isolated human islets treated with GABA receptor blockade have decreased insulin secretion at physiologic glucose concentrations 18 . (nature.com)
Further, GABA-deficient islets did not show appropriate glucagon inhibition in response to increasing glucose concentrations in vitro 22 , suggesting that GABA is directly involved in the suppression of glucagon secretion in pancreatic alpha cells. (nature.com)

Current widespread treatments for T2DM include metformin (suppressor of hepatic glucose production), sulfonylureas (insulin secretagogues), and the thiazolidinedione pioglitazone (PPAR agonist). (ddw-online.com)

Insulin and glucagon are types of hormones - which are signaling molecules responsible for affecting the physiology and behavior in the body, mostly to rebalance it especially when there are physiological changes or insults. (dnx.news)
When there are large doses of glucose in the cells and not enough in the blood, perhaps the body is in a fasting state, glucagon is formed from the alpha cells and gets released. (dnx.news)
Traditionally this has involved studying both central and peripheral molecules involved in hunger and satiety, such as leptin, orexin (also known as hypocretin), insulin, alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH), glucagon-like peptide -1 (GLP-1), amylin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP, also known as a gastric inhibitory polypeptide), adiponectin and cholecystokinin (CCK). (frontiersin.org)
Regarding Type 1 diabetes(T1D), animal/islet-cell studies found that GABA promotes insulin secretion, inhibits α-cell glucagon and dampens immune inflammation, while GAD immunization may also preserve β-cells. (nature.com)

The role of zinc deficiency which could at least potentially exacerbate the cytokinine-induced damage in autoimmune attack which destroys the islet cell in type 1 diabetes is still not clear. (scirp.org)
The occurrence of ZnT8 antibodies in people with diabetes suggests that they have autoimmune diabetes (type 1 diabetes). (walkinlab.com)
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease since the lack of insulin stems from an immune response that destroys the insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas. (walkinlab.com)
These antibodies are also helpful in diagnosing latent autoimmune diabetes in adulthood (LADA). (walkinlab.com)

It was confirmed in vitro by observing the lack of insulin receptor autophosphorylation, and also the impairment of insulin-induced intracellular enzyme activations and the glucose Transporter 4 translocation to the membrane. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

Also supporting this view is the recent finding that high blood levels of fatty acids (a common result of obesity) interfere with the IRS-1 signalling pathway, preventing it from activating the glucose transporter in muscle cells. (biologywriter.com)
Diet, exercise, and behavioral modification should be included in all obesity management approaches for body mass index (BMI) of 25 kg/m 2 or higher. (medscape.com)
Obesity has become endemic in the developed world and is on its way to becoming so in developing nations, producing many health-related problems ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
Obesity greatly increases the risk of diabetes. (harvard.edu)
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a disease that is largely associated with increased rates of obesity and reduced physical activity [ 1 ]. (hindawi.com)
Finding a glucose-lowering drug that also treats NAFLD would be particularly appealing, as would weight loss (which accompanies some glucose-lowering agents), because obesity is often also associated with NAFLD. (medscape.com)

With these deposits, the tissues become resistant to the enzyme signaling reactions of two proteins responsible for transporting glucose into the cell (more about these proteins later). (tryondailybulletin.com)
Researchers suspect that tiny fat particles inside our cells create toxic fatty breakdowns and the release of free radicals inhibits the enzyme signaling reactions required to activate glucose transport. (tryondailybulletin.com)
These enzyme-catalyzed reactions allow organisms to grow and reproduce, maintain their structures, and respond to their environments. (wikipedia.org)
During their training, medicinal chemists are also taught to apply physical and mechanistic organic chemistry concepts (e.g., valence electrons, resonance effects, acidity, nucleophilicity, electrophilicity, etc.) to rationalize the biochemistry of enzyme-catalyzed reactions, and even understand the chemical basis for conversion of a substrate into product. (aspetjournals.org)
These enzymes normally catalyze reactions that ultimately convert glycogen compounds to glucose. (medscape.com)

In juvenile diabetes, the immune system mistakenly attacks and removes the islet cells that manufacture insulin in the pancreas. (biologywriter.com)
Diabetes is a chronic disease that occurs either when the pancreas does not produce enough insulin or when the body cannot effectively use the insulin it produces. (dnx.news)
The majority of the pancreas' tissue serves an exocrine function, in which it secretes pancreatic juices that contain digestive enzymes into the pancreatic duct towards the duodenum - the first section of the small intestine - to aid in digestion. (dnx.news)
Type 1 diabetics have no (or very little) insulin released by the pancreas. (tryondailybulletin.com)
In people with insulin resistance, the pancreas 'sees' the blood glucose level rising. (harvard.edu)
Using animal experimentation, the crucial role of the pancreas in diabetes was discovered in the 1880s by Joseph von Mehring (1849-1908), a German doctor, and Oscar Minkowski, a Russian pathologist, working together. (encyclopedia.pub)

Our results confirm that monomeric amyloid beta-peptide 1-40 activates insulin receptor autophosphorylation, triggering downstream enzyme phosphorylarions and the glucose Transporter 4 translocation to the membrane. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

The symptoms of diabetes are related to high blood glucose levels. (harvard.edu)

When oxygen is present in a tissue, less glucose is metabolized to pyruvate. (easynotecards.com)
It has been reported that lung cancer cells exhibit upregulated expression of all key glycolytic enzymes [hexokinase 2 (HK2), phosphofructokinase and pyruvate kinase (PK)] ( 13 ), suggesting that the essential enzymes of the aerobic glycolytic pathway have a critical role in the development of lung carcinoma. (spandidos-publications.com)

This disease is mainly regulated by various enzymes and hormones among which Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a principle enzyme and insulin is the key hormone regulating it. (scielo.br)
Interestingly, there also is a GSD type 0, which is due to defective glycogen synthase. (medscape.com)

Tissues waste away as glucose-starved cells are forced to consume their own protein. (biologywriter.com)
In humans, zinc is found in all body tissues and secretions contributing to approximately 2-4 g of total zinc in the adult body [ 18 , 19 ] and is therefore the most abundant trace metal in tissue next to iron of which there is approximately 4 g localized mostly in blood [ 15 ]. (hindawi.com)
Enzyme deficiency results in glycogen accumulation in tissues. (medscape.com)
Each GSD represents a specific enzyme defect, and each enzyme is in specific, or most, body tissues. (medscape.com)

Diabetes is a disorder affecting 15 million Americans and 250 million people worldwide in which the body's cells fail to take up glucose from the blood. (biologywriter.com)
What has insulin got to do with inability to take up glucose from the blood? (biologywriter.com)
Just as you can't start a car without inserting the key into the ignition switch, so a cell cannot start transport glucose in from the blood until the insulin "key" has been inserted into its insulin receptors. (biologywriter.com)
These individuals have normal or even elevated levels of insulin in their blood, but still don't take up glucose. (biologywriter.com)
P rediabetes is presently defined as moderately elevated fasting blood glucose (FBG), and is estimated to affect 79 million adult Americans, or 35% of the adult population. (ddw-online.com)
Basically Insulin's role is to facilitate the transport of blood glucose into the cells of the body, while glucagon's role is to facilitate the transport of glucose from the cells to the blood (they are functionally opposites). (dnx.news)
When there are large doses of glucose circulating in the blood, perhaps after a meal, insulin gets formed from the beta cells and gets released. (dnx.news)
This glucose goes to the blood and effectively increases blood glucose levels. (dnx.news)
Refined sugar spikes blood glucose, and soda, fruit juice, and other sugary beverages are the worst. (tryondailybulletin.com)
To provide energy to the cells, glucose needs to leave the blood and get inside the cells. (harvard.edu)
Insulin traveling in the blood signals the cells to take up glucose. (harvard.edu)
Type 2 diabetes occurs when your body's cells resist the normal effect of insulin, which is to drive glucose in the blood into the inside of the cells. (harvard.edu)
As a result, glucose starts to build up in the blood. (harvard.edu)
As a result, blood glucose levels start to rise. (harvard.edu)
Too much glucose-lowering medicine, relative to dietary intake, can lead to the complication of low blood sugar (called hypoglycemia). (harvard.edu)
Diabetes is diagnosed by testing the blood for sugar levels. (harvard.edu)
Antithrombotic drugs balance patients on a tightrope between two risks: blood clots and coagulants. (pharmexec.com)
Kidney Blood Press Res (2021) 46 (2): 152-161. (karger.com)
In type 2 diabetes (late stage), beta cells fail to secrete insulin for maintaining the blood glucose level, owing to insulin resistance and genetic defect. (medscape.com)
Which hormonal changes occur in response to a fall in blood glucose concentration? (easynotecards.com)
Due to a lack of the enzyme glucose-6-phosphatase, which tissue capable of glycogenesis cannot contribute to blood glucose levels between meals? (easynotecards.com)
The Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8) Antibody Blood Test is used to evaluate your risk for developing type 1 diabetes and confirm a diagnosis. (walkinlab.com)
2-4 Guidelines recommend a target glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA 1c ) of 7% or less, but a large number of patients fail to meet this target and, as of yet, no ideal pharmacological blood glucose-lowering agent exists. (bjcardio.co.uk)
Patients with an estimated glomerular filtration rate of 30ml/min/1.73m2, a systolic blood pressure of less than 95 mmHg or patients with type 1 diabetes were excluded. (cardiologynownews.org)
In both types, the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood is elevated. (msdmanuals.com)
Glucose levels that remain high over a long time cause both the small and large blood vessels to narrow. (msdmanuals.com)
Major causes are diabetes and high blood pressure. (msdmanuals.com)

The simplest hypothesis to explain the lack of sensitivity to insulin among type 2 diabetics is that they have somehow lost their insulin receptors - insulin keys can't do their job if there are no locks to unlock. (biologywriter.com)
Researchers found in the mid-1990s that type 2 diabetics had normal insulin receptors. (biologywriter.com)
Activation of PPARγ nuclear receptors regulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes involved in the control of glucose production, transport, and utilization. (globalrph.com)

Dashing about, they activate a variety of processes, including an enzyme that turns on the glucose transporter machinery. (biologywriter.com)
The synthesis, secretion, and action of insulin are dependent on zinc and the transporters that make this ion available to cellular processes. (hindawi.com)
Alzheimer's disease and Type 2 diabetes are pathological processes associated to ageing. (ibecbarcelona.eu)

There were no clinically significant differences in glycemic control or diabetes antibody titers. (nature.com)

Moreover, cardiovascular disease (CVD) is 2-4 times higher in diabetics (2). (ddw-online.com)
2,3 Treatment with thiazolidinediones has been associated with cardiovascular safety concerns, weight gain, increased fracture risk and fluid retention. (bjcardio.co.uk)
The investigators found that among patients with heart failure, dapagliflozin given at a dose of 10mg daily was effective at reducing the risk of worsening heart failure events and cardiovascular death and improved symptoms in patients with and without diabetes. (cardiologynownews.org)

A new hydrolytic lysosomal neutral glycosphingolipid-specific enzyme for Fabry disease. (therapeuticresearch.com)
Glucose-6-phosphatase (G-6-P) is the specific enzyme deficiency in Von Gierke disease. (medscape.com)

Diabetes is the leading cause of kidney failure, blindness, and amputation among adults. (biologywriter.com)
Type 2 diabetics, but also prediabetics, are at increased risk for a wide range of debilitating diseases and diabetes is the leading cause of new cases of kidney failure and blindness and of nontraumatic lower limb amputation. (ddw-online.com)
Investigators will present phase 3 results from the CREDENCE trial late Sunday, which could advance the position of the type 2 diabetes (T2D) drug canagliflozin weeks after Janssen Pharmaceuticals filed with FDA for an indication for chronic kidney disease (CKD) in patients with T2D. (ajmc.com)
We look forward to presenting the CREDENCE data at the ISN World Congress of Nephrology and working closely with the FDA to bring this important medicine as quickly as possible to people living with type 2 diabetes and chronic kidney disease. (ajmc.com)
Vitamin D has to be metabolically activated in the kidney, and patients with CKD including diabetic kidney disease (DKD) are not able to produce enough of the active form of vitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D). Vice versa, the kidneys are assumed to be a classical 1,25(OH) 2 D target. (karger.com)
Our understanding of the role of glucose transport in the lung and the mechanisms that regulate glucose movement across the human lung epithelium lags far behind that of the gut and kidney. (ersjournals.com)
Under normal physiological conditions, approximately 180 g of glucose is filtered by the kidney daily. (bjcardio.co.uk)
Phase 2/3 Study of VX 147 in Patients With APOL1-mediated Kidney Disease. (who.int)

A new endothelin and angiotensin II receptor antagonist to reduce proteinuria in adults. (therapeuticresearch.com)
However, type 1 diabetes also affects adults. (walkinlab.com)
Although type 2 diabetes is primarily found in adults, many children and teenagers are diagnosed with it. (walkinlab.com)

Results obtained showed a negative correlation between level of glucose and zinc. (scirp.org)

Of the 44 Phase II and III compounds, several merit special mention. (pharmexec.com)

However, the recent ACCORD and ADVANCE trials in patients with longstanding T2DM have shown that aggressive glucose control in such patients has no clear benefits, or may even increase CVD events (3). (ddw-online.com)
While genetic factors have been associated with T2DM in population studies 2 , the effect sizes of identified variants are typically very small. (researchsquare.com)

In the distal lung, glucose transport via sodium-coupled glucose transporters predominates. (ersjournals.com)
Almost all of this is re-absorbed into the circulation via sodium glucose co-transporters (SGLTs). (bjcardio.co.uk)
SGLTs transport sodium and glucose into cells using the sodium gradient created by sodium/potassium ATPase pumps at the basolateral cell membranes. (bjcardio.co.uk)
Dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose co-transporter 2, is typically used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes. (cardiologynownews.org)

Thus researchers were riveted when last month a Canadian team in Edmonton reported that transplanting a cocktail of anti-rejection drugs along with the islet cells had cured Canadian patients of juvenile diabetes with a high rate of success. (biologywriter.com)
Multiple immunological abnormalities have been reported in T1D patients including autoantibody production against the insulin molecule, the 65 kD isoform of glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), various islet antigens, and the zinc transporter 8 (ZnT8) as well as decreased regulatory T cell (Treg) capacity to suppress T-cell mediated destruction of the islets of Langerhans 3 . (nature.com)

Glucose is then transported passively by GLUT2 along its concentration gradient into the interstitium. (bjcardio.co.uk)

Some 15% of diabetes patients suffer from type 1 or juvenile diabetes, in which an individual cannot take up glucose because he or she lacks the hormone insulin. (biologywriter.com)

Unfortunately, the picture is not so bright for the 85% of diabetics who suffer from type 2 diabetes. (biologywriter.com)
When researchers look for IRS gene mutations in inherited type 2 diabetics, they don't find them. (biologywriter.com)
Type 2 diabetics produce enough insulin, but cell resistance prohibits its effectiveness. (tryondailybulletin.com)
This study investigated the relationship of zinc and glucose in diabetics. (scirp.org)

The findings from Canagliflozin and Renal Events in Diabetes with Established Nephropathy Clinical Evaluation (CREDENCE) will be presented in Melbourne, Australia, during the 2019 World Congress of Nephrology in Melbourne, Australia, hosted by the International Society of Nephrology. (ajmc.com)
The aim of this study is to predict early fibrosis of the renal glomeruli and tubules by evaluating the levels of angiotensin-converting enzyme -2(ACE-2), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) and some relevant biochemical factors in patients with type 2 diabetes. (edu.iq)
These work independently of insulin to prevent glucose re-absorption from the glomerular filtrate resulting in a reduced renal threshold for glucose, glycosuria and net calorie loss ( figure 1 ). (bjcardio.co.uk)

When expressed in Xenopus oocytes, human GLUT10 exhibited 2-deoxy- d -glucose transport with an apparent K m of ∼0.3 mmol/l ( 3 ). (diabetesjournals.org)

In immortalised human airway cells (line H441) with 10 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, apical ASL glucose was 0.24±0.07 mM [ 10 ]. (ersjournals.com)
In primary cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) with 16.6±0.4 mM glucose in the basolateral medium, ASL glucose was 2.2±0.5 mM [ 11 ]. (ersjournals.com)
The second stage of re-absorption is the transport of glucose through the utilisation of GLUT2 transporters in the basolateral membrane. (bjcardio.co.uk)

Further works by [8] have established the fact that Zn transporter (ZnT8) is a key protein for the regulation of insulin secretion from pancreatic Beta-cells. (scirp.org)

In contrast to glycolysis that creates glucose from stored glycogen, gluconeogenesis creates glucose through the help of protein kinase A from non-carbohydrate products, such as glycerol, glucogenic amino acids and even lactate. (dnx.news)

The gene was examined in 61 Danish type 2 diabetic patients, and a total of six variants (−27C→T, Ala206Thr, Ala272Ala, IVS2 + 10G→A, IVS4 + 18T→G, and IVS4 + 26G→A) were identified and investigated in an association study, which included 503 type 2 diabetic patients and 510 glucose-tolerant control subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
All patients had T2D and either stage 2 or stage 3 CKD. (ajmc.com)
Patients who take the drug excrete glucose out of the body through the urine. (ajmc.com)
This study aimed to identify molecular determinants of sensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to anti-insulin-like growth factor receptor (IGF-IR) therapy.A total of 216 tumor samples were investigated, of which 165 consisted of retrospective analyses of banked tissue and an additional 51 were from patients enrolled in a phase II study of figitumumab, a monoclonal antibody against IGF-IR, in stage IIIb/IV NSCLC. (omicsdi.org)
This phase I, open-label, dose-escalation study (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT00603538) assessed the safety and tolerability of figitumumab (6, 10 and 20 mg/kg) in combination with carboplatin (area under the curve: 6 mg·min/mL) and paclitaxel (200 mg/m(2)) in Japanese patients (N = 19) with chemotherapy-naïve, advanced NSCLC. (omicsdi.org)
The results showed significant differences between groups of patients and control group for (CTGF), (ACE-2) levels were found to be significant increase in patients' groups than healthy control. (edu.iq)
Elevated ASL glucose in intensive care patients was associated with increased Staphylococcus aureus infection. (ersjournals.com)
For patients whose HbA 1c is 8% or greater the starting dose is 1 or 2 mg orally before each meal. (nih.gov)
We investigated features and Covid-19 outcomes for patients with or without diabetes, and with or without cardiometabolic multimorbidity. (biomedcentral.com)
We collected and compared data retrospectively from patients hospitalized for Covid-19 with and without diabetes, and with and without cardiometabolic multimorbidity (defined as ≥ two of three risk factors of diabetes, hypertension or dyslipidaemia). (biomedcentral.com)
Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the risk of the primary composite outcome (any of mechanical ventilation, admission to an intensive care unit [ICU] or death) in patients with diabetes and in those with cardiometabolic multimorbidity, adjusting for confounders. (biomedcentral.com)
Of 354 patients enrolled, those with diabetes (n = 81), compared with those without diabetes (n = 273), had characteristics associated with the primary composite outcome that included older age, higher prevalence of hypertension and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), higher levels of inflammatory markers and a lower PaO2/FIO2 ratio. (biomedcentral.com)
The risk of the primary composite outcome in the 277 patients who completed the study as of May 15th, 2020, was higher in those with diabetes (Adjusted Odds Ratio ( adj OR) 2.04, 95%CI 1.12-3.73, p = 0.020), hypertension ( adj OR 2.31, 95%CI: 1.37-3.92, p = 0.002) and COPD ( adj OR 2.67, 95%CI 1.23-5.80, p = 0.013). (biomedcentral.com)
Patients with diabetes hospitalized for Covid-19 present with high-risk features. (biomedcentral.com)
This ZnT8 antibody test may also evaluate the potential need for insulin treatment in patients with adult-onset diabetes. (walkinlab.com)
Previous studies have demonstrated that dapagliflozin can prevent the occurrence of heart failure in patients with type 2 diabetes. (cardiologynownews.org)
This did not differ between the patients with and without diabetes. (cardiologynownews.org)
As for dapagliflozin's safety profile, dapagliflozin was found to be well tolerated in patients with and without diabetes. (cardiologynownews.org)
The study highlights a potentially new treatment approach for the management HFrEF in patients with and without diabetes. (cardiologynownews.org)
In a 2-year study of 7 patients with GSD type Ib, Melis et al examined whether the administration of vitamin E could improve or prevent the clinical manifestations of neutropenia and neutrophil dysfunction. (medscape.com)
The current study included 22 patients treated with empagliflozin 10 mg daily for 20 weeks who were compared with 20 patients who received standard treatment for type 2 diabetes without empagliflozin. (medscape.com)
Shafi Kuchay noted that other trials are ongoing with glucose-lowering agents in patients with type 2 diabetes and NAFLD. (medscape.com)

Order this Zinc Transporter 8 (ZnT8) Antibody test to help assess your risk for developing type 1 diabetes or distinguishing the class of diabetes. (walkinlab.com)

GSD type Ib is an autosomal recessive condition. (medscape.com)

Are defects in the IRS proteins responsible for type 2 diabetes? (biologywriter.com)

According to the latest statistical report from the American Cancer Center from 2021, lung cancer has the second-highest incidence and the highest mortality rate among all malignancies ( 2 ). (spandidos-publications.com)

These results suggest that variation in the coding region of SLC2A10 does not contribute substantially to the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes in the examined study population. (diabetesjournals.org)
Insulin resistance is a common feature characterizing the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes. (globalrph.com)
Charaka, the first known Indian medical sage, described the pathogenesis, symptomatology, and management of diabetes in a Sanskrit text on Ayurvedic medicine written in about 600 B.C. In about 150 A.D., Arateus, a Greek physician, gave a detailed and elegant description of diabetes, a feat paralleled around the same time by the Chinese doctor Chang Chung-Ching. (encyclopedia.pub)
The insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway has been implicated in the pathogenesis of numerous tumor types, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). (omicsdi.org)

Protein kinase A activates an enzyme called glycogen phosphorylase to break down this glycogen into glucose in a process called glycogenolysis. (dnx.news)

Acid maltase catalyzes the hydrogenation reaction of maltose to glucose. (medscape.com)

Insulin, via a series of kinase activations and transductions, causes the glucose type 4 transporter channels to become embedded in the cellular membrane, allowing an exponential increase of glucose entry into the cell. (encyclopedia.pub)

When the open reading frame 1 early region 4 gene was transferred to a retrovirus and inserted into preadipocytes in vitro, the gene was capable of inducing the enzymes and enhancing fat accumulation ( 13 ). (cdc.gov)

Mutation in ZnT8 has been associated with type 2 diabetes. (scirp.org)
Approximately 60% of individuals with new-onset type 1 diabetes have ZnT8 antibodies. (walkinlab.com)
Asymptomatic individuals and individuals with a family history that test positive for ZnT8 antibodies have an increased risk of developing type 1 diabetes. (walkinlab.com)

Anatomy10

Organisms6

Diseases17

Chemicals and Drugs58

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment13

Psychiatry and Psychology1

Phenomena and Processes16

Disciplines and Occupations1

Humanities2

Information Science3

Health Care2

Geographicals1

Mellitus34

GLUT7

Uptake5

SGLT220

Metabolism17

Inhibitors2

Inhibitor4

Lower blood glucose2

Hyperglycemia6

Homeostasis4

Pathways5

Metabolic7

Liver12

Levels of glucose2

Bloodstream3

Plasma glucose2

Antioxidant enzymes2

Complications9

Concentrations9

Hepatic glucose1

Glucagon4

Autoimmune4

Intracellular1

Obesity6

Reactions5

Pancreas6

Translocation1

High blood glucose1

Pyruvate2

Glycogen synthase2

Tissues4

Blood27

Receptors3

Processes3

Glycemic1

Cardiovascular3

Specific enzyme2

Kidney8

Adults3

Level of glucose1

Compounds1

T2DM2

Sodium4

Islet2

Concentration1

Take up glucose1

Diabetics4

Renal3

GLUT101

Basolateral3

Secretion1

Glycolysis1

Patients22

Zinc transporter1

Autosomal recessive1

Proteins responsible1

20211

Pathogenesis4

Activates1

Maltose1

Activations1

Vitro1

ZnT83