Type i activin receptor mrna. Medical search. Frequent questions

Together with its high-affinity tyrosine kinase type B (TrKB) receptor, BDNF is extensively expressed in the mammalian female reproductive system. (nih.gov)
Nintedanib is a pan-tyrosine kinase inhibitor targeting multiple cytosolic tyrosine kinases and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in cellular proliferation and migration, and the mechanism of action of pirfenidone is not entirely elucidated, yet it suppresses endogenous transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF- β 1) production. (aspetjournals.org)
TGF- β 1 nearly eliminates β 2-AR mRNA and slightly increases D1DR mRNA through an activin receptor-like kinase-dependent mechanism. (aspetjournals.org)
Type I receptors are also referred to as Activin-receptor Like Kinase (ALK). (biomedcentral.com)
Neurons treated with TGF-β1 activated the canonical TGF-β receptor I/activin-like kinase receptor 5 (ALK5) pathway. (rupress.org)
For example, mutations in the receptors, endoglin or activin like kinase-1 (ACVRL1), are associated with the inherited bleeding disorder, Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasia (HHT). (ncl.ac.uk)
A precedent for such a mechanism has been supplied by the GFR protein, which can be a GPI-linked protein that heterodimerizes with the c-RET tyrosine kinase to kind a receptor for GDNF, a distant member with the TGF superfamily (25, 43, 59). (pdgfr.com)
The recent discovery that a significant proportion of patients with familial, as well as sporadic, PPH have germline mutations of genes encoding receptor members of the transforming growth factor (TGF)‐β family (bone morphogenetic protein receptor-II and activin receptor-like kinase‐1), suggests that dysfunctional TGF‐β signalling could lead to an abnormal proliferation of pulmonary vascular cells 4 , 5 . (ersjournals.com)
We find that TGF-β induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and placental growth factor (PlGF) mRNA expression and protein release in a TGF-β receptor (TβR) II / activin-like kinase (ALK)-5-dependent manner under normoxia and hypoxia, defining potential indirect proangiogenic activity of TGF-β in glioblastoma. (oncotarget.com)
In contrast, most of the chemical kinase inhibitors inhibit not just Alk five, but also the Alk four and 7 kinases, as a result blocking the two TGF B and activin signaling. (plcsignaling.com)
Furthermore, the neutralizing antibodies selectively inhibit biologically lively TGF Bs, while the receptor kinase inhibitors also shut off the basal Smad phosphory lation that's seen inside the absence of exogenously extra TGF B, so identified as endogenous signalling. (plcsignaling.com)
Moreover, Age groups display indirect deleterious effects by binding to several cell surface receptors, of which the most analyzed is the receptor for AGEs (RAGE), a 35-kDa member of the PXD101 kinase activity assay immunoglobulin superfamily of receptors [22]. (biotech2012.org)
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family members bind to four known tyrosine kinase receptors, fibroblast growth factor receptors 1-4 (FGFR1-4) and their isoforms, with the various FGFs binding the different FGFRs to varying extents (Zhang et al. (justia.com)

These receptors are all transmembrane proteins, composed of a ligand-binding extracellular domain with a cysteine-rich region, a transmembrane domain, and a cytoplasmic domain with predicted serine/threonine specificity. (wikipedia.org)
Type I and II receptors form a stable complex after ligand binding, resulting in phosphorylation of type I receptors by type II receptors. (wikipedia.org)
By combining ligand stimulation with overexpression of a competing type I receptor, we showed that differential complex formation of distinct type I receptors with a common type II receptor balances the signaling to the two Smad branches. (biomedcentral.com)
Smad signaling is initiated by ligand binding to type II and type I receptors, with the type II receptor phosphorylating and activating the type I receptor, which then phosphorylates/activates receptor-specific Smads. (biomedcentral.com)
10 , 11 We recently have shown that as well as producing IL-12p70, activated DCs also rapidly secrete high levels of activin-A after exposure to bacteria, specific Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands, or CD40 ligand (CD40L). (ashpublications.org)
Upon ligand binding the type II receptors phosphorylate and activate the type I receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
As a result, our findings underscore the multifaceted regulation of Nodal signaling in the extracellular level, including the regulation of ligand processing, ligand heterodimerization, and competition for receptor binding (reviewed in references 34 and 63). (pdgfr.com)
Within this view, Cripto can bind Nodal straight to recruit this ligand to form I receptors, major for the formation of an active EGF-CFC odal ype I receptor ype II receptor signaling complex. (pdgfr.com)
By using a combination of in situ hybridization screening, overexpression of mRNA, recombinant ligand treatments, and morpholino-based loss-of-function studies, we identified a cohort of transcription factors and signaling molecules expressed in the ventral ectoderm , dorsal ectoderm , and interposed neurogenic ("ciliary band") region in response to the known key signaling molecules Nodal and BMP2/4 and defined the epistatic relationships between the most important genes. (echinobase.org)
The region containing D1 and AB is believed to be involved in autoinhibition of the receptor, which is relieved by binding to ligand. (justia.com)

13. [Expressions of matrix metalloproteinase-9 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 mRNA in endometriosis]. (nih.gov)
Inhibin β-A mRNA and activin A secretion were stimulated in human chondrocytes by pro-inflammatory cytokines and inhibited by fibroblast growth factor receptor inhibitor. (medscape.com)
Activin induces tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloprotein-1, and thus may be protective against joint destruction. (medscape.com)
Activin A production on dissection was reduced by 80% by the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor inhibitor PD173074 and by 70% by the IKK inhibitor BMS345541. (ox.ac.uk)
Folistatin 344 is a protein with a high affinity for binding to activin and myostatin, whereby Follistatin can be called an inhibitor or blocker of proteins such as myostatin and activin. (polypeptide.group)

Msx1 homeodomain protein represses the αGSU and GnRH receptor genes during gonadotrope development. (nih.gov)
Here, we find that Msx1 represses transcription of lineage-specific pituitary genes such as the common α-glycoprotein subunit (αGSU) and GnRH receptor (GnRHR) promoters in the mouse gonadotrope-derived cell lines, αT3-1 and LβT2. (nih.gov)
For genes of interest, messenger RNA (mRNA) induction in cartilage explants or primary chondrocyte monolayers was assessed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. (ox.ac.uk)
The two major types of disease, HHT1 and HHT2, are caused by mutations in the ENG ( endoglin ) and ACVRL1 genes, respectively. (bmj.com)
The human genome contains 35 Transforming Growth Factor beta (TGFβ) family genes, but only seven genes encoding for type I, and five genes encoding for type II receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
We noted up-regulation of genes related to coagulation [tissue factor ( F3 ) and coagulation factor II receptor-like 2 ( F2RL2 )] and differential regulation of genes related to F3 signaling ( FOS, JUN, and NFKBIA ). (nih.gov)
Studies to date have focused on the delivery of a single SSO conjugated to a CPP, but here we describe the conjugation of two phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligonucleotide (PMO) SSOs to a single CPP for simultaneous delivery and pre-mRNA targeting of two separate genes, exon 23 of the Dmd gene and exon 5 of the Acvr2b gene, in a mouse model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. (ox.ac.uk)
Using the NanoString®-based miRNA and mRNA profiling of PC3 and DU145 cells, and subsequent data analysis using the DIANA-mirPath, dbEMT, nCounter, and Ingenuity® databases, we identified the miRNAs and associated genes responsible for Akt1-mediated prostate cancer (PCa) epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). (stanford.edu)
Akt1 loss in PC3 and DU145 cells primarily induced changes in the miRNAs and mRNAs regulating EMT genes. (stanford.edu)
Binding of the hormone to its receptor initiates a sequence of intracellular signals that may alter the behavior of the cell (such as by opening or closing membrane channels) or stimulate (or repress) gene expression in the nucleus by turning on (or off) the promoters and enhancers of the genes. (slideshare.net)

Activin binds to either ACVR2A or ACVR2B and then forms a complex with ACVR1B. (wikipedia.org)
Among the transforming growth factor-β superfamily type II receptors, ACVR2A/B are highly promiscuous, due to their ability to interact with different type I receptors (e.g. (biomedcentral.com)
We employed a combination of IgG-mediated patching-immobilization of several type I receptors in the absence or presence of ligands with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) measurements on the lateral diffusion of an activin type II receptor, ACVR2A, to demonstrate the principle of competition between type I receptors for ACVR2. (biomedcentral.com)
Our results show that ACVR2A can form stable heteromeric complexes with ALK4 (an activin type I receptor), as well as with several BMP type I receptors (ALK2/3/6). (biomedcentral.com)
Of note, ALK4 and the BMP type I receptors competed for binding ACVR2A. (biomedcentral.com)

6. Activin A, activin receptor type II, nodal, and cripto mRNA are expressed by eutopic and ectopic endometrium in women with ovarian endometriosis. (nih.gov)
R-Smads are subdivided into two groups, the Smad 2/3 and the Smad 1/5/8 groups, which mediate signaling by TGFβ, Activin and Nodal ligands or by BMPs, respectively [reviewed in 44 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Consistent with all the function of EGF-CFC proteins as coreceptors for Nodal, the cell autonomy of EGF-CFC function has been indicated by cell transplantation experiments on zebra fish, in which cells expressing wild-type oep are unable to rescue the phenotype of adjacent oep mutant cells (21, 51, 58). (pdgfr.com)
As a result, the in vivo shedding and/or transfer of EGF-CFC proteins could outcome inside the formation of Nodal receptor complexes in trans on neighboring cells that could not themselves express the EGFCFC gene (Fig. 7B). (pdgfr.com)

12 Furthermore, DC-derived activin-A acts as a potent autocrine regulator of DC secretion of IL-12p70 as well as other proinflammatory chemokines (IL-8, IP-10, and monocyte chemoattractant protein [MCP]-1) and cytokines (IL-6, IL-10, and TNF-α). (ashpublications.org)
In our recent study with grass carp, local release of growth hormone (GH) was shown to induce activin expression at pituitary level, which in turn could exert an intrapituitary feedback to inhibit GH synthesis and secretion. (frontiersin.org)
Follistatin, a glycoprotein first isolated in porcine follicular fluid by its activity to inhibit follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) secretion ( 1 ), can bind activin with high affinity and nullify its biological actions by preventing its binding and subsequent activation of type I and II activin receptors expressed at tissue level ( 2 ). (frontiersin.org)
In the rat pituitary, activin is expressed mainly in gonadotrophs ( 22 ) and stimulates FSH secretion and gene expression with parallel rise in GnRH receptor expression ( 23 ). (frontiersin.org)
Protein secretion was measured by ELISA and mRNA expression by RT-PCR. (biomedcentral.com)
Activin A mRNA and protein secretion were induced by dissection and culture of human or porcine articular cartilage. (ox.ac.uk)

Activins signal through a heteromeric complex of receptor serine kinases which include at least two type I (I and IB) and two type II (II and IIB) receptors. (wikipedia.org)
BMPs activate heteromeric receptor complexes consisting of type I and type II receptor-serine/threonine kinases. (biomedcentral.com)
Manual 26.29 HN - 2002 MH - Activin Receptors UI - D029404 MN - D8.586.913.696.620.682.700.62 MN - D12.776.543.750.750.400.820.500 MS - Receptors for ACTIVINS are membrane protein kinases belonging to the family of PROTEIN-SERINE-THREONINE KINASES, thus also named activin receptor-like kinases (ALK's). (nih.gov)

Activin is involved in pituitary hormone regulation and its pituitary actions can be nullified by local production of its binding protein follistatin. (frontiersin.org)
To further examine the activin/follistatin system in the carp pituitary, grass carp follistatin was cloned and confirmed to be single-copy gene widely expressed at tissue level. (frontiersin.org)
Functional expression also revealed that carp follistatin was effective in neutralizing activin's action in stimulating target promoter with activin-responsive elements. (frontiersin.org)
In grass carp pituitary cells, follistatin co-treatment was found to revert activin inhibition on GH mRNA expression. (frontiersin.org)
Meanwhile, follistatin mRNA levels could be up-regulated by local production of activin but the opposite was true for dopaminergic activation with dopamine (DA) or its agonist apomorphine. (frontiersin.org)
Since GH stimulation by DA via pituitary D1 receptor is well-documented in fish models, the receptor specificity for follistatin regulation by DA was also investigated. (frontiersin.org)
Using a pharmacological approach, the inhibitory effect of DA on follistatin gene expression was confirmed to be mediated by pituitary D1 but not D2 receptor. (frontiersin.org)
Furthermore, activation of D1 receptor by the D1-specific agonist SKF77434 was also effective in blocking follistatin mRNA expression induced by activin and GH treatment both in carp pituitary cells as well as in carp somatotrophs enriched by density gradient centrifugation. (frontiersin.org)
These results, as a whole, suggest that activin can interact with dopaminergic input from the hypothalamus to regulate follistatin expression in carp pituitary, which may contribute to GH regulation by activin/follistatin system via autocrine/paracrine mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
At tissue level, e.g., in the pituitary ( 4 ) and ovarian follicle ( 5 ), co-expression of follistatin and activin is frequently observed and follistatin expression is highly inducible by activin, which constitutes a local feedback for signal termination of activin actions ( 6 ). (frontiersin.org)
Aberrant expression/dysregulation of activin/follistatin system is also associated with carcinogenesis and tumorigenesis, e.g., in prostate cancer ( 20 ). (frontiersin.org)
In mammals (e.g., rodents), the activin/follistatin system is a key component for reproductive function both in the pituitary (for gonadotropin regulation) and at the gonadal level (for oocyte/sperm maturation and steroid production) ( 5 ). (frontiersin.org)
Activin A and follistatin exhibit immunomodulatory functions, thus affecting autoinflammatory processes as found in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). (biomedcentral.com)
Immunohistochemical analyses of synovial tissue for expression of activin A and follistatin were performed. (biomedcentral.com)
RASF and OASF were stimulated with either IL-1β or TNFα in combination with or solely with activin A, activin AB, or follistatin. (biomedcentral.com)
Activin A slightly increased IL-6 release by unstimulated RASF, but decreased protein and mRNA levels of follistatin. (biomedcentral.com)
The observed decrease of cartilage invasion by RASF overexpressing activin A in the SCID mouse model appears to be mediated by an interaction between activin/follistatin and other local cells indirectly affecting RASF because activin A displayed certain pro-inflammatory effects on RASF. (biomedcentral.com)
Activin A even inhibits production and release of follistatin in RASF and therefore prevents itself from being blocked by its inhibitory binding protein follistatin in the local inflammatory joint environment. (biomedcentral.com)
The role of activin A and follistatin in chronic autoinflammatory disorders is not fully understood. (biomedcentral.com)
Due to the clues pointing towards a role of activin A in RA, the aim of the study was to investigate the role of activin A and follistatin in the inflammatory and matrix degrading response of RASF and the known feedback loop between activin A and follistatin described for other cell types. (biomedcentral.com)
Follistatin binds directly to the activin and functions as an activator antagonist. (polypeptide.group)
Follistatin is a secreted protein that binds to TGF-beta family ligands and regulates their activity, preventing their access to signaling receptors. (polypeptide.group)

These receptors are transmembrane proteins. (slideshare.net)

17. Absence of aromatase protein and mRNA expression in endometriosis. (nih.gov)

The FGFR2IIIb form of FGFR2 (also denoted K-sam-II) is a high affinity receptor for both FGF1 and KGF family members (FGF7, FGF10, and FGF22) whereas FGFR2IIIc (also denoted K-sam-I) binds both FGF1 and FGF2 well but does not bind the KGF family members (Miki et al. (justia.com)

ALK4 vs. ALK2/3/6) and with their respective ligands [activin A (ActA) vs. BMP9/2]. (biomedcentral.com)

In the SCID mouse model, activin A overexpression reduced RASF invasion. (biomedcentral.com)

Activin receptor type-1B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ACVR1B gene. (wikipedia.org)
ACVR1B or ALK-4 acts as a transducer of activin or activin-like ligands (e.g., inhibin) signals. (wikipedia.org)

Activin A, a homodimer of two inhibin β-A chains, was also upregulated. (medscape.com)
Activin A is a disulphide-linked homodimer composed of two β A -subunits (β A β A ) of inhibin A, which itself is formed by an α- and β A -subunit. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibin-α was found in 25.1% of infiltrating ductal carcinomas (67/267), 26.7% of intraductal carcinomas (8/30), 33.3% of lobular tumors (3/9), 80.0% of apocrine carcinomas (4/5) and 21.7% of the other types (5/23). (e-crt.org)
The dimerization of the two inhibin β subunits gives rise to activin A (βA-βA), B (βB-βB) or AB (βA-βB) ( 3 ). (e-crt.org)
Inhibin decreases the biosynthesis and release of FSH and antagonizes the action of activin in tumorigenesis, while with activin the reverse applies. (e-crt.org)
Therefore, inhibin may act as a gonadal tumor suppressor, while activin may promote tumor growth ( 4 , 5 ). (e-crt.org)

Hippocampal samples harvested from these mice following learning show increases in several disease-related microRNAs targeting the activin A receptor type 1C (ACVR1C), a component of the transforming growth factor-β receptor superfamily. (elifesciences.org)

4 DCs detect pathogens via an array of pattern-recognition receptors 5 and pathogen encounter induces DC maturation and production of proinflammatory chemokines and cytokines such as interferon-induced protein (IP)-10, interleukin (IL)-8, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), IFN-α, and IL-12, 6 , 7 which attract and activate innate effector cells. (ashpublications.org)

4. [Expression of vascular endothelial growth factor receptors in the ectopic and eutopic endometrium of women with endometriosis]. (nih.gov)
15. The relationship between microvessel density, proliferative activity and expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A and its receptors in eutopic endometrium and endometriotic lesions. (nih.gov)
The corresponding endoglin and ALK-1 proteins are specific endothelial receptors of the transforming growth factor β superfamily essential for maintaining vascular integrity. (bmj.com)
ALK1 has been described as an alternative TGF-β receptor in endothelial cells. (rupress.org)

Activin A is an anticatabolic autocrine cytokine in articular cartilage whose production is controlled by fibroblast growth factor 2 and NF-kappaB. (ox.ac.uk)

Interestingly, unlike TGF-β, activin-A weakly down-regulates the NK-cell natural cytotoxicity receptors (NCRs) NKp30 and NKG2D but does not attenuate their cytotoxic function. (ashpublications.org)

Activins and bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) play critical, sometimes opposing roles, in multiple physiological and pathological processes and diseases. (biomedcentral.com)
activins signal mainly to Smad2/3, while BMPs activate mainly Smad1/5/8. (biomedcentral.com)
As an example, 1D11 neutralizes all three leading energetic TGF B iso kinds, but doesn't bind other ligands inside the TGF B superfamily, this kind of as activins and BMPs. (plcsignaling.com)

Different type I receptors that signal to distinct Smad pathways (Smad2/3 vs. Smad1/5/8) compete for binding to common activin type II receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
The present report shows that NKcells express type I and II activin receptors and that activin-A triggers NK-cell Smad 2/3 signaling. (ashpublications.org)
Activin-A is a transforming growth factor (TGF)-β superfamily member and shares with TGF-β the Smad intracellular signaling proteins. (ashpublications.org)
In the canonical TGFβ signal transduction pathway, activated type I receptors phosphorylate a receptor substrate protein of the Mad/Smad family of transcriptional regulators (R-Smads). (biomedcentral.com)
Interestingly, when a modify while in the response sort was observed most fre quently in response to improvements inside the Co Smad concen tration, switches can be attained with substantially smaller concentration alterations once the receptor or R Smad concentration had been varied. (plcsignaling.com)
Based on our observations such competitors would should greatly alter the concentration of avail able Co Smad to be productive and also the receptor as well as R Smad would provide a extra delicate point of manage. (plcsignaling.com)

In humans, heterozygous pathogenic changes in fibrillin 1 (FBN1), transforming growth factor beta receptor 1/2 (TGFBR1/2), or in TGF-β inhibit this signaling pathway, phenotypically causing skeletal-deformity diseases (Marfan, Loeys Dietz, and Camurati-Engelman syndrome) [ 9 ] . (encyclopedia.pub)

Type I receptors are essential for signaling, and type II receptors are required for binding ligands and for expression of type I receptors. (wikipedia.org)
The mRNA expression of variants 1, 2, and 3 is confirmed, and a potential fourth variant contains an alternative exon 8 and lacks exons 9 through 11, but its mRNA expression has not been confirmed. (wikipedia.org)
1. Insulin-like growth factor-1 isoform mRNA expression in women with endometriosis: eutopic endometrium versus endometriotic cyst. (nih.gov)
The RNAseq data indicated that TGF- β 1 reduced the expression of nearly all G α s -coupled G protein coupled receptors, with the β 2-adrenergic receptor ( β 2-AR) demonstrating the greatest decrease. (aspetjournals.org)
Small interfering RNA knockdown of Msx1 in αT3-1 cells increases endogenous αGSU and GnRHR mRNA expression. (nih.gov)
The expression levels of both αGSU and GnRHR in Msx1-null mice at e18.5 are higher compared with wild type, further confirming a role for Msx1 in the repression of αGSU and GnRHR. (nih.gov)
We evaluated ACTRII inactivation by allelic deletion, loss of mRNA expression, or somatic mutation in 51 non-MSI-H colon cancers. (nih.gov)
Loss of ACTRII mRNA expression was seen in one (14.3%) of the seven LOH-positive primary tumors from which total RNA was available. (nih.gov)
CircRNA LDL receptor related protein 6, circRNA actin related protein 2, circ_0000064, circ‑0101383, circ_0123996, hsa_circ_0003928 and circ_0000285 mediate inflammation, apoptosis and autophagy of podocytes, mesangial cell hypertrophy and proliferation, as well as tubulointerstitial fibrosis, in diabetic nephropathy by regulating the expression of microRNAs and proteins. (spandidos-publications.com)
found that feeding broilers a diet containing a high crude protein (CP) level suppressed the mRNA expression of acetyl coenzyme carboxylase ( ACC ), in a comparison of low-protein and high-protein diets. (arccjournals.com)
To our knowledge, this is the first study identifying the expression of 254 long intergenic non-coding RNAs (lincRNAs) in the lens, of which 86 lincRNAs displayed differential expression between the two cell types. (molvis.org)
D-2-hydroxyglutarate (D2HG) treatment led to a shorter myotube width and increased mRNA expression of E3 ubiquitin ligases Trim63 and Fbxo32 , as well as distinct transcriptional and metabolic changes. (researchsquare.com)
In the cachexia model of mice bearing CT26 tumor, ivosidenib decreased 58.5% serum D2HG concentration, preserved 15.1% muscle gastrocnemius mass and 11.9% lean body weight, improved 35.6% area of muscle gastrocnemius, and inhibited the unregulated mRNA expression of Ube2d1, Trim63 and Fbxo32 , when compared with NTC treated mice bearing CT26 tumor with IDH1 mutation. (researchsquare.com)
FSH acts on early antral follicles to stimulate growth (cell division), steroidogenesis, and the expression of LH receptors. (biomedcentral.com)
Phosphorylation of RIBOSOMAL PROTEIN S6 by enzymes in this class results in increased expression of 5' top MRNAs. (nih.gov)
Certain of the FGF ligands of these receptors have an opposite pattern of expression. (justia.com)

however, unlike activin, they require other coreceptor molecules such as the protein Cripto. (wikipedia.org)

The level of type II collagen, a biomarker of osteoarthritis, was increased in subjects, as were a number of growth factors and pro-inflammatory cytokines. (medscape.com)

This gives rise to the possibility that competition between the different type I receptors through which activin and BMP signal for common type II receptors can provide a mechanism for fine-tuning the cellular response to activin/BMP stimuli. (biomedcentral.com)
The effect of activin A has been described as pro- as well as anti-inflammatory, depending on the examined cell type or cellular activation state. (biomedcentral.com)
The term "oncotarget" encompasses all molecules, pathways, cellular functions, cell types, and even tissues that can be viewed as targets relevant to cancer as well as other diseases. (oncotarget.com)

Mutated IDH1 (R132H) in the CT26 cancer cells accelerated cachexia progression (cachexia first occurred at DPI 17 in mice bearing wild-type CT26 tumor vs DPI 22 with mutational IDH1 CT26 tumor) and worsened the overall survival in the murine cancer cachexia model. (researchsquare.com)
Molecularly targeted therapies of different tumor types showed a promising improvement in the last few years. (aurorasignaling.com)

The signalling pathway terms "PI3K-Akt", "transforming growth factor-β receptor", "ErbB", and "HIF-1" from the functional annotation analysis were studied. (nature.com)
Our data suggest that TGF-β1 simultaneously activates two distinct receptor pathways in neurons and that the ALK1 pathway mediates TGF-β1-induced NF-κB survival signaling. (rupress.org)
Angiogenesis is regulated by a number of molecular signalling pathways and our work revolves around receptors in the TGFbeta family signalling pathway. (ncl.ac.uk)

Activins are dimeric growth and differentiation factors which belong to the transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta) superfamily of structurally related signaling proteins. (wikipedia.org)
Our findings are constant having a model supported by earlier genetic and biochemical studies in which EGF-CFC proteins act as membrane-associated coreceptors for form I and sort II activin receptors (Fig. 7A) (21, 28, 47, 49, 66). (pdgfr.com)
In assistance of this thought, microinjection of C-terminally truncated oep mRNA or protein can rescue the phenotype of oep null mutants, indicating that diffusible EGFCFC proteins are potentially active (35, 67). (pdgfr.com)

Of note, activin signaling by specific ALK2 mutants (which have partial constitutive activity) to Smad1/5/8 is of special importance for fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva (FOP) [ 7 , 25 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Intracellular distribution of beta-actin mRNA is polarized in embryonic corneal epithelia. (tamu.edu)

Inhibins are members of the transforming growth factor β superfamily, which modulate the growth and differentiation of several cell types in a variety of target tissues ( 2 ). (e-crt.org)

Wnt ligands bind to the receptor complex (frizzled and low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein (LRP5 or LPR6)), causing the release of β-catenin by phosphorylation, which releases it from the multiprotein complex. (encyclopedia.pub)
FGFs bind to the receptors primarily through regions in D2 and D3 of the receptors. (justia.com)

suggest that increased D1DR mRNA could increase spare receptors, it is more likely that the increased receptor level is not biologically significant. (aspetjournals.org)
This activin A was biologically active. (ox.ac.uk)

Characterization of dynamic actin associations with T-cell receptor microclusters in primary T cells. (tamu.edu)

This gene encodes activin A type IB receptor, composed of 11 exons. (wikipedia.org)
One FST gene encodes two isoforms, FST317 and FST344, containing respectively 317 and 344 amino acids, as a result of an alternative mRNA precursor compound. (polypeptide.group)

The importance of the TGFbeta family of ligands in regulating angiogenesis and cardiovascular development was established in human genetic studies where inherited mutations in several TGFbeta receptors leads to congenital cardiovascular abnormalities. (ncl.ac.uk)

Activin A inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclast formation, movement and function in murine bone marrow macrophage cultures. (tamu.edu)

The influence of RASF overexpressing activin A on cartilage invasion in a SCID mouse model was examined. (biomedcentral.com)
OBJECTIVE: Proteomic analysis has previously shown that activin A, a member of the transforming growth factor beta family, is produced by human articular cartilage. (ox.ac.uk)
This study was undertaken to investigate whether activin A affects cartilage matrix catabolism and how its production is regulated. (ox.ac.uk)
METHODS: The effect of exogenous activin A on interleukin-1-induced aggrecanase-generated neoepitope production was assessed by Western blotting, using medium from human cartilage explants. (ox.ac.uk)
Activin A activity in cartilage explant medium was measured by incubating it with human dermal fibroblasts and determining the increase in phospho-Smad2 by Western blotting. (ox.ac.uk)
RESULTS: Activin A (1-10 ng/ml) suppressed aggrecanase-mediated cleavage of aggrecan in human articular cartilage. (ox.ac.uk)
CONCLUSION: Activin A is potentially an anticatabolic molecule in articular cartilage. (ox.ac.uk)
OA cartilage produced more activin A than did normal cartilage in vitro. (ox.ac.uk)

These findings provide the first evidence for a novel immune regulatory role of activin-A during DC-mediated NK-cell regulation, highlighting the potential of antagonizing activin-A signaling in vivo to enhance NK cell-mediated immune functions and adaptive immunity. (ashpublications.org)
The precise regulation by cell interactions leads to diversity of cell types and specific pattern of organization (EMBRYOGENESIS). (lookformedical.com)

The potential for therapeutic application of splice-switching oligonucleotides (SSOs) to modulate pre-mRNA splicing is increasingly evident in a number of diseases. (ox.ac.uk)

Clinical evidence showed some types of solid cancer appear to have predisposition to induce cachexia 6 . (researchsquare.com)

To understand the transcriptional changes that take place during the differentiation process, high-throughput RNA-Seq of newborn mouse lens epithelial cells and lens fiber cells was conducted to comprehensively compare the transcriptomes of these two cell types. (molvis.org)

A series of enzymatic steps in the mitochondria and ER of steroidogenic tissues convert cholesterol into all of the other steroid hormones and intermediates The particular steroid hormone class synthesized by a given cell type depends upon its complement of peptide hormone receptors, its response to peptide hormone stimulation and its genetically expressed complement of enzymes. (slideshare.net)

DC-derived IL-12p70 can act as a potent cofactor for enhancing NK-cell cytotoxicity and IFN-γ production, which is responsible for the initial shaping of T-helper type 1 (Th-1) immunity. (ashpublications.org)
The ocular lens contains only two cell types: epithelial cells and fiber cells. (molvis.org)
The mammalian lens is made up of only two cell types: epithelial cells, which comprise a monolayer of cells that line the anterior hemisphere of the lens, and fiber cells, which make up the remainder of the lens mass. (molvis.org)
The most active bi-specific CPP-PMOs demonstrated comparable exon skipping levels for both pre-mRNA targets when compared to individual CPP-PMO conjugates both in cell culture and in vivo in the mdx mouse model. (ox.ac.uk)
Inflammatory mechanisms appear to play a significant role in some types of pulmonary hypertension (PH), including monocrotaline-induced PH in rats and pulmonary arterial hypertension of various origins in humans, such as connective tissue diseases (scleroderma, systemic lupus erythematosus, mixed connective disease), human immunodeficiency virus infection, or plasma cell dyscrasia with polyneuropathy, organomegaly, endocrinopathy, monoclonal (M) protein and skin changes (POEMS) syndrome. (ersjournals.com)
Plant cell surface receptor-mediated signaling - a common theme amid diversity. (tamu.edu)
Further in vivo and in vitro assays using cell culture and tissue explants allow us to conclude that SNW1 acts upstream of the BMP receptors. (xenbase.org)
200 pg of mRNA expressing the X. tropicalis c-Myc, Dkk-1, Noggin2, or SNW1 was injected at the one-cell stage, with 250 pg of GFP mRNA as tracer. (xenbase.org)
E) Whole X. laevis embryo extracts were prepared from either wild-type (WT) embryos or embryos injected with 20 ng of a translation-blocking MO, MoSNW1a, at the one-cell stage, and analyzed by Western blotting using antibodies against SNW1 and Tubulin, the latter as a loading control. (xenbase.org)
Dysfunctional immune responses contribute critically to the progression of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), with macrophages as one of the main cell types involved. (nature.com)
These lattices have been shown to play a major part in the rules of receptor clustering, endocytosis and signaling, therefore controlling important cell functions such as cell transdifferentiation, migration, and fibrogenesis [5,6]. (biotech2012.org)
However, depending on the cell type, galectin-3 can also promote apoptosis, as shown by its involvement in T-cell and neutrophil death [14]. (biotech2012.org)

Moreover, serum from the FOP patient enhanced the levels of ALP, osteocalcin and bone morphogenetic protein-2 mRNA in these cells. (scirp.org)
In human RA synovial tissue, the number of activin A-positive cells as well as its extracellular presence was higher than in the OA synovium. (biomedcentral.com)

Chemicals and Drugs16

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment2

Phenomena and Processes1

Information Science1

Kinase13

Ligand10

Inhibitor5

Genes10

ACVR2A5

Nodal4

Secretion6

Kinases3

Follistatin22

Transmembrane1

Protein and mRNA1

High-affinity1

ALK41

Overexpression1

ACVR1B2

Inhibin6

ACVR1C1

Induces1

Endothelial4

Fibroblast1

Regulates1

BMPs3

Smad6

Inhibit1

Expression16

Cripto1

Cytokines1

Cellular3

Tumor2

Pathway3

Proteins3

ALK21

Intracellular1

Growth and differentiation1

Bind2

Biologically2

Actin1

Gene2

Mutations1

Inhibits1

Cartilage8

Regulation2

Modulate1

Induce1

Transcriptional1

Tissues1

Cell12

Cells2