NEFANonalcoholic fatty lAdiposeInsulinGlycerolHepaticPalmitic acidSynthesisMetabolismLiverLipogenesisLipoproteinsGlucose uptakeMyristic acidNatriuretic peptideSerumAmino acidRuminalBile acidDiabetesLipidMetabolicHypertriglyceridemiaObesityInhibitionRatsTriacylglycerolCompositionConclusionMilkFastingHigherMuscleAtrialPlasma freeHepatocytesResultsBloodEffectsPatientsEnergyDegreesCells
NEFA3
- Outcomes of interest included disease occurrence, culling, mortality, serum concentration of glucose and non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), milk yield (kg/d) and milk components, resumption of cyclicity, time-to-first artificial insemination (AI), conception at first AI, and conception within 150 DIM. (researchsquare.com)
- A fat tolerance test evidenced delayed plasma triglyceride clearance and greater transient availability of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) during the post-prandial state in the apoCIII mice plasma. (biomedcentral.com)
- Transgenic mice overexpressing human apoCIII have marked elevated TG and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels [ 21 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Nonalcoholic fatty l4
- Dysfunction of liver signaling and rate of metabolism causes or predisposes to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and/or type 2 diabetes. (irjs.info)
- Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is highly prevalent and can result in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and progressive liver disease including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. (wjgnet.com)
- An estimated 30% of adults and 10% of children and adolescents in the United States have nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), defined as liver fat content exceeding 5% (Figure 1 )[ 1 - 3 ]. (wjgnet.com)
- Intrahepatic fat deposition has been demonstrated in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). (wjgnet.com)
Adipose7
- Several studies have demonstrated that NAFLD is associated with insulin resistance leading to a resistance in the antilipolytic effect of insulin in the adipose tissue with an increase of free fatty acids (FFAs). (mdpi.com)
- Fasting also promotes lipolysis in adipose tissue to release nonesterified fatty acids which are converted into ketone bodies in the liver though mitochondrial oxidation and ketogenesis. (irjs.info)
- Adipose tissue generates and releases nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs) and glycerol via lipolysis. (irjs.info)
- In lipodystrophy there is insufficient adipose tissue to absorb the postprandial influx of fatty acids, so these fatty acids will again be directed to other tissues. (cambridge.org)
- The Combination of Resveratrol and Quercetin Attenuates Metabolic Syndrome in Rats by Modifying the Serum Fatty Acid Composition and by Upregulating SIRT 1 and SIRT 2 Expression in White Adipose Tissue - Evid Based Complement Alternat Med. (qualitycounts.com)
- Among the peripheral signals that are generated to regulate the uptake of food, signals from adipose tissue are of major relevance and involve the maintenance of energy homeostasis through processes such as lipogenesis, lipolysis, and oxidation of fatty acids. (wjgnet.com)
- We previously hypothesized that apoCIII overexpression would compromise fatty acid delivery to adipose tissues and would thus contribute to resistance to diet-induced obesity, similarly to what was described for overexpression of apoCI [ 15 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Insulin7
- At the molecular and structural level, mitochondrial biogenesis and mitochondrial function are altered in diabetes, as well as in insulin-resistant relatives of type 2 diabetic subjects ( 1 , 2 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- Aberrant energy rate of metabolism in the liver promotes insulin resistance, diabetes, and nonalcoholic fatty liver diseases (NAFLD). (irjs.info)
- Insulin resistance underlies a constellation of adverse metabolic and physiological changes (the insulin resistance syndrome) which is a strong risk factor for development of type 2 diabetes and CHD. (cambridge.org)
- Björntorp , P ( 1994 ) Fatty acids, hyperinsulinemia, and insulin resistance: which comes first? (cambridge.org)
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with obesity, non-insulin dependent diabetes, and hypertriglyceridemia and represents the hepatic manifestation of the metabolic syndrome[ 4 ]. (wjgnet.com)
- Plasma insulin, C-peptide, and proinsulin concentrations in obese and nonobese individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. (nhri.edu.tw)
- Moreover, we hypothesized that these mice would have accumulation of TGs in other tissues, such as the liver or skeletal muscle, resulting in lipotoxicity and metabolic derangements, such as insulin resistance or fatty liver disease. (elifesciences.org)
Glycerol2
- In hepatocytes, free fatty acids are esterified with glycerol-3-phosphate to generate triacylglycerol (TAG). (irjs.info)
- Glucagon does not increase plasma free fatty acid and glycerol concentrations in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. (nhri.edu.tw)
Hepatic2
- Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is marked by hepatic fat accumulation not due to alcohol abuse. (mdpi.com)
- NEFAs are oxidized in hepatic mitochondria through fatty acid oxidation and generate ketone body (ketogenesis). (irjs.info)
Palmitic acid3
- Major constituents of SPE are lauric acid, oleic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid and linoleic acid. (nih.gov)
- Palmitic acid had no effect on specific [(3)H]NMS binding. (nih.gov)
- Similarly, all the fatty acids except palmitic acid inhibited 5alpha-reductase activity, with IC(50) values of 42.1 to 67.6 microg/ml. (nih.gov)
Synthesis5
- Fatty acids provide the acyl skeleton for lipid synthesis. (biomedcentral.com)
- Before entering lipid synthesis pathways, different kinds of acyl-CoA transporters which acts as the major carrier of acyl-CoAs, such as fatty acid binding protein (FABP), sterol carrier protein 2 (SCP2) and acyl-CoA-binding protein (ACBP), would activate and convert fatty acids to fatty acyl-CoA esters via a reaction catalyzed by fatty acyl-CoA synthetase and transported to various metabolic locations [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
- However, the lower energy content of nonstructural carbohydrates compared to fats and a higher risk of rumen acidosis represents a challenge to satisfy the ruminal fermentation that leads to adequate volatile fatty acids (VFA) synthesis and lactogenesis. (researchsquare.com)
- Recently, reports have emerged detailing lipase-catalyzed synthesis of estolides from free hydroxy fatty acids. (mdpi.com)
- Ruminal volatile fatty acid concentration and microbial synthesis were not affected by levels or sources of N in the concentrate. (researchgate.net)
Metabolism3
- Multiple nutrient, hormonal, and neuronal signals have been recognized to regulate glucose, lipid, and amino acid rate of metabolism in the liver. (irjs.info)
- The GH-induced dysregulation of energy related pathways, such as amino acid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, glycolysis and TCA cycle, was revealed. (bvsalud.org)
- It is also involved in the transport of amino acids, the metabolism of toxins and carcinogens, the function of the immune system, the prevention of oxidative cell damage, and the activation of enzymes activation. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
Liver5
- Food is definitely digested in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, and glucose, fatty acids, and amino acids are absorbed into the bloodstream and transported to the liver through the portal vein blood circulation system. (irjs.info)
- In the postprandial state, glucose is definitely condensed into glycogen and/or converted into fatty acids or amino acids in the liver. (irjs.info)
- Leptin and adiponectin can augment the oxidation of fatty acid in liver by activating the nuclear receptor super-family of transcription factors, namely peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α. (wjgnet.com)
- Glutathione (GSH) is a powerful tripeptide antioxidant 1,2 composed of the amino acids cysteine, glutamic acid, and glycine, and is primarily synthesized in the liver. (totalhealthmagazine.com)
- Exceeding the capacity to store TG in adipocytes occurs in obesity and is often accompanied by deposition of TG in other tissues and metabolic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. (elifesciences.org)
Lipogenesis1
- On the other hand, pyruvate is used to CC-5013 novel inhibtior synthesize fatty acids through lipogenesis (Fig. 3). (irjs.info)
Lipoproteins1
- Hyperlipidemia comprises a heterogeneous group of disorders, characterized by high levels in one or more lipids and/or lipoproteins [atherogenic free fatty acids (FA), triglycerides (TG) (hypertriglyceridemia), small dense low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (hypercholesterolemia), and apolipoprotein (apo) B], and/or low level in antiatherogenic high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), in the circulation [ 1 - 3 ]. (hindawi.com)
Glucose uptake1
Myristic acid2
- Also, lauric acid, oleic acid, myristic acid and linoleic acid inhibited specific [(3)H]N-methylscopolamine ([(3)H]NMS) binding in rat brain with IC(50) values of 56.4 to 169 microg/ml. (nih.gov)
- The affinity of oleic acid, myristic acid and linoleic acid for each receptor was greater than the affinity of SPE. (nih.gov)
Natriuretic peptide4
- ANP is closely related to BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) and CNP (C-type natriuretic peptide), which all share a similar amino acid ring structure. (wikipedia.org)
- ANP is secreted in response to: Stretching of the atrial wall, via Atrial volume receptors Increased Sympathetic stimulation of β-adrenoceptors Increased sodium concentration (hypernatremia), though sodium concentration is not the direct stimulus for increased ANP secretion Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor Three types of atrial natriuretic peptide receptors have been identified on which natriuretic peptides act. (wikipedia.org)
- Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP), also known as B-type natriuretic peptide, is a hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricles in response to stretching caused by increased ventricular blood volume. (encyclopedia.pub)
- Serum N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) was lower in the general population with metabolic syndrome (MetS). (biomedcentral.com)
Serum4
- Relationship between serum thyroid hormone concentrations and severity of nonthyroidal illness (NTI). (medscape.com)
- Some authors propose that serum thyroid hormone abnormalities are due to inhibition of thyroid hormone binding to proteins, thus preventing tests from appropriately reflecting free hormone levels. (medscape.com)
- The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between MetS and fasting serum NT-proBNP concentration in elderly persons. (biomedcentral.com)
- Health outcomes, serum metabolite concentrations, and reproductive performance were not affected by the inclusion of RPF. (researchsquare.com)
Amino acid8
- ANP is a 28-amino acid peptide with a 17-amino acid ring in the middle of the molecule. (wikipedia.org)
- The NPPA gene is expressed primarily in atrial myocytes and consists of 2 introns and three exons, with translation of this gene yielding a high molecular mass 151 amino acid polypeptide known as preproANP. (wikipedia.org)
- The preprohormone is activated via post-translational modification that involves cleavage of the 25 amino acid signal sequence to produce proANP, a 126 amino acid peptide that is the major form of ANP stored in intracellular granules of the atria. (wikipedia.org)
- Following stimulation of atrial cells, proANP is released and rapidly converted to the 28-amino-acid C-terminal mature ANP on the cell surface by the cardiac transmembrane serine protease corin. (wikipedia.org)
- The 32-amino acid polypeptide BNP is secreted attached to a 76-amino acid N-terminal fragment in the prohormone called NT-proBNP (BNPT), which is biologically inactive. (encyclopedia.pub)
- BNP is synthesized as a 134-amino acid preprohormone (preproBNP), encoded by the human gene NPPB. (encyclopedia.pub)
- proBNP is subsequently cleaved between arginine-102 and serine-103 by a specific convertase (probably furin or corin) into NT-proBNP and the biologically active 32-amino acid polypeptide BNP-32, which are secreted into the blood in equimolar amounts. (encyclopedia.pub)
- We have identified a cytosolic acyl-CoA binding protein, with highly conserved amino acid residues and a typical acyl-CoA binding domain in N. caninum . (biomedcentral.com)
Ruminal1
- Nonetheless, extensive research has shown that, even at low levels of supplementation, fats decrease the DMI, depress ruminal fiber digestion, and are likely to produce fatty acid isomers that cause milk fat depression [18]. (researchsquare.com)
Bile acid4
- We evaluated the influence of biliopancreatic limb (BPL) length, malabsorption, and bile acid (BA) reflux on esogastric mucosa. (nature.com)
- Yet, no association could be established between the esogastric lesions and malabsorption, weight loss, or gastric bile acid concentrations. (nature.com)
- The bile acid binding was measured using the colorimetric assay. (biomedcentral.com)
- In addition, C3R inhibited the formation of cholesterol micelles and bound to primary and secondary bile acid. (biomedcentral.com)
Diabetes4
- Obesity and type 2 diabetes have been associated with a high-fat diet (HFD) and reduced mitochondrial mass and function. (diabetesjournals.org)
- PGC1α- and PGC1β-responsive OXPHOS genes show reduced expression in the muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes ( 3 , 4 ). (diabetesjournals.org)
- ABSTRACT The Arab world is experiencing an epidemic of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. (who.int)
- There are alarming data related to the rising prevalence of obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in children of Arab ethnicity. (who.int)
Lipid1
- Lipid extraction from ΔNcACBP or the wild-type of N. caninum was analyzed by GC-MS or TLC. (biomedcentral.com)
Metabolic1
- We hypothesized that mice lacking TG storage in adipocytes would result in excess TG storage in cell types other than adipocytes and severe lipotoxicity accompanied by metabolic disease. (elifesciences.org)
Hypertriglyceridemia2
- Hypertriglyceridemia is a common type of dyslipidemia found in obesity. (biomedcentral.com)
- Hypertriglyceridemia is one of the most common types of dyslipidemia found in obesity, together with low HDL levels and the presence of small and dense LDL particles [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Obesity2
- The study included 56 individuals with obesity, of whom 30 individuals underwent Roux-en-Y gastric bypass surgery (RYGB) and twenty-six underwent sleeve gastrectomy (SG). (biomedcentral.com)
- Therefore, the role of apoCIII on adiposity seems to be quite complex because both apoCIII overexpression or disruption results in more severe diet-induced obesity than wild type mice [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
Inhibition1
- An enzyme kinetic study using Michaelis-Menten and the derived Lineweaver-Burk plot was performed to understand the possible types of inhibition. (biomedcentral.com)
Rats1
- On the contrary, BA concentrations were the highest in the residual gastric pouch of OAGB-15 rats. (nature.com)
Triacylglycerol1
- The lipidomic analysis showed that disruption of NcACBP caused no obvious changes in the overall abundance and turnover of fatty acids while knockout resulted in the accumulation of triacylglycerol. (biomedcentral.com)
Composition1
- This deletion did not affect the overall fatty acid composition but modified the abundance of TAG. (biomedcentral.com)
Conclusion1
- CONCLUSION: Raising plasma free fatty acids decreased myocardial PCr/ATP and reduced cognition, which suggests that a high-fat diet is detrimental to heart and brain in healthy subjects. (ox.ac.uk)
Milk4
- Breast milk jaundice is a type of neonatal jaundice associated with breastfeeding. (medscape.com)
- Analyses of plasma folate, RBC folate, plasma homocysteine (HCY), and milk folate concentrations were performed. (avma.org)
- Milk folate concentrations decreased during the first 3 months and then increased. (avma.org)
- References range values for plasma folate, RBC folate, milk folate, and plasma HCY concentrations in healthy lactational mares and young growing foals were determined. (avma.org)
Fasting1
- Today, we go particularly deep into the details of fasting, from the different types of fasting you can use for both health and performance benefits, to the genetic and cellular mechanisms which could play a role in adaptations. (fasttalklabs.com)
Higher2
- Plasma HCY concentration was higher for mares fed the SS supplement, compared with mares fed the FF supplement from foaling to 6 months of lactation. (avma.org)
- Among these, 41 studies were ex- in the release of higher amounts of fatty challenge to Arab governments due to cluded because the samples were not acids into the circulation. (who.int)
Muscle1
- Two recent microarray studies have shown that genes involved in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) exhibit reduced expression levels in the skeletal muscle of type 2 diabetic subjects and prediabetic subjects. (diabetesjournals.org)
Atrial2
- NPPA variants affect plasma ANP concentrations, blood pressure levels, and cardiovascular diseases such as atrial fibrillation (AF). (wikipedia.org)
- The heart secretes two natriuretic peptides, atrial natriuretic peptides (ANP) and B-type natriuretic peptides (BNP). (biomedcentral.com)
Plasma free1
- OBJECTIVE: We tested whether raising plasma free fatty acids by using a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet results in alterations in heart and brain in healthy subjects. (ox.ac.uk)
Hepatocytes1
- Although TGs can also be found in LDs in other cell types (i.e., myocytes, hepatocytes, enterocytes), adipocytes represent by far the major energy depots in mammals. (elifesciences.org)
Results3
- The results suggest that lauric acid and oleic acid bind noncompetitively to alpha(1)-adrenergic, muscarinic and 1,4-DHP calcium channel antagonist receptors. (nih.gov)
- The results showed that C3R was a mixed-type competitive inhibitor of pancreatic lipase with the IC 50 value of 59.4 ± 1.41 μM. (biomedcentral.com)
- Results -Mare plasma folate concentrations declined moderately during 6 months of lactation. (avma.org)
Blood3
- Two additional cell types, both part of the innate immune system, are found within the sinusoids, in direct contact with the blood: a large number of macrophages, called Kupffer cells, and Pit cells, a type of natural killer (NK) cells. (helmberg.at)
- Blood samples for determination of blood lactate and plasma glucose concentrations were collected 1 minute before IET and during the 15 seconds immediately preceding each speed change. (avma.org)
- 0.92) to blood lactate concentration versus speed curves. (avma.org)
Effects1
- BACKGROUND: High-fat, low-carbohydrate diets are widely used for weight reduction, but they may also have detrimental effects via increased circulating free fatty acid concentrations. (ox.ac.uk)
Patients1
- La présente analyse récapitule les facteurs pathologiques majeurs liant l'obésité au diabète, en se concentrant sur les données épidémiologiques actuelles relatives aux patients diabétiques obèses dans le monde arabe, l'étiologie de la maladie et les déterminants génétiques du diabète et de l'obésité. (who.int)
Energy3
- Amino acids are metabolized to provide energy or CC-5013 novel inhibtior CC-5013 novel inhibtior used to synthesize proteins, glucose, and/or additional bioactive molecules. (irjs.info)
- The predominant use of fatty acids as an energy source is perceived. (lupinepublishers.com)
- Consuming less than 20% of energy from fat does not benefit performance, since fat, which is an energy source, a vehicle for fat-soluble vitamins and essential fatty acids, is essential in the diet of athletes [2]. (lupinepublishers.com)
Degrees1
- Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), free T4 (FT4), and free T4 index (FTI) also are affected in variable degrees based on the severity and duration of the NTI. (medscape.com)
Cells1
- The exposure of Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells to 13- L -hydroperoxylinoleic acid (LOOH) caused their death, the degree of which was dependent on the growth phase of the cells. (go.jp)