Type activating transcription factor 6. Medical search. Frequent questions

The sensors correspond to three branches of the UPR, namely protein kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase (PERK), activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6), and inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1) branches. (helsinki.fi)
Instead, we found that ADAM17 induction by severe hypoxia can be mimicked by ER stressors such as Thapsigargin and occurs as a consequence of the activation of the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4 and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arms of UPR in several tumor cell lines. (ox.ac.uk)
Pharmacological activation of the activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6) arm of the unfolded protein response (UPR) has proven useful for ameliorating proteostasis deficiencies in cellular and mouse models of numerous etiologically diverse diseases. (bvsalud.org)
Previous high-throughput screening efforts identified the small molecule AA147 as a potent and selective ATF6 activating compound that operates through a mechanism involving metabolic activation of its 2-amino-p-cresol substructure affording a quinone methide, which then covalently modifies a subset of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) protein disulfide isomerases (PDIs). (bvsalud.org)
kDa glucose-regulated proteins), ATF6 (activating transcription aspect 6 isoform ), IRE1 (inositol-requiring enzyme 1 isoform ), and Benefit (proteins kinase RNA-like endoplasmic reticulum kinase) activate the transcription of many genes involved with both success and apoptosis. (ipa2014.org)
These were: phosphorylated elF2 alpha, Activating transcription factor-4 (ATF4), DNA-damage-inducible transcript 3 (also known as C/EBP homology protein, termed CHOP), X-box binding protein-1 (XBP1), Activating transcription factor-6 (ATF6), GRP78 (glucose-regulated protein, 78kDa) and heme responsive genes heme oxygenase-1 and ferritin. (unideb.hu)

The induction of ATF-3 expression was mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways in GS-002-treated cells. (hindawi.com)
Furthermore, pathway analysis showed that YQRG treatment downregulated the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt (PI3K/AKT) signalling pathways and upregulated other signalling pathways, including those related to peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors(PPAR) and AMP-activated protein kinase(AMPK), with these findings subsequently verified experimentally. (biomedcentral.com)
Recently, we reported that the nucleus-mitochondria positive feedback loop formed by p90 ribosomal S6 kinase (p90RSK) and phosphorylation of S496 on ERK5 (a unique member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase family that is not only a kinase but also a transcriptional co-activator) were vital signaling events that played crucial roles in linking mitochondrial dysfunction, nuclear telomere dysfunction, persistent SASP induction, and atherosclerosis. (oaepublish.com)
We found that during mammary acinar morphogenesis in MCF-10A cells grown in three-dimensional culture, detachment of luminal cells from the basement membrane stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) kinases 3 and 6 (MKK3/6) and p38α signaling to promote anoikis. (elsevierpure.com)

Transcription factor AP-2 alpha is a 52-kD sequence-specific DNA-binding protein that enhances transcription of specific genes by binding to a GC-rich DNA sequence first identified in the cis-regulatory region of SV40 virus DNA and in cis-regulatory regions of a variety of cellular genes. (wikipedia.org)
Using the 6-hydroxydopamine lesion model of Parkinson's disease and differential display PCR, we have identified a set of more than 30 genes whose expression rapidly increases in response to stimulation of striatal dopamine D 1 receptors. (jneurosci.org)
After phosphorylation by JAK tyrosine kinases, STAT1 enters the nucleus to regulate transcription of many different genes. (thermofisher.com)
TRI recruits then, phosphorylates and activates the Smad2/3 transcription elements, which type a complex using the co-Smad and Smad4, and translocate like a complex in to the nucleus to modify transcription of TGF-responsive genes (3). (accessibletech4all.org)
Our genome-wide analysis found 151 NAC transcription factor genes ( PgNAC s) in the pearl millet genome. (biomedcentral.com)
The pearl millet genome contains 151 NAC transcription factor genes that can be classified into 11 groups. (biomedcentral.com)
To cope with these environmental stresses, plants activate defense responses, including the activation of sets of metabolic pathways and genes. (biomedcentral.com)
functional" genes encoding proteins such as late embryogenesis-associated proteins, detoxification enzymes, heat shock proteins and molecular chaperones, which directly protect plants from abiotic stress, and "regulatory" genes encoding proteins such as protein kinases and transcription factors (TFs), which have roles in the perception and transduction of stress signals. (biomedcentral.com)
Transcription factor that binds to the interleukin-6 (il-6)-responsive elements identified in the promoters of various acute-phase protein genes. (lu.se)
Depending on signals from Sonic Hedgehog, the GLI3 protein can either turn on (activate) or turn off (repress) other genes. (medlineplus.gov)

inositol-requiring enzyme 1 (IRE1α), PRKR-like ER kinase (PERK) and activating transcription factor-6 (ATF-6). (spandidos-publications.com)

GS-002 also induced endoplasmic reticular (ER) stress as evidenced by increases in ER stress-responsive proteins including glucose-regulated protein 78 (GRP78), growth arrest- and DNA damage-inducible gene 153 (GADD153), phosphorylated eukaryotic initiation factor 2 α (eIF2 α ), phosphorylated protein endoplasmic-reticular-resident kinase (PERK), and ATF-3. (hindawi.com)
Increased cAMP can activate protein kinase A, which phosphorylates the transcription factor cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB). (jneurosci.org)
To investigate the effect of losartan on vascular remodeling and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway. (ijpsonline.com)
Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to measure the thickness and diameter ratio of the aortic media of mice in each group, Masson staining was used to observe the content of collagen fibers in the aorta of mice in each group, elastic fibers in the aorta of mice in each group were stained, and transforming growth factor-beta and phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway protein expression. (ijpsonline.com)
Losartan has protective effect on aortic wall of rats with aortic dissection, and the mechanism may be through inhibiting transforming growth factor-beta 1 pathway, which activates downstream phosphoinositide 3-kinase/protein kinase B pathway related proteins, and then inhibits the expansion and progression of aortic dissection. (ijpsonline.com)
The stress-activated protein kinase (SAPK) p38 can induce apoptosis, and its inhibition facilitates mammary tumorigenesis. (elsevierpure.com)
Upon ligand binding, the serine/threonine kinase type II TGF- receptor (TRII) affiliates with and phosphorylates the sort I receptor (TRI or ALK5), activating the TRI serine/threonine kinase (2). (accessibletech4all.org)

HCT 116 colon cancer cells were exposed to purvalanol, which activated ER stress via upregulation of PERK, IRE1α gene expression, eIF-2α phosphorylation and ATF-6 cleavage at early time-points in the HCT 116 colon cancer cells. (spandidos-publications.com)

Transcription factor AP-2 alpha (Activating enhancer binding Protein 2 alpha), also known as TFAP2A, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TFAP2A gene. (wikipedia.org)
Activated and released IRE1α acts as an RNase to initiate transcription of XBP1 mRNA and it becomes a transcriptional activator for unfolded protein response (UPR) gene targets, such as BiP and calreticulin ( 10 ). (spandidos-publications.com)
We alter the deficiency by infecting the SFTPB deficient iPSCs with a lentivirus carrying the wild type SFTPB gene. (nature.com)
The reporter was expressed when IRE1 splicing was activated, since the XBP1 intron fragment was fused to the Nano luciferase gene. (helsinki.fi)
STAT1 is activated to regulate gene expression in response to extracellular signaling polypeptides including cytokines, interferons, and growth factors. (thermofisher.com)
ERK1/2 and RSKs phosphorylate transcription factors producing changes in gene expression. (bmj.com)
When the NF-ĸB part of inflammation is activated, it also alters gene transcription. (vitamindwiki.com)
Transcription factors (TFs) are critical for B-cell differentiation, affecting gene expression both by repres- sion and transcriptional activation. (lu.se)
The identified transcription factors influence both the global and specific gene expression of the BCLs and have possible implications for diagnosis and treat- ment. (lu.se)
The host genetic factors are assumed to play a critical role in tuberculosis pathogenesis, through impact on the gene expression of cytokines and chemokines, which are implicated in the host immune response. (cdc.gov)

Damcott CM , Moffett SP, Feingold E, Barmada M, Marshall JA, Hamman RF, Ferrell RE (2003) Genetic variation in fatty acid-binding protein-4 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma interactively influence insulin sensitivity and body composition in males. (umaryland.edu)

AKT proteins also participate in the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling pathway which controls the assembly of the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4E) complex and this pathway, in addition to responding to extracellular signals from growth factors and cytokines, is disregulated in many cancers. (senescence.info)
When administrated to some mammalian cells at the concentration of 1 µM, carnosic acid protects the cellular components ( i.e. lipids, proteins, DNA, RNA) against chemical stressors such as hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ), paraquat (an agrochemical), 6-hydroxydopamine (which is used to induce Parkinson's like disease experimentally), among other toxicants. (databasefootball.com)
At low concentrations, carnosic acid is detected by the cells as a xenobiotic and the Nrf2 transcription factor is activated, leading to an increase in the expression of proteins involved in cytoprotection, as mentioned above. (databasefootball.com)
Acts by specifically binding and stimulating NPR1 to produce cGMP, which in turn activates effector proteins that drive various biological responses. (cusabio.com)
This cross talk is often achieved through covalent modification of proteins by endogenous, reactive metabolites that regulate key stress-responsive transcription factors like NRF2. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we show that AA132 activates global UPR signaling through a mechanism analogous to that of AA147, involving metabolic activation and covalent modification of proteins including multiple PDIs. (bvsalud.org)
These observations together suggest that AA132 can access a larger pool of proteins for covalent modification, possibly because its activated form is less susceptible to quenching than activated AA147. (bvsalud.org)
Accumulation of damaged or misfolded proteins resulted from oxidative protein modification induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress by activating the pathways of unfolded protein response. (unideb.hu)
The NAC domain was deduced from three previously characterized proteins, petunia NAM (no apical meristem), Arabidopsis thaliana ATAF1/2 ( Arabidopsis thaliana activation factor 1/2) and CUC2 (cup-shaped cotyledon) [ 13 , 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
GLI proteins are called transcription factors on the basis of this action. (medlineplus.gov)

Upon ER stress, IRE1 dimerizes and oligomerizes, and its endonuclease domain is activated. (helsinki.fi)
qPCR revealed that the other observed UPR markers were activated as well upon thapsigargin treatment, however, they were not decreased with the treatment with IRE1 specific inhibitors. (helsinki.fi)
Together, the experiments done with cells transfected with CDNF, MANF or MANF mutants, suggested that the tested neurotrophic factors decreased IRE1 oligomerization and its activation. (helsinki.fi)

Recently, it has been found that the majority of PLGG have an activation of the MAPK/ERK pathway throughout various genetic mutations and alterations [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
PLGG presents three major genetic alterations resulting in the activation of the MAPK pathway: NF1 mutation, BRAF fusion and BRAF mutation V600E [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)

Survival factors can suppress apoptosis in a transcription-independent manner by activating AKT1 which then phosphorylates and inactivates components of the apoptotic machinery. (senescence.info)

This allows a complete translation of spliced XBP1 mRNA into a functional protein that acts as a transcription factor. (helsinki.fi)

Interleukin (IL)-6 is a cytokine produced by several cell types including antigen presenting cells (APC) such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and B cells. (nih.gov)
Interleukin (IL)-9-producing subset called Th9 cell, Th22 cells which primarily secrete IL-22, IL-13 and tumor necrosis factor- and Th25 cells via producing IL-25 are believed to be important for initiating allergic reactions and developing airway inflammation. (cdc.gov)
They have high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha, reflecting a chronic inflammatory state. (vitamindwiki.com)
Interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-4 RNA expression was examined in T lamina propria lymphocytes by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. (bmj.com)

An aerosol antigen challenge of an appropriately sensitized asthmatic patient can induce two types of airway responses. (jci.org)
PTPRC/CD45: Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase Receptor Type C, CD45 antigen. (ox.ac.uk)

While intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) has been reported to evoke cellular responses via hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) but without substantial performance benefits in endurance athletes, we hypothesized that repeated sprint training in hypoxia could enhance repeated sprint ability (RSA) performed in normoxia via improved glycolysis and O(2) utilization. (nih.gov)

IL-6 inhibits Th1 differentiation by upregulating supressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS)-1 expression to interfere with IFNgamma signaling and the development of Th1 cells. (nih.gov)
In a late asthmatic response in an allergic mouse model Synta 66 successfully blocked OVA induced mRNA levels of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-5 & IL-6 and cytokine production for exotoxin & IL-6. (docsbay.net)
8- 10 Similarly, the transcriptional mechanisms that underlie the distinct Th1-type cytokine repertoire in CD remain unknown. (bmj.com)
Several studies have clearly demonstrated that distinct cytokine activated signalling and transcription factors regulate the commitment of a naïve T cell along the Th1 or T helper cell type 2 (Th2) phenotype, as well as maintenance of the polarised phenotype. (bmj.com)

Additionally, severe hypoxia and ER stress activated ADAM17 and ectodomain shedding of TNFR1 involving mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and reactive oxygen species (ROS). (ox.ac.uk)
Background The α1-adrenergic receptor (α1AR) agonist phenylephrine (PE), acts via ERK1/2 to phosphorylate (i.e. activate) p90 ribosomal S6 kinases (RSKs). (bmj.com)

ADAM17/tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)-converting enzyme (TACE) has been initially recognized to release TNFα as well as its receptors (TNFRs) from the membrane. (ox.ac.uk)
Succinic anhydride, increased by genetic depletion of the TCA cycle enzyme succinyl-CoA synthetase or by direct administration, results in N-succinylation of lysine 131 of KEAP1 to activate NRF2 signaling. (bvsalud.org)
2003). In a host cell infected by an RNA virus, such dsRNA is present in the form of replication-intermediates (RI), which are synthesized by the virus-encoded RNA-dependent RNA polymerases (RdRp) and subsequently used by the same enzyme to synthesize more genomic RNA, through asymmetric transcription (Weber et al. (datexis.com)
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors, angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs), and calcium channel blockers, rather than beta-adrenergic blockers, should be considered as first-line therapy for hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are obese. (medscape.com)

Transient overexpression of UBCv1 impaired activation of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors induced by several agonists of these pathways. (mdpi.com)
This is followed by IFN signaling and expression or activation of factors that target the inducer for degradation or modification like OAS/ribonuclease L (RNaseL) system, APOBEC3, MCPIP1, the ZC3HAV1/exosome system and RNAi pathways (Gao et al. (datexis.com)

We summarize current knowledge of viral factors that determine host range restriction and pathogenicity of influenza A viruses. (cdc.gov)
Of the 3 types of influenza viruses (A, B, and C), only influenza A viruses are established in animals other than humans. (cdc.gov)
The epithelial cells of pig trachea contain both types of SAs and both types of linkages ( 4 ), which likely explains the high susceptibility of these animals to both human and avian influenza viruses ( 5 ). (cdc.gov)
Reverse Genetics for Peste des Petits Ruminants Virus: Current Status and Lessons to Learn from Other Non-segmented Negative-Sense RNA Viruses[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2018, 33(6): 472-483. (virosin.org)

By immunoblotting with antibodies for phosphorylated (i.e. activated) RSKs, we confirmed that NL-RSKs were inactive in serum-starved cells, and activated following treatment with epidermal growth factor. (bmj.com)

Further studies showed that UASR1 activated AKT and AKT-mediated mTOR signaling pathway to stimulate cell proliferation and growth. (jcancer.org)

Although purvalanol-induced cell cycle arrest and apoptotic cell death were demonstrated in prostate ( 5 ), breast ( 6 ) and colon cancer cells ( 7 ), the exact molecular mechanism of purvanol-induced apoptosis has not been elucidated yet. (spandidos-publications.com)
IL-6 activates transcription mediated by nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) leading to production of IL-4 by nai;ve CD4(+) T cells and their differentiation into effector Th2 cells. (nih.gov)
On the other hand, ATF-3 is rapidly induced in cells treated with growth stimulators such as serum and growth factors [ 20 ]. (hindawi.com)
Previous studies have found that DIM can improve type 2 diabetes by enhancing glucose uptake through the activation of insulin signaling in 3T3-L1 cells, and by lowering the plasma glucose levels in high-fat-diet-fed obese mice [13, 14]. (researchgate.net)
Type 1 diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disease resulting from the destruction of insulinproducing β cells in the pancreas, that leads to hyperglycemia [1,2,20]. (researchgate.net)
Surfactant is produced by alveolar type II cells which can be differentiated in vitro from patient specific induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived lung organoids. (nature.com)
Alveolar type II (ATII) epithelial cells synthesize, secrete and recycle all components of surfactant and dysfunction in surfactant metabolism can result in a variety of pediatric lung diseases including respiratory distress syndrome and interstitial lung disease 3 . (nature.com)
Our results demonstrate that 1-dSLs differentially activate signaling arms of the unfolded protein response (UPR) in photoreceptor cells and Müller glia. (bvsalud.org)
Here, we investigated this dichotomy in vivo by examining two cell types in the developing Caenorhabditis elegans somatic gonad that derive from equipotent progenitors, but exhibit distinct cell behaviors: the post-mitotic, invasive anchor cell and the neighboring proliferative, non-invasive ventral uterine (VU) cells. (elifesciences.org)
Transcription of nhr-67 is downregulated following post-translational degradation of its direct upstream regulator, HLH-2 (E/Daughterless) in VU cells. (elifesciences.org)
however, the activating ability of antiestrogens is observed only in some cells, highlighting the important role of cell-specific factors in ligand interpretation. (eurekamag.com)
These ligand activity inversion mutants remain stable in cells in the presence of the antiestrogen ICI 164,384, as does a related ER mutant receptor that shows the normal, wild type ER ligand activity profile in which ICI 164,384 is transcriptionally inactive. (eurekamag.com)
In coeliac disease (CD) mucosa, the histological lesion is associated with marked infiltration of T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cells. (bmj.com)
We still do not know what specific factors contribute to the success in transplantation i.e. what cells are responsible for motor recovery? (lu.se)
Our objective is to identify the cells and factors that are essential in the engineering process. (lu.se)

Activating transcription factor-(ATF-) 3, a stress-inducible transcription factor, is rapidly upregulated under various stress conditions and plays an important role in inducing cancer cell apoptosis. (hindawi.com)
However, resistance to apoptosis is considered to be a characteristic of several types of cancers. (hindawi.com)
Some lncRNAs affect the growth and development of breast cancer by regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis, and others are involved in invasion and metastasis and drug resistance of breast cancer [ 6 ]. (jcancer.org)
p53 is a transcription factor that participates in cell cycle checkpoint processes and apoptosis. (lu.se)

Insulin resistance is a major metabolic feature of obesity and is a key factor in the etiology of a number of diseases, including type 2 diabetes. (jci.org)

Phosphorylation of additional residues also occurs, for example, in response to insulin growth factor-1 and epidermal growth factor. (senescence.info)

Although hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) was important to maintain basal ADAM17 mRNA levels during moderate hypoxia, it was not sufficient to induce ADAM17 levels under severe hypoxia. (ox.ac.uk)
Many important questions remain however regarding factors which induce and maintain Th1 cell polarisation in CD. (bmj.com)

The same pathway is also activated in plexiform neurofibromas (PNs) which are low-grade tumors involving peripheral nerves in patients with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). (biomedcentral.com)

However, if the UPR is activated continuously for a long time, the apoptotic pathway will be triggered, and the cell will die. (helsinki.fi)
Existing studies have shown that there is crossover between Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone (RAAS) signaling pathway and TGF-β pathway, but little is known about whether ARB drug losartan can block Angiotensin-II (Ang-II) signaling pathway, inhibit the activation of Transforming Growth Factor- Beta (TGF-β) pathway, and regulate vascular remodeling. (ijpsonline.com)
In response to DNA-damaging agents, the wild-type p53-activated fragment 1 (WAF1 also known as p21) is an important downstream effector in the p53-specific growth arrest pathway. (lu.se)

In tumor tissues, lncRNAs are markedly deregulated and pervasively involved in development and progression of cancers [ 6 - 8 ]. (jcancer.org)
both E2F1 and c-Myc are stimulating factors of H19 expression, and the H19 lncRNA functions as a downstream effector of c-Myc and E2F1 in tumor development and progression [ 11 ]. (jcancer.org)

On the Centenary of the Spanish Flu: Being Prepared for the Next Pandemic[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2018, 33(6): 463-466. (virosin.org)
The Era of Immune Checkpoint Therapy: From Cancer to Viral Infection-A Mini Comment on the 2018 Medicine Nobel Prize[J]. Virologica Sinica, 2018, 33(6): 467-471. (virosin.org)

Since IL-6 is abundantly produced by APC, it is a likely source of early Th1/Th2 control during CD4(+) T cell activation. (nih.gov)
It has been found that certain mutational changes in the activation function-2 region in the hormone-binding domain of the human ER result in ligand activity inversion mutants, i.e. receptors that are now activated by antiestrogen and inhibited by estrogen. (eurekamag.com)
The NAC [NAM (No Apical Meristem), ATAF1 ( Arabidopsis thaliana Activation Factor 1), and CUC2 (Cup-shaped Cotyledon)] transcription factor family is one of the largest transcription factor families in plants. (biomedcentral.com)

TGF- elicits its mobile effects via relationship with three cell surface area receptors, the sort I, II and III changing development factor-beta ST3932 receptors (TRs). (accessibletech4all.org)
The introduction of two additional amino acid changes close to 540 results in receptors that are still not activated by estradiol but are now able to distinguish between partial antiestrogens (which remain agonistic) and pure antiestrogens (which show a greatly reduced stimulatory activity). (eurekamag.com)

In patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who are overweight or obese, antidiabetic medications that have additional actions to promote weight loss (such as glucagon-like peptide-1 [GLP-1] analogs or sodium-glucose-linked transporter-2 [SGLT-2] inhibitors) are suggested, in addition to the first-line agent for type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, metformin. (medscape.com)
In obese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who require insulin therapy, at least one of the following is suggested: metformin, pramlintide, or GLP-1 agonists to mitigate associated weight gain due to insulin. (medscape.com)
20% of children in the USA are obese [6]. (who.int)

While the induction of Th2 differentiation by IL-6 is dependent upon endogenous IL-4, inhibition of Th1 differentiation by IL-6 is IL-4- and NFAT-independent. (nih.gov)
A key step in this is thought to be via the transcription factor NFAT which in turn can be activated though Ca2+ release-activated Ca2+ (CRAC) channelsThe aim of this work was to investigate the role of CRAC in clinical and pre-clinical models of allergic asthma. (docsbay.net)

[ 6 ] The Pediatric Haemato-Oncology Italian Association has issued guidelines on diagnosis and management of acquired aplastic anemia in childhood. (medscape.com)

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes) is characterized by hyperglycemia caused by an insulin deficiency. (researchgate.net)

however, this compound showed less transcriptional selectivity, instead globally activating all three arms of the UPR. (bvsalud.org)
This valuable data study presents convincing data that expression of the C. elegans transcription factor NHR-67 is sufficient to drive an invasive fate, and that the alternative proliferative fate is associated with NHR-67 transcriptional down-regulation. (elifesciences.org)

Otherwise, carnosic acid is a potent activator of the nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) protein, a transcription factor found in an inactive form in the cytosol bound to Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1). (databasefootball.com)

Transient transfection of intracellular Notch1 (Notch1-IC) into a pre-B cell line resulted in the down-regulation of EBF-regulated promoters and diminished the capacity of EBF to activate these promoters in an epithelial cell line. (lu.se)

Here, we show that mice with macrophage-selective ablation of GRP78 (Lyz- GRP78(-/-)) are protected from skeletal muscle insulin resistance without changes in obesity compared with wild-type mice after 9 wk of high-fat diet. (umassmed.edu)
GRP78-deficient macrophages demonstrated adapted UPR with up-regulation of activating transcription factor (ATF)-4 and M2-polarization markers. (umassmed.edu)
Diet-induced adipose tissue inflammation was reduced, and bone marrow-derived macrophages from Lyz- GRP78(-/-) mice demonstrated a selective increase in IL-6 expression. (umassmed.edu)
4-fold in Lyz- GRP78(-/-) mice, and IL-6 stimulated the myocyte expression of IL-13 and IL-13 receptor. (umassmed.edu)
Taken together, our data indicate that GRP78 deficiency activates UPR by increasing ATF-4, and promotes M2-polarization of macrophages with a selective increase in IL-6 secretion. (umassmed.edu)

IL-6 promotes Th2 differentiation and simultaneously inhibits Th1 polarization through two independent molecular mechanisms. (nih.gov)
Thus, by using two independent molecular mechanisms, IL-6 plays a dual role in Th1/Th2 differentiation. (nih.gov)

Tam-treatment (7 d) significantly increased diastolic (d) or systolic (s) left ventricular (LV) posterior wall (PW) thickness (16%) in transgenic, not wild-type (WT) mice indicating that enhanced NL-RSK1 alone promotes hypertrophy. (bmj.com)

In particular, we focus on the hypothesis that the macrophage is an important cell type in the propagation of inflammation and induction of insulin resistance in obesity. (jci.org)
Nonetheless, it is likely that any genetic component must interact with environmental factors in order for insulin resistance to develop into a pathophysiologically meaningful abnormality. (jci.org)
2. Type 1.5, glycotoxic (sugar-toxic, " sweet , a mixed subtype: This is an in-between subtype that involves both inflammation and atrophy processes, due to insulin resistance and glucose-induced inflammation. (vitamindwiki.com)
The first-line insulin for this type of patient should be basal insulin. (medscape.com)

My laboratory studies the genetics and molecular basis of complex diseases including obesity, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. (umaryland.edu)
The ReCODE protocol evaluates 150 different variables, including biochemistry, genetics and historical imaging, to determine which factors are most likely driving the disease. (vitamindwiki.com)

There is now little doubt that in coeliac disease (CD) the histological lesion is associated with a predominant T helper cell type 1 (Th1) cell response. (bmj.com)

The major risk factors include chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection, chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, environmental carcinogens such as aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), alcoholic cirrhosis, and inherited genetic disorder such as hemochromatosis, Wilson's disease, and tyrosinemia. (hindawi.com)
Hypertension, physical trauma, smoking, previous cardiac surgery, male sex and genetic diseases are risk factors for AD[ 2 ]. (ijpsonline.com)
Although many people with schizophrenia do not have a family history, genetic factors are strongly implicated. (msdmanuals.com)

Recent studies have found that losartan can delay the occurrence and development of AD and aneurysm[ 6 ], but its mechanism remains unclear. (ijpsonline.com)

1- 5 Moreover, we have previously shown that the Th1 cell response in fetal gut explants results in villous atrophy and crypt cell hyperplasia, 6, 7 thus supporting the role of local Th1 cell inflammation in promoting CD associated tissue damage. (bmj.com)

Growing evidence demonstrates that various cancer treatment modalities, including chemotherapy, radiation therapy, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, hormone therapy, stem cell or bone marrow transplant, and surgery [ 3 - 5 ] , cause premature senescence, as reviewed elsewhere [ 6 - 8 ] . (oaepublish.com)

AP-2 alpha also functions as a master regulator of multiple transcription factors in the mouse liver. (wikipedia.org)
Current treatment modalities for liver fibrosis mainly focus on eliminating the risk factors that are known to progressively develop into end-stage liver fibrosis, and treatment of end-stage liver fibrosis mainly involves liver transplantation, which carries the risk of trauma and rejection. (biomedcentral.com)
The need for TRIII is apparent from the embryonic lethality of TRIII knockout mice at day time 16.6, because of center ST3932 and liver organ developmental problems (6,7), and an important part in chick center development (8). (accessibletech4all.org)
In the US, the most common types of viral hepatitis are hepatitis A, B, and C. While each can produce similar symptoms, each hepatitis virus affects the liver differently, has different routes of transmission and infection, and typically affects different populations. (cdc.gov)

[ 6 ] or because signs and symptoms are not always evident, due to dietary restrictions (see Presentation and Differential Diagnosis). (medscape.com)
1. Type 1 , inflammatory ( "hot" ) Alzheimer's: Patients present predominantly inflammatory symptoms. (vitamindwiki.com)
One or more episodes of symptoms must last ≥ 6 months before the diagnosis is made. (msdmanuals.com)

IL-6 is involved in the acute phase response, B cell maturation, and macrophage differentiation. (nih.gov)
The late-phase response peaks 4-6 hours after exposure and can cause prolonged symptomatology. (jci.org)
3. Type 2, atrophic or " cold "Alzheimer's: This is classified as patients presenting an atrophic response. (vitamindwiki.com)
Patients with severe asthma may have neutrophilic airway inflammation and skew towards a more Th1 type response [6] characterised by the production of cytokines such as IFNγ and IL-2. (docsbay.net)
Although highly preliminary, the findings suggest that different tumor biological factors may predict response to different chemotherapy regimens with distinct mechanisms of action. (lu.se)
The results of our phenotype analysis also indicate that it is more likely that a panel of tumor biological factors instead of only one single factor may be needed for better prediction of chemotherapy response. (lu.se)

6 Center for Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine, The University of Texas Health Science Center of Houston, TX 77030, USA. (oaepublish.com)

Anatomy17

Organisms8

Chemicals and Drugs136

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment23

Phenomena and Processes71

Disciplines and Occupations1

Information Science4

ATF66

Mitogen-activa4

Genes10

Inositol-requir1

Kinase7

PERK1

Gene10

Peroxisome proli1

Proteins10

IRE13

MAPK2

Phosphorylates1

XBP11

Interleukin4

Antigen2

Reported to evoke1

Cytokine4

Kinases2

Enzyme4

Pathways2

Viruses4

Antibodies1

MTOR1

Cells15

Apoptosis4

Metabolic1

Epidermal growth1

Induce2

Tumors1

Pathway3

Progression2

20182

Activation3

Receptors2

Obese3

NFAT2

Pediatric1

Diabetes mellitus1

Transcriptional2

Nrf21

Promoters1

GRP785

Molecular mechanisms2

Promotes1

Insulin4

Genetics2

Lesion1

Genetic3

Mechanism1

Atrophy1

Senescence1

Liver4

Symptoms3

Response6

Stem Cell1