• Type 2, on the other hand, stems from insulin resistance, where the body may make enough insulin at first but cannot use it properly to ferry glucose to the cells. (everydayhealth.com)
  • This condition is called hypoglycemia , and it's officially defined as a blood glucose level of below 70 milligrams per deciliter (mg/dL). (healthline.com)
  • It can't store or manufacture its own energy supply, so in the event your glucose level drops, your brain may be affected by the hypoglycemia. (healthline.com)
  • Glucose can build up in your bloodstream and may reach dangerously high levels ( hyperglycemia ). (healthline.com)
  • In the event you take too much insulin relative to the amount of glucose in your bloodstream, you may experience a blood sugar level drop, which can result in hypoglycemia. (healthline.com)
  • Another possible cause: If you take your diabetes medication or give yourself an insulin injection, but you don't eat as much as you should (taking in less glucose) or exercise too much (using up glucose), you may also experience a drop in blood glucose. (healthline.com)
  • Lowblood glucose (hypoglycemia). (healthline.com)
  • Metformin hydrochloride is an antihyperglycemic agent that improves glucose tolerance in patients with type 2 diabetes, lowering both basal and postprandial plasma glucose. (nih.gov)
  • Hyperglycemia is the medical term for abnormally high blood glucose levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic syndrome is a serious complication of diabetes, in which chronically high blood glucose levels trigger severe dehydration . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Chronic hyperglycemia may occur in people who have difficulty controlling their blood glucose levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Hypoglycemia is the medical term for abnormally low blood glucose levels. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Many people with type 2 diabetes are able to recognize the symptoms of hypoglycemia and take evasive action by consuming glucose-containing foods or beverages. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • 81 subjects with diabetes on continuous glucose monitoring were divided into two groups according to the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. (hindawi.com)
  • The levels of HbA1c and fasting glucose and the magnitude of dawn phenomenon were significantly higher in the diabetes group with poor sleep quality than that with good sleep quality. (hindawi.com)
  • 2 ]. By using a continuous glucose monitoring system, dawn phenomenon could be determined by the difference between nocturnal nadir and prebreakfast glucose levels [ 2 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • Furthermore, fasting glucose levels are one of the most important targets in the management of type 2 diabetes, and these can be affected by the dawn phenomenon. (hindawi.com)
  • Sleep disorder is associated with insulin resistance and impaired glucose tolerance in multiple metabolic pathways in healthy subjects or in subjects with diabetes [ 6 ]. (hindawi.com)
  • and (3) access to a diabetes coaching team for questions, goal setting, and automated support for abnormal glucose excursions. (jmir.org)
  • These findings suggest that access to a connected glucose meter and certified diabetes educator coaching is associated with a decrease in the likelihood of abnormal glucose excursions, which can lead to diabetes-related health care savings. (jmir.org)
  • A quick-acting carbohydrate such as glucose tabs or a juice box should be always kept in the classroom or kept with the student at all times to swiftly treat hypoglycemia. (diabetes.org)
  • However, treatment with common therapies such as insulin or insulinotrophic sulphonylureas (SU), while effective in reducing hyperglycaemia, may impose a greater risk of hypoglycaemia, as neither therapy is self-regulated by ambient blood glucose concentrations. (nih.gov)
  • AIM: We aimed to examine the effect of Ramadan fasting on interstitial glucose control and variability before, during, and after Ramadan in type 2 diabetes patients receiving insulin therapy. (lu.se)
  • No significant changes were observed in the average glucose level, glucose management indicator, time in range, time in hyperglycemia, or time in hypoglycemia at any time point. (lu.se)
  • CONCLUSIONS: Ramadan fasting in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes is associated with an initial increase in glucose variability that quickly returned to pre-Ramadan levels. (lu.se)
  • In both types of Diabetes, glucose can't get into the cells normally. (familyeducation.com)
  • Even though both Type 1 and type 2 diabetes can result in high blood sugar and the subsequent problems out-of-control glucose levels can cause, these insulin-related issues are not identical diseases. (familyeducation.com)
  • GCK-MODY is characterized by asymptomatic non-progressing mild fasting hyperglycemia with low post-prandial glucose excursions from birth, is not associated with vascular complications and does not require treatment. (orpha.net)
  • Three-hour data in the 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (75g-OGTT) repeatedly showed normoinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. (bmj.com)
  • His diabetic disorder was based on a delayed insulin secretory response to hyperglycaemia and daily excessive intake of glucose from a high caloric diet and soft drinks. (bmj.com)
  • Babies and small children with type 1 diabetes will have different goal ranges of blood glucose levels than older children. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • Low blood sugar condition or Hypoglycemia occurs when blood glucose levels fall below 70 mg/DL. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • Although patients with longer duration of diabetes had higher mean knowledge scores, they also had higher fasting blood glucose levels. (who.int)
  • People who have type 2 diabetes have a hard time using glucose (sugar) from food for energy. (kidshealth.org)
  • The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has extended its approval of the MiniMed 670G system (Medtronic) hybrid closed-looped system for glucose measurement and insulin delivery (so-called artificial pancreas) to include 7 to 13 year olds with type 1 diabetes. (medscape.com)
  • In a patient with Type II diabetes, insulin may be produced and able to attach to receptor cells but glucose is unable to move into the cell to be used. (123helpme.com)
  • Inadequate secretion of insulin results on impaired metabolism of glucose, carbohydrates, proteins and fats which then result to hyperglycemia and glycosuria. (123helpme.com)
  • Background: Poor glycaemic control with erratic blood glucose levels manifesting as recurrent hyperglycaemia with unpredictable episodes of hypoglycaemia is problem still faced today in daily practice. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • Despite being on insulin (38% of type 2 diabetes patients who require insulin treatment after 10 years) and type 1 diabetes patients continue to have fluctuing glucose concentration. (endocrine-abstracts.org)
  • The hormone insulin is supposed to escort glucose into the cells of the body, but in diabetes, either the body doesn't make insulin (type 1) or it doesn't make enough or use it efficiently (type 2). (healthyplace.com)
  • Problems with insulin and glucose help explain how diabetes affects the brain. (healthyplace.com)
  • Glucose is the brain's main energy source, and both hyper- and hypoglycemia can cause harm. (healthyplace.com)
  • 2-4 Guidelines recommend a target glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA 1c ) of 7% or less, but a large number of patients fail to meet this target and, as of yet, no ideal pharmacological blood glucose-lowering agent exists. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Treatment with traditional glucose-lowering therapies, including metformin, sulphonylureas and insulin, is commonly limited by gastrointestinal side effects, weight gain and hypoglycaemia. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Hypoglycaemia occurs when the blood glucose level is too low that it falls below 70 mg/dl (4.0 mmol/l). (hellotype1.com)
  • However, if the situation makes it impossible or inconvenient to quickly check the blood glucose, it's important to treat the hypoglycaemia immediately to prevent symptoms from getting worse. (hellotype1.com)
  • It's important to discuss the signs and symptoms of low blood glucose with those affected with Type 1 Diabetes. (hellotype1.com)
  • 5. How to treat low blood glucose level (Hypoglycaemia)? (hellotype1.com)
  • An elevated blood glucose level is called hyperglycemia and a deficient blood glucose level is called hypoglycemia. (loinc.org)
  • Keeping blood glucose levels under control is the goal of all treatments for people with type 2 diabetes. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Some argue that they should aim to keep blood glucose about or slightly above normal, and thereby avoid the risks of too low blood glucose, what doctors call hypoglycaemia. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Others think patients should use a more intensive control that keeps blood glucose at the lower levels seen in non-diabetic people so that they avoid the risks associated with having too much blood glucose - hyperglycaemia. (medicalxpress.com)
  • With the numbers of people in the world with type 2 diabetes increasing, it is important that we work out the best way of helping them to manage their blood glucose levels," says Hemmingsen. (medicalxpress.com)
  • MATERIALS AND METHODS: FoxM1 deficiency was induced specifically in ß-cells of 8-week-old mice, followed by analyzing its short- (2 weeks) and long- (10 months) term effects on ß-cell proliferation, ß-cell mass, and glucose tolerance. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diabetes is a disease in which your blood glucose, or blood sugar , levels are too high. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Those targets were based on experience with severe hypoglycemia in a distant era," Dr. Laffel said, noting that modern technology such as insulin analogs, insulin pumps, and continuous glucose monitoring now allow for tighter control with less risk for hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
  • The new statement says that "regardless of age, individuals may require 10 or more strips daily to monitor for hypoglycemia, assess insulin needs prior to eating, and determine if their blood glucose levels [are] safe enough for overnight sleeping. (medscape.com)
  • It also gives level A evidence that continuous glucose monitoring "is a useful tool to reduce HbA 1c levels in adults without increasing hypoglycemia and can reduce glycemic excursions in children. (medscape.com)
  • 2) anthropometric assessment and 4) application of a questionnaire with questions about problems of blood glucose measurements, diet plan and insulin application. (bvsalud.org)
  • Diabetes Mellitus is a metabolic disorder that occurs by several factors and is characterized by high level of glucose in the blood, which can occur as a result of the autoimmune destruction of pancreatic β cells, gradually resulting in disability or partial absolute insulin in the body, or by tissue resistance to insulin action, which in both cases can lead to macro-and microvascular complications 1-2 . (bvsalud.org)
  • Because these signs aren't specific to hypoglycemia, it's important that you measure your blood sugar level when these symptoms occur if you're diabetic. (healthline.com)
  • Yes, opioids can negatively affect a type 2's diabetic condition. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • So it's important to distinguish between people with diabetes who take a prescribed opioid to control the pain generated by diabetic neuropathy or the effects of obesity, and people who have become addicted to opioids and use them to produce an altered state of consciousness. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a serious complication of diabetes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Ozempic Diabetes Medicine At that time, I wrote to ask them to use the existing international The cod new diabetic nerve pain medicine method is sent. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • You might as well read hypoglycemia management bio medicine for diabetic it as if you are playing cards put them in groups and arrange them in sequence. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • Although there is no way to fully understand what a type 2 diabetic goes through on a daily basis, learning as much as you can about the condition is a good place to start. (swee2ooth.com)
  • When caring for someone with type 2 diabetes, you can encourage healthy eating by planning meals and snacks that are diabetic-friendly without sacrificing tastiness. (swee2ooth.com)
  • None of the study patients had serious device-related adverse events, severe hypoglycemia, or diabetic ketoacidosis. (medscape.com)
  • A Diabetic coma occurs when a person with Type Two Diabetes becomes very ill or severely dehydrated and is not able to drink enough fluids to make up for the fluid losses. (123helpme.com)
  • Hyperglycemia is the most frequently observed sign of diabetes and is considered the etiologic source of diabetic complications both in the body and in the eye. (123helpme.com)
  • Insulin resistance is the main underlying problem of type 2 diabetic patients. (dibesity.com)
  • Women with type 2 diabetes are more likely than non-diabetic women to have high blood pressure. (dibesity.com)
  • When taking insulin or other diabetic treatments, people with diabetes run the risk of having excessively low blood sugar . (dibesity.com)
  • Diabetes itself does not cause changes in personality or psychiatric illness, but particular subgroups of the diabetic population appear to be at risk for developing psychosocial problems. (cdc.gov)
  • Type 2 diabetes, a form of diabetes mellitus, is likely one of the better-known chronic diseases in the world - and it makes sense that this would be the case. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Whether you already suspect your child has Diabetes or you just want to learn more about the risks of Type 1 and Type 2, read on for more info on this chronic condition. (familyeducation.com)
  • Type 1 diabetes is a life-threatening chronic condition requiring continuous and life-long management that can be stressful for patients and their caregivers," FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb, MD, echoed in an FDA press release. (medscape.com)
  • The diabetes severity score parameters included the number of oral hypoglycemic agents (≥ 3), insulin use, diabetes duration (≥ 5 years), and the presence of chronic kidney disease (CKD) or cardiovascular disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Chronic hyperglycemia stresses the brain, damages nerve cells, and harms both large and small blood vessels. (healthyplace.com)
  • Three of the most common chronic diseases seen in skilled nursing centers are diabetes, heart disease/stroke, and cancer. (providermagazine.com)
  • Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) is a chronic degenerative disease with high impact on the lives of children and adolescents. (bvsalud.org)
  • In addition to the classic symptoms of diabetes, can result in acute and chronic complications. (bvsalud.org)
  • Like other chronic illnesses, diabetes mellitus poses a wide range of problems for patients and their family members. (cdc.gov)
  • Blood sugar measurement is also typically included in routine lab work for people without diabetes - your physician will usually order a glycated hemoglobin test , which measures your average blood sugar over the past two to three months. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • What Updates Are in the 2023 American Association of Clinical Endocrinology Type 2 Diabetes Algorithm? (medscape.com)
  • 16(2): 5031-5041, 2023. (bvsalud.org)
  • It has been estimated that around 80% of cases are misdiagnosed as type 1 or type 2 diabetes, thus complicating prevalence and incidence estimations. (orpha.net)
  • Despite the increasing prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) in the Kingdom of Tonga, little is known of non-communicable disease experiences among adults living in this location. (biomedcentral.com)
  • 7 The increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes, in combination with limitations of current therapies, has led to the search for newer alternatives. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • According to data from the SEARCH for Diabetes in Youth study, the overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes among American youths aged 10-19 years rose by 35% between 2001 and 2009 (from 0.34 per 1000 to 0.46 per 1000). (medscape.com)
  • The greatest increase in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes from 2001 to 2009 was observed in Hispanic youths (from 0.45 per 1000 to 0.79 per 1000), followed by blacks (from 0.95 per 1000 to 1.06 per 1000), and whites (from 0.14 per 1000 to 0.17 per 1000). (medscape.com)
  • [ 2 ] There were no significant changes in prevalence for either American Indians or Asian Pacific Islanders. (medscape.com)
  • The prevalence of hyperglycemia during pregnan- use of their data by signing the Free Consent Term and cy has always been high during the last decades, reaching then interviewed. (bvsalud.org)
  • Young people with insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) may have a higher prevalence of eating disorders, such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia, and adults with longstanding diabetes and major medical complications have a higher prevalence of symptoms of depression and anxiety. (cdc.gov)
  • Review of the questionnaire will help you learn how often the patient is experiencing symptomatic and asymptomatic hypoglycemia and ensure the patient is aware of how to appropriately treat hypoglycemia. (endocrine.org)
  • The hyperglycemic intrauterine space causes fifty-eight puerperas with hyperglycemia during pregnan- epigenetic changes in the offspring2-4. (bvsalud.org)
  • In this article, we outline some potential complications of diabetes. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Thinking about the long-term complications of Diabetes is scary for a parent. (familyeducation.com)
  • Vascular complications of diabetes are observed with a similar frequency to type 1 or type 2 diabetes. (orpha.net)
  • It will include information about diabetes medication and their side effects, healthy eating, exercise, and complications of diabetes. (who.int)
  • The 1982 publication of The Prevention and Treatment of Five Complications of Diabetes: A Guide for Primary Care Practitioners was an initial attempt to provide straightforward and practical information that primary care practitioners could immediately apply in their practice in the diagnosis and prevention of complications of diabetes. (cdc.gov)
  • The scope of the present revised edition has been broadened to cover nine complications of diabetes, and the recommendations for the previous five. (cdc.gov)
  • The recommendations relate to the prevention, detection, and treatment of the major complications of diabetes. (cdc.gov)
  • Among those individuals with diabetes, 8.5 million don't even know they have it, and an increasing number of young people are being diagnosed with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes. (everydayhealth.com)
  • At the root of type 2 diabetes is insulin resistance, and before you receive a type 2 diabetes diagnosis, you may be diagnosed with prediabetes. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Having prediabetes puts you at a higher risk of getting type 2 diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Low C-Reactive Protein is seen in HNF1A-MODY and neonatal hypoglycaemia and macrosomia are reported in babies with HNF4A-MODY. (orpha.net)
  • GDM is associated with increased maternal and infant complications, including infant macrosomia, birth trauma, hypoglycemia, and cesarean section. (cdc.gov)
  • One study revealed that an earlier diabetes diagnosis may increase the risk of health complications, including heart disease and certain types of cancer . (everydayhealth.com)
  • Whether you've been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes or have a family history of the disease, this condition and the risk for health complications that may come with it can be scary. (everydayhealth.com)
  • If you have one or more risk factors for type 2 diabetes and notice any of these signs, it's a good idea to call your doctor, as you may have type 2 diabetes. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Pregnancy in Patients with Type One Diabetes Mellitus Treated with Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion-Preconception Basal Insulin Dose as a Potential Risk Factor for Fetal Overgrowth? (mdpi.com)
  • People who take insulin to control their diabetes are at increased risk of hypoglycemia . (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The program is sponsored by at-risk self-insured employers, health plans and provider organizations where it is free to members with diabetes or it is available directly to the person with diabetes where they cover the cost. (jmir.org)
  • hence minimization of hypoglycaemia risk is clinically advantageous. (nih.gov)
  • While the exact cause of Type 1 Diabetes is still unknown, it's believed that the disease results from a combination of genetic and environmental risk factors, according to the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Disorders (NIDDK). (familyeducation.com)
  • Although de novo mutations can arise, cascade screening of family members is essential to ensure that those with diabetes get the correct diagnostic label and those at risk of inheriting the mutation are tested for diabetes and/or consider predictive genetic testing. (orpha.net)
  • For example, the single-autoantibody-positive stage generally has a significantly lower of risk of progression [ 12 ] and as such is not considered as the earliest stage of type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • SOLVED] Diabetes mellitus types 1 and 2 share some risk factors and clinical complications such as hyperglycemia. (nursinghomeworkhelp24.com)
  • These resources will assist the provider in assessing episodes of hypoglycemia, risk factors associated with hypoglycemia, and a patient's confidence in addressing hypoglycemia. (endocrine.org)
  • Infographic that reviews risk factors for hypoglycemia, the importance of individualized A1c goals, socioeconomic considerations in caring for patients with diabetes, topics for improved patient support, and additional resources to offer to patients. (endocrine.org)
  • Foldable pocket guide that includes key elements of the VA/DoD diabetes guideline: risk factors and screening for diabetes, understanding glycemic control, determination of target HbA1c level, limitations of A1c measurement, insulin preparations, and patient education and self-management. (endocrine.org)
  • These resources are intended to help educate patients about their risk for hypoglycemia and ways to treat episodes. (endocrine.org)
  • Type 2 patients are at risk of having both high and low blood sugar. (swee2ooth.com)
  • Doctors may check for diabetes if a person has symptoms or risk factors, like being overweight and having acanthosis. (kidshealth.org)
  • The World Health Organisation developed an approach to monitor any trends and compare information on a regular basis about the risk factors of Noncommunicable disease (NCD) and discuss the status of NCD, strengths, limitations, and future recommendations [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The STEPwise approach to surveillance (STEPS) measure three different levels of risk factor assessments [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In a recent systematic review and meta-analysis, the efficacy of lifestyle interventions with emphasis on the management of T2DM and diabetes risk factors in Polynesian people were reviewed [ 11 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • We evaluated whether the severity of diabetes is associated with an increased risk of active TB infection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The risk of TB increased progressively with increasing diabetes severity score. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Viewers learn what diabetes is, and the risk factors that can be managed. (businesstrainingpower.com)
  • Their use in clinical practice is associated with improved glycaemic control, weight loss and a low risk of hypoglycaemia. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a major risk factor for developing both microvascular (retinopathy, nephropathy and neuropathy) and macrovascular complications (coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease and peripheral vascular disease). (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • 2,3 Treatment with thiazolidinediones has been associated with cardiovascular safety concerns, weight gain, increased fracture risk and fluid retention. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Hypoglycemia risk is the key factor to determine glycemic goals in this population. (providermagazine.com)
  • Factors increasing the risk of hypoglycemia in older adults include impaired renal function, slowed hormonal regulation and counterregulation, varying appetite/nutrition intake, polypharmacy, and slow intestinal absorption. (providermagazine.com)
  • An unplanned pregnancy with Type 2 diabetes can increase the risk of pregnancy-related complications. (dibesity.com)
  • Elevated prepregnancy body mass index contributed to GDM in all racial/ethnic groups, which suggests that decreasing overweight and obesity among women of reproductive age could reduce GDM, associated delivery complications, and future risk of diabetes in both the mother and offspring. (cdc.gov)
  • 1 - 4 Offspring of mothers with GDM are at increased risk for metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in adulthood. (cdc.gov)
  • 7 Women with a history of GDM are at increased risk of GDM in future pregnancies, 8 and more than 50% will develop type 2 diabetes later in life. (cdc.gov)
  • Studies have shown that Green Tea may Reduce Blood Sugar levels in the body, Lower Your Risk of Type 2 Diabetes, may Protect Your Brain in Old Age - (Lowering Your Risk of Alzheimers and Parkinsons), can Kill Bacteria and help Lower your Risk of Infection. (naturalherballabs.com)
  • 1-Deoxynojirimycin (DNJ) "Chock Full of Vitamins and Minerals" and have been scientifically proven to lower the risk of Heart Disease, certain Cancers, is great for weight loss and very effective in the treatment of Diabetes. (naturalherballabs.com)
  • While people may have a strong genetic disposition towards type 2 diabetes, the risk is greatly increased if people display a number of modifiable lifestyle factors including high blood pressure, being overweight, not being active enough, eating a poor diet and having the classic 'apple shape' body where extra weight is carried around the waist. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
  • Master of Science in Demography, statistical analyst term deliveries, which suggests a risk factor for early term delivery in in Maternity Hospital-School Januário Cicco, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, females with pregnancy complicated by hyperglycemia. (bvsalud.org)
  • Elderly persons who have non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and other symptomatic medical conditions may also have a higher risk of developing psychological problems. (cdc.gov)
  • The CDC's stats show that in 2018 nearly 210,00 children were diagnosed with Diabetes. (familyeducation.com)
  • And it comes just as findings from a clinical trial in children are to be presented at the American Diabetes Association (ADA) 2018 Scientific Sessions in Orlando. (medscape.com)
  • Cite this: FDA Approves Artificial Pancreas for Children With Type 1 Diabetes - Medscape - Jun 22, 2018. (medscape.com)
  • Using a nationally representative database from the Korean National Health Insurance System, 2, 489, 718 people with type 2 DM who underwent a regular health checkup during 2009-2012 were followed up until the end of 2018. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes is the most common form of diabetes mellitus, which is a group of diseases associated with high blood sugar, called hyperglycemia. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Type 1 (or 'juvenile') diabetes is an autoimmune condition that prevents the pancreas from producing enough insulin to regulate blood sugar levels. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Type 2 diabetes is marked by high blood sugar that your body can't bring down on its own. (everydayhealth.com)
  • hypoglycemia is low blood sugar. (everydayhealth.com)
  • The approach to treating hypoglycemia is twofold: what needs to be done immediately to bring your blood sugar level back to normal, and what needs to be done in the long term to identify and treat the cause of hypoglycemia. (healthline.com)
  • If you have diabetes, take care to not over-treat low blood sugar. (healthline.com)
  • Hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) may result if you take Metaglip with exenatide, probenecid, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), aspirin or other salicylates, sulfa drugs, monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), beta-blockers, or other diabetes medications. (rxlist.com)
  • Do opiates raise someone's blood sugar or restrict the full potential of a diabetes pill that the doctor has prescribed? (diabeteshealth.com)
  • Hypoglycemia is when the level of sugar in the blood is too low. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • These small changes lead to a drastic impact on your blood sugar levels and help you reverse your diabetes. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • Say your A1C test comes back with no sign of diabetes - constantly measuring your blood sugar can still be helpful. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • Hyperglycemia , or high blood sugar, occurs when the body either has too little insulin or doesn't use it properly. (swee2ooth.com)
  • People with type 2 diabetes are insulin resistant, which leads to a reduction in insulin production and can cause high blood sugar. (swee2ooth.com)
  • Hypoglycemia , or low blood sugar, occurs when blood sugar levels have fallen to a dangerous level and need to be brought back to a healthy target range. (swee2ooth.com)
  • A person with type 2 is more susceptible to foot complications, such as tingling or numb sensations, blisters or other wounds, and skin discoloration due to a lack of blood circulation. (swee2ooth.com)
  • Keeping blood sugar levels as stable as possible is often at the forefront of a type 2 diabetic's mind on a daily basis. (swee2ooth.com)
  • When blood sugars stay high, the person may have type 2 diabetes. (kidshealth.org)
  • A blood sugar reading of 126 mg/dL or higher means they might have diabetes. (kidshealth.org)
  • A blood sugar level of 200 mg/dL or higher means a person may have diabetes. (kidshealth.org)
  • Then, they drink a sugary liquid and their blood sugar is checked 1 and 2 hours later. (kidshealth.org)
  • A blood sugar of 200mg/dL or higher at 2 hours means they might have diabetes. (kidshealth.org)
  • The goal of treatment for type 2 diabetes is to keep blood sugar levels in a healthy range . (kidshealth.org)
  • Depending on the treatment plan, people with Type Two Diabetes may check and record their blood sugar level once a day or several times a week. (123helpme.com)
  • All types of diabetes result in too much sugar, or glucos in the blood. (123helpme.com)
  • Sometimes blood sugar drops too low, a condition called hypoglycemia. (healthyplace.com)
  • Because of overweight or obesity and a sedentary lifestyle, people with diabetes type 2 often develop cardiovascular disease, high blood pressure, and high cholesterol. (healthyplace.com)
  • In fact, hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, is the leading limited factor in type 1 and insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. (providermagazine.com)
  • While more attention is focused on hypoglycemia, goals should aim at minimizing hyperglycemia, or high blood sugar, as well. (providermagazine.com)
  • In type 2 diabetes, blood sugar levels are high because there is not enough insulin to maintain normal levels. (dibesity.com)
  • An unplanned pregnancy along with Type 2 diabetes can lead to poor management of blood sugar levels . (dibesity.com)
  • Hypoglycemia can be avoided by closely monitoring your blood sugar levels and treating low sugar levels as soon as possible. (dibesity.com)
  • Describes monitoring blood sugar levels in children with diabetes Covers how to record testing results and how to prevent sore fingers Overview;How is blood sugar monitored? (alberta.ca)
  • The Diabetes Formula contains herbs that have been scientifically proven to be useful in the processing of sugar and Managing Blood Sugar levels within the body. (naturalherballabs.com)
  • individuals with Blood Sugar issues, such as Diabetes or an individual looking to avoid those issues in the future (both type 1 and type 2 diabetes). (naturalherballabs.com)
  • Prickly Pear have been used by individuals with Type 2 Diabetes to Decrease Blood Sugar levels by minimizing sugar absorption in the stomach and intestines. (naturalherballabs.com)
  • The Diabetes Formula will also assist with Joint and Muscle pain, assist with maintaining healthy Cholesterol levels, support healthy blood pressure levels, suppress anxiety, boost energy and support healthy immune and inflammatory responses in the body. (naturalherballabs.com)
  • This means that your blood sugar is higher than normal but not high enough to be called diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Blood tests can show if you have diabetes. (medlineplus.gov)
  • Hyperglycemia: Home/clinic blood sugar measurements (Fasting blood sugar >126 mg/dl and post prandial blood sugar >200 mg/dl). (who.int)
  • Find answers below to common questions about blood sugar for people with diabetes. (cdc.gov)
  • How often you check your blood sugar depends on the type of diabetes you have and if you take any diabetes medicines. (cdc.gov)
  • If you have type 1 diabetes , have type 2 diabetes and take insulin, or often have low blood sugar, your doctor may want you to check your blood sugar more often, such as before and after you're physically active. (cdc.gov)
  • If you've had low blood sugar without feeling or noticing symptoms (hypoglycemia unawareness), you may need to check your blood sugar more often to see if it's low and treat it. (cdc.gov)
  • Many things can cause high blood sugar (hyperglycemia), including being sick, being stressed, eating more than planned, and not giving yourself enough insulin. (cdc.gov)
  • MODY (maturity-onset diabetes of the young) is a rare, familial, clinically and genetically heterogeneous form of diabetes characterized by young age of onset (generally 10-45 years of age) with maintenance of endogenous insulin production, lack of pancreatic beta-cell autoimmunity, absence of obesity and insulin resistance and extra-pancreatic manifestations in some subtypes. (orpha.net)
  • This hypothesis is supported by clinical studies showing that the majority of events of hypoglycaemia in patients treated with GLP-1R agonists occur in patients treated with a concomitant SU. (nih.gov)
  • The first US Food and Drug Administration-approved immunotherapy for type 1 diabetes, the anti-CD3 antibody teplizumab, delays symptomatic type 1 diabetes onset by 2-3 years [ 4 ], opening the door for the future clinical application of antigen-specific approaches with potentially superior immunoregulatory properties [ 5 ]. (springer.com)
  • The consensus report reviews evidence about the impact of hypoglycemia on patients with diabetes and provides guideline about how this information should be incorporated into clinical practice. (endocrine.org)
  • We considered that insulin supersensitivity might be involved in the pathogenic mechanisms of his clinical normoinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia. (bmj.com)
  • Insulin supersensitivity and normoinsulinaemic hypoglycaemia might play a role in clinical manifestation and pathogenesis of type 2 DM. (bmj.com)
  • The new FDA approval for younger patients is based on data from a clinical trial in 105 children with type 1 diabetes who were 7 to 13 years old. (medscape.com)
  • Two-page document that provides key signs and symptoms of hyper/hypoglycemia as well as actions to correct them, outlines the patient's medication, diet, exercise, labs, and foot care. (endocrine.org)
  • Due to serious organ shortage for pancreas transplantation, cell-based therapy represents the most promising option and different potential sources for new β cells are currently being explored, including embryonic stem cells and other cell types. (europa.eu)
  • Type 1 Diabetes occurs when a person's immune system attacks the pancreas and destroys the cells that create insulin. (familyeducation.com)
  • In type 2 diabetes, the pancreas makes insulin, but the cells don't respond to it as they should. (kidshealth.org)
  • Even though people with Type Two Diabetes can produce their own insulin , their pancreas either does not make enough of it or their body cannot use the insulin well enough (insulin resistance). (123helpme.com)
  • Von Mering and Minkowski while experimenting on dogs found that removal of the pancreas led to diabetes. (wikidoc.org)
  • Type 2 diabetes is a condition in which the body becomes resistant to the normal effects of insulin and gradually loses the capacity to produce enough insulin in the pancreas. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
  • As insulin overproduction occurs over a very long period of time, the insulin-producing cells in the pancreas wear themselves out, so that by the time someone is diagnosed with type 2 diabetes, they have lost 50 - 70% of their insulin-producing cells. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
  • Type 2 diabetes results in body cells resisting the effects of insulin, which leads to impairments in a person's metabolism. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • METAGLIP™ (glipizide and metformin HCl) Tablets contain 2 oral antihyperglycemic drugs used in the management of type 2 diabetes , glipizide and metformin hydrochloride. (rxlist.com)
  • Glipizide and metformin hydrochloride tablets combine glipizide and metformin hydrochloride, 2 antihyperglycemic agents with complementary mechanisms of action, to improve glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. (nih.gov)
  • Data suggests in the United States alone, 37.3 million people, or 11.3 percent of the U.S. population, have diabetes, and the majority of these people have type 2. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Hypoglycemia is most common in people with diabetes . (healthline.com)
  • Metaglip (glipizide and metformin HCl) is a combination of two oral diabetes medicines for people with type 2 diabetes who do not use daily insulin injections. (rxlist.com)
  • Do opioids (painkillers) have a definite effect on people with type 2 diabetes? (diabeteshealth.com)
  • She was propelled at a young age into "caretaker mode," and with her knowledge of the scarcity of resources, support, and understanding for people with diabetes, she co-founded Diabetes Interview , now Diabetes Health magazine. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • A person with type 2 diabetes may be able to claim two types of disability benefits: Social Security Disability Income (SSDI), for people who have a work history, and Supplemental Security Income (SSI), which does not require a previous work history. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • Diabetes mellitus affects over 387 million people worldwide. (jmir.org)
  • According to the NIDDK , people who are overweight or obese and physically inactive are more likely to have Type 2 Diabetes. (familyeducation.com)
  • However, it now is clear that there is a range of residual beta cells that are dysfunctional in people with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes [ 2 ]. (springer.com)
  • A 9-item self-report scale that examines the degree to which people with Type 2 Diabetes feel able, secure, and comfortable regarding their ability to stay safe from hypoglycemic-related problems. (endocrine.org)
  • For instance, some people experiment with using a CGM to see how their body responds to different types of food. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • Why Do Some People Get Type 2 Diabetes? (kidshealth.org)
  • No one knows for sure why some people get type 2 diabetes, but it's likely a combination of genes and the environment. (kidshealth.org)
  • But people don't have to be overweight to get type 2 diabetes. (kidshealth.org)
  • People with a higher diabetes severity score may be a targeted group for active TB screening. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The recent increase in the incidence of DM at the same time as a slow decline in TB incidence has led to the co-occurrence of DM and TB in an estimated 1 million people worldwide [ 2 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In the general treatment flow, people with type 2 DM who have difficulty managing glycemic control with one or two oral hypoglycemic agents (OHAs) may require three or more OHAs or insulin initiation. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Time for Using Machine Learning for Dose Guidance in Titration of People With Type 2 Diabetes? (aau.dk)
  • sj-xlsx-2-dst-10.1177_19322968221145964 - Supplemental material for Time for Using Machine Learning for Dose Guidance in Titration of People With Type 2 Diabetes? (aau.dk)
  • Originally it was called Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes (This is because people with Type Two Diabetes can make their own insulin. (123helpme.com)
  • This video educates viewers on how people with pre-diabetes can delay or even prevent type 2 diabetes. (businesstrainingpower.com)
  • People who understand diabetes are more likely to properly manage their current and future health risks. (businesstrainingpower.com)
  • Sometimes people think of this deterioration as symptoms of diabetes-induced brain damage because they can be observed and measured. (healthyplace.com)
  • Hypoglycaemia is common and nearly all people with Type 1 Diabetes experience them. (hellotype1.com)
  • HelloType1 content is not intended to replace the advice of individual healthcare professionals but as a collaborative tool to help them improve the outcomes of disadvantaged people with Type 1 Diabetes in the region. (hellotype1.com)
  • With the projected huge increase in the next 20 years of the number of people who have diabetes, it is more important than ever that those in a supporting role have a good understanding of this condition. (skillsplatform.org)
  • In people with type 2 diabetes, this insulin regulating system fails. (medicalxpress.com)
  • Over time many people with type 2 diabetes will also need tablets, and/or non-insulin injectable medications and many eventually require insulin injections. (diabetesaustralia.com.au)
  • [ 1 , 2 ] Study data were obtained from 38 counties in five states, as well as American Indian reservations in Arizona and New Mexico, and included young people from several different racial-ethnic backgrounds. (medscape.com)
  • We do need to remember the vast majority of people with type 1 in this country are adults. (medscape.com)
  • Among the exciting advancements is the use of the high-fat, low-carb ketogenic diet as a therapeutic approach to manage type 2 diabetes, one review notes. (everydayhealth.com)
  • Dear Nadia, I am struggling with type 2 diabetes and a high A1C. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • Dawn phenomenon mostly affects children and youth with type 1 diabetes, although it is not rare in subjects with type 2 diabetes (as high as 40%, reported by Monnier et al. (hindawi.com)
  • Bartow Regional Medical Center is dedicated to improving the quality of life for individuals living with diabetes through high-quality, comprehensive care and education. (baycare.org)
  • Hyperglycemia occurs when levels remain consistently high, and hypoglycemia occurs when they are too low. (diabetesinfodigest.com)
  • In general, someone with type 2 diabetes should eat foods that are higher in vitamins, minerals, and fiber - and avoid foods that are high in added sugar, saturated fat, and sodium. (swee2ooth.com)
  • Diabetes is a degenerative disease that affects over 350 million persons worldwide. (europa.eu)
  • Take time to research type 2 diabetes and what it entails, including how it affects the body, symptoms to watch out for, and ways to manage ( or even reverse ! (swee2ooth.com)
  • While much has yet to be discovered, researchers have demonstrated that diabetes affects the brain, usually in harmful, damaging ways. (healthyplace.com)
  • Let's look at how diabetes affects the brain, both structure and function. (healthyplace.com)
  • whose mothers had diabetes during pregnancy. (kidshealth.org)
  • Here we've discussed some safe ways to manage an unplanned pregnancy with diabetes. (dibesity.com)
  • 258 females (30.8 ± 6.4 years) with term delivery and diabetes professional in Maternity Hospital-School Januário in pregnancy participated in current study. (bvsalud.org)
  • Type 1 diabetes (also called juvenile-onset diabetes mellitus, DM1, T1DM, and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus) is considered an immuno-mediated disease that results in a gradual destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, and subsequently leads to their complete loss and total dependence on exogenous insulin. (wikidoc.org)
  • If they believe it's related to your diabetes, they may suggest you begin using medication, adjust your dosages if you're already on medicine, or find a new approach to lifestyle management. (healthline.com)
  • It is the possibility of opioid-induced forgetfulness or cravings that work against a type 2 medication, not opioids' direct effect on a medication. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • If you have previously experienced hypoglycemia, the key to preventing a future problem is understanding what caused the issue in the first place and then carefully following your diabetes management plan. (healthline.com)
  • Please check in with your medical team to discuss your diabetes management concerns. (diabeteshealth.com)
  • Metformin hydrochloride is an oral antihyperglycemic drug used in the management of type 2 diabetes. (nih.gov)
  • Although lifestyle management is fundamental to the care of type 2 diabetes, most patients with type 2 diabetes eventually require medications to prevent or delay complications and maintain quality of life. (medscape.com)
  • Optimal diabetes management aims to control hyperglycemia and avoid hypoglycemia. (medscape.com)
  • Self-monitoring of BG (SMBG) is an integral part of successful diabetes management. (jmir.org)
  • As parents, you know that diabetes management is 24/7. (diabetes.org)
  • Despite the all-too-popular belief that all Diabetes results from poor weight management or eating a sugar-packed diet, T1D is not preventable. (familyeducation.com)
  • They also may see a dietitian, diabetes educator, or weight management specialist. (kidshealth.org)
  • This online video training class educates viewers on the facts about diabetes, focusing on prevention and management of the disease. (businesstrainingpower.com)
  • Last year, ADA published a position paper on "Management of Diabetes in Long-term Care and Skilled Nursing Facilities. (providermagazine.com)
  • Diabetes Prevention and Management researchers have taken an interest in Mulberry because the leaves used to make the tea contain a substance called 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ). (naturalherballabs.com)
  • SAN FRANCISCO - A new position statement from the American Diabetes Association (ADA) provides the first-ever guidance specific to the management of type 1 diabetes in all age groups, including a new HbA 1c target for children. (medscape.com)
  • This publication is designed to help the primary care practitioner in the day-to-day management of patients with diabetes. (cdc.gov)
  • This is called acanthosis nigricans , or simply acanthosis, and it's often an early sign that a person may develop type 2 diabetes. (kidshealth.org)
  • However, up to 50% of women with a history of GDM will develop type 2 diabetes in the decade following their GDM diagnosis (7). (cdc.gov)
  • Distinguishing between type 1 and type 2 diabetes at diagnosis is important. (medscape.com)
  • To qualify for disability benefits, a person with type 2 diabetes must provide evidence of their diagnosis and symptoms from an acceptable medical source. (medicalnewstoday.com)
  • The pediatric type 1s get all the press, but many more are adults," said Dr. Peters, adding that the diagnosis among those with adult-onset diabetes is often unclear. (medscape.com)
  • The initial treatment for hypoglycemia depends on what symptoms you're experiencing. (healthline.com)
  • The European Medicines Agency has also approved a combination of vildagliptin and metformin, vildagliptin/metformin (Eucreas by Novartis) as an oral treatment for type-2 diabetes. (wikipedia.org)
  • The major goal in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus is to control the hyperglycaemia characteristic of the disease. (nih.gov)
  • Teens with type 2 diabetes often go to a pediatric endocrinologist for treatment. (kidshealth.org)
  • Mean Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire scores improved significantly in both groups. (bmj.com)
  • SGLT2 inhibitors are a new class of oral drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus currently in phase III studies. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • SGLT2 inhibitors represent a novel 'glucuretic' therapeutic strategy for the treatment of type 2 diabetes, and are currently in phase III trials. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • Phlorizin, a bitter white glycoside isolated from apple tree bark by French chemists in 1835, is a naturally occurring inhibitor of both SGLT1 and SGLT2 and was used for the treatment of diabetes in the pre-insulin era. (bjcardio.co.uk)
  • If this happens, you must immediately seek medical treatment for the person with diabetes. (hellotype1.com)
  • Adolescents with type 1 diabetes presented difficulties in adherence to treatment, mainly o follow insulin treatment and proposals for changes in eating habits by following a diet. (bvsalud.org)
  • 4. Having a prescription of pharmacological treatment for type 2 diabetes. (who.int)
  • Professionals speculate that this is linked to the cardiovascular problems accompanying type 2. (healthyplace.com)
  • Research has shown that the ingredients in this product may help to balance an individual's A1C Levels if they're suffering from Diabetes. (naturalherballabs.com)
  • Moreover, new evidence suggests that rates of hypoglycemia aren't increased in the youngest patients, nor in those with lower HbA 1c levels. (medscape.com)
  • Although type 2 diabetes is widely diagnosed in adults, its frequency has markedly increased in the pediatric age group since the end of the 20th century. (medscape.com)
  • Most pediatric patients with type 2 diabetes belong to minority communities. (medscape.com)
  • The MiniMed 670G system is the most advanced insulin delivery system on the market today and proven to effectively manage type 1 diabetes," said Jennifer Sherr, MD, a pediatric endocrinologist, diabetes clinic, at Yale New Haven Children's Hospital, and associate professor of pediatric endocrinology at the Yale School of Medicine, Connecticut, in a statement issued by the device maker. (medscape.com)
  • The previous guidance is based on outdated information, Lori M.B. Laffel, MD, chief of the pediatric, adolescent, and young adult section of the Joslin Diabetes Center and associate professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, said at the briefing. (medscape.com)
  • The new HbA 1c target of less than 7.5% across all pediatric age groups is now harmonized with that of the International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes, the Pediatric Endocrine Society, and the International Diabetes Federation. (medscape.com)
  • We are so pleased to be able to have offered a unified target for the pediatric population and even more pleased to have a single set of guidelines that will cross the entire lifespan for our patients with type 1 diabetes so we can be assured as we pass our patients to our adult providers we will all be singing the same song," Dr. Laffel said. (medscape.com)
  • I have to say as an adult endocrinologist, it has driven me crazy for a long time that everyone refers to type 1 diabetes as a pediatric disease. (medscape.com)
  • ABSTRACT Patients' knowledge about their illness is considered important in controlling diabetes and preventing complications. (who.int)
  • This follows approval of the device in September 2016 for patients with type 1 diabetes aged 14 years and older. (medscape.com)
  • In fact, when you're educated about the disease - such as understanding how insulin resistance develops and how to mitigate it, knowing how to spot the signs of diabetes, and learning what to eat - you can tap into the resources you need to lead a happy, healthy life. (everydayhealth.com)
  • During the early stages of the disease, type 2 diabetes often doesn't present any symptoms at all, according to previous research. (everydayhealth.com)
  • According to the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), there was a 20 percent increase in cases of T ype 2 Diabetes in children and teens under age 20 between the years 2002 and 2015. (familyeducation.com)
  • While genetics, especially a family history of Type 2 Diabetes, can play a role in the development of this disease, there are other factors at play. (familyeducation.com)
  • Immunohistopathological studies of pancreases from individuals with type 1 diabetes are generally compatible with these observations made in mice (see references below) but have exposed additional phenomena peculiar to the natural history of the disease in humans. (springer.com)
  • The action plan supports a patient in recognizing their specific symptoms and acting on hypo/hyperglycemia, ultimately improving disease control. (endocrine.org)
  • The pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus further explains the concept on how this disease works. (123helpme.com)
  • Diabetes of the brain, sometimes called type 3 diabetes, is a nickname occasionally used to describe Alzheimer's disease , a type of dementia that involves significant cognitive decline and progressively worsens over time. (healthyplace.com)
  • Most older adults have at least two or more such conditions, including diabetes, heart disease/stroke, and cancer. (providermagazine.com)
  • The American Diabetes Association states that type 2 diabetes is the most prevalent type of disease. (dibesity.com)
  • Diabetes can also cause heart disease , stroke and even the need to remove a limb. (medlineplus.gov)
  • We have this growing population of type 1s who are being treated like type 2s, and it's not the same disease," coauthor Anne L. Peters, MD, professor of medicine at the Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, told Medscape Medical News . (medscape.com)
  • In this study, we investigated the different piratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing characteristics of the first 150 COVID-19 patients in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) ( 2 , 3 ). (who.int)
  • Criteria for genetic testing for MODY include diabetes onset in adolescence or young-adulthood, maintenance of endogenous insulin production, and usually a significant family history of diabetes. (orpha.net)
  • Here, we review some of the recent advances and studies that highlight the roles of these changes as well as antigen presentation and stress response pathways in beta cells in the onset and propagation of the autoimmune process in type 1 diabetes. (springer.com)
  • In particular, the dialogue between T cells and beta cells is far more complex in humans and recent evidence supports potential type 1 diabetes 'endotypes' based on age at onset [ 8 , 9 ]. (springer.com)
  • It's estimated that between a third and a half of new-onset type 1 cases are diagnosed after age 18, and that most who are diagnosed as children are living to adulthood and old age. (medscape.com)
  • thereby achieving the full metabolic normalization not yet possible and making some degree of hyperglycemia persists in virtually all patients with diabetes. (wikidoc.org)
  • We anticipate continued widespread use of this guide in assisting practitioners in the care of their patients with diabetes. (cdc.gov)
  • Symptomatic, or 'stage 3' type 1 diabetes, generally occurs following two clinically tractable stages consisting of seroconversion and the presence of two or more autoantibodies, followed by development of dysglycaemia [ 11 ]. (springer.com)