Two subunits. Medical search. Frequent questions

This complex interaction of the subunits leads to a preferential stabilization of states with zero, two or four ligands and suggests a dimeric organization of the activation process: within the dimers the cooperativity is positive, whereas it is negative between the dimers. (nature.com)
Recent evidence suggests a functional interaction of the subunits and potentially a structural association. (frontiersin.org)

This is made by inserting the genetic material coding for particular subunits of the hep B virus into everyday yeast, which then expresses these genes and produces subunits for purification and later use. (healthcentre.org.uk)
Using immunocytochemistry, we investigated the distribution of GABA(A) receptor subunits deriving from 13 different genes (alpha1-alpha6, beta1-beta3, gamma1-gamma3 and delta) in the adult rat brain. (nih.gov)
Surprisingly, it was discovered in the last decade that various inherited mutations in genes encoding nine distinct subunits of Pol III cause tissue-specific diseases rather than a general failure of all vital functions. (nih.gov)
Furthermore, other rare diseases are also associated with mutations in genes encoding subunits of Pol III (POLR3H, POLR3GL) and the BRF1 component of the TFIIIB transcription initiation factor. (nih.gov)
However, sequence-based searches fail to identify genes encoding stator subunits in apicomplexan parasites like Toxoplasma gondii or the related organisms that cause malaria. (biorxiv.org)
To characterize the low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS), we developed specific PCR primer sets to distinguish 12 groups of LMW-GS genes of Norin 61 and to decide their loci with nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring. (unboundmedicine.com)
Theoretische und angewandte Genetik JO - Theor Appl Genet VL - 112 IS - 2 N2 - To characterize the low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit (LMW-GS), we developed specific PCR primer sets to distinguish 12 groups of LMW-GS genes of Norin 61 and to decide their loci with nullisomic-tetrasomic lines of Chinese Spring. (unboundmedicine.com)
Among these effects, growth-defective 60S mutants increased synthesis of proteins involved in proteasome-mediated degradation, whereas 40S mutants accumulated mature 60S subunits and increased translation of ribosome biogenesis genes. (broadinstitute.org)

It is a large glycoprotein with a molecular weight of about 95 kD, and exists as a homodimer composed of two identical subunits. (cdc.gov)

This manuscript reports the fundamental finding that an oligomeric protein kinase, CaMKII, can be phosphorylated by another molecule of the holoenzyme in a manner that does not involve subunit exchange. (elifesciences.org)
The Recombinant Ureaplasma parvum serovar 3 ATP synthase subunit alpha (atpA), partial is a α- or alpha protein sometimes glycoprotein present in blood. (gentaur.com)
These distinct signatures of protein synthesis suggest intriguing and currently mysterious differences in the cellular consequences of deficiency for small and large ribosomal subunits. (broadinstitute.org)
An analysis of ATP utilization by the subunits revealed the following: BchH catalyzed ATP hydrolysis at the rate of 0.9 nmol per min per mg of protein. (lu.se)
The Novavax vaccine is a protein subunit vaccine. (medlineplus.gov)
Inhibition of DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit by small molecule inhibitor NU7026 sensitizes human leukemic K562 cells to benzene metabolite-induced apoptosis. (cdc.gov)
We have previously reported that exposure of workers to benzene and to benzene metabolite hydroquinone in cultured cells induced DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to mediate the cellular response to DNA double strand break (DSB) caused by DNA-damaging metabolites. (cdc.gov)
Both messenger RNA (mRNA) and protein subunit COVID-19 vaccines work by delivering instructions (genetic material) to your cells to start building protection against the virus that causes COVID-19. (cdc.gov)

A novel high molecular weight glutenin subunit encoded by the Glu-1B locus was identified in the French genotype Bagou, which we named 1B × 6.5. (mdpi.com)

The directed movement of a ribosomal subunit from the nucleus into the cytoplasm. (yeastgenome.org)
Small and Large Ribosomal Subunit Deficiencies Lead to Distinct Gene Expression Signatures that Reflect Cellular Growth Rate. (broadinstitute.org)

This distribution and the apparently typical patterns of co-distribution of these GABA(A) receptor subunits support the assumption of multiple, differently assembled GABA(A) receptor subtypes and their heterogeneous distribution within the adult rat brain. (nih.gov)
Taken together these separate lines of evidence suggest that the effects of GABA in central neurons can be mediated by heteromeric complexes of GABA A and GABA C receptor subunits. (jneurosci.org)

Why have Subunit Vaccines been developed? (healthcentre.org.uk)
Subunit vaccines successfully overcome these risks as fragments of a disease causing pathogen are used rather than the whole organism. (healthcentre.org.uk)
What subunit vaccines are being used? (healthcentre.org.uk)
Subunit vaccines are being tested for hepatitis C, the whooping cough, and herpes simplex. (healthcentre.org.uk)

However, here using reverse transcription-PCR and in situ hybridization we show that mRNA encoding the ρ1 subunit is highly expressed in brainstem neurons. (jneurosci.org)

In addition, we have investigated the importance of two residues of its non-catalytic subunit on dimer stability and determined the Michaelis-Menten parameters of murine TGT with respect to tRNA and several natural and artificial nucleobase substrates. (rcsb.org)
During catalysis, ATP synthesis in the catalytic domain of F1 is coupled via a rotary mechanism of the central stalk subunits to proton translocation. (joplink.net)
Subunits alpha and beta form the catalytic core in F1. (joplink.net)
Rotation of the central stalk against the surrounding alpha3beta3 subunits leads to hydrolysis of ATP in three separate catalytic sites on the beta subunits. (joplink.net)

Hidden Markov modeling suggests that two of them-ICAP2 and ICAP18-share distant homology with mammalian stator subunits. (biorxiv.org)

There is an emerging literature that the distribution of the α9 and α10 subunits in peripheral tissues is widespread and non-synaptic, regulated in disease states, and may not always be assembled as heteromeric receptors. (frontiersin.org)
We therefore tested the hypothesis that GABA A and GABA C subunits formed a heteromeric receptor. (jneurosci.org)
By coexpression of wild-type P2X 3 and mutated P2X 2 subunit, we found that the heteromeric P2X 2/3 channel functioned normally when either lysine in the P2X 2 subunit was mutated to alanine (i.e. (aspetjournals.org)
The rescue of the single lysine mutant P2X 2 subunit by wild-type P2X 3 (but not the converse) suggests that the heteromeric channel contains one P2X 2 and two P2X 3 subunits and that the receptor functions essentially normally as long as two subunits are not mutated. (aspetjournals.org)

GABA(A) receptors are ligand-operated chloride channels assembled from five subunits in a heteropentameric manner. (nih.gov)
Fast inhibition in the nervous system is commonly mediated by GABA A receptors comprised of 2α/2β/1γ subunits. (jneurosci.org)
In contrast, GABA C receptors containing onlyρ subunits (ρ1-ρ3) have been predominantly detected in the retina. (jneurosci.org)

The α9 and α10 subunits are not expressed in the mammalian brain, making them unique among nAChRs. (frontiersin.org)
Positive Darwinian evolutionary changes in the mammalian α10 subunit resulted in increased calcium permeability and parallels the evolution of the anion chloride transporter SLC26A5 (prestin) and somatic electromotility in cochlear OHCs. (frontiersin.org)
The mammalian α10 subunit, unlike the avian α10 subunit, does not form homomers when expressed in oocytes. (frontiersin.org)

This gene encodes an nuclear-encoded accessory subunit of the mitochondrial membrane respiratory chain NADH dehydrogenase (complex I, or NADH:ubiquinone oxidoreductase). (nih.gov)

Subunit alpha6-immunoreactivity was only present in granule cells of the cerebellum and the cochlear nucleus, and subunit gamma1-immunoreactivity was preferentially located in the central and medial amygdaloid nuclei, in pallidal areas, the substantia nigra pars reticulata and the inferior olive. (nih.gov)

In some cases, specific modulatory functions can be assigned to individual subunits, whereas in other cases the different subunits appear to act in concert to modulate the properties of the channel. (uni-muenchen.de)
Sodium channel β1 subunits modulate α subunit gating and cell surface expression and participate in cell adhesive interactions in vitro . (jneurosci.org)

The failure to rescue function in the P2X 2 subunit with both lysines mutated by wild-type P2X 3 suggests that these residues from two different subunits interact in agonist binding or channel opening. (aspetjournals.org)

The formation of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits extends from the nucleolus to the cytoplasm and entails hundreds of assembly factors. (rcsb.org)

Functional characterization of the c.462delA mutation in the NDUFS4 subunit gene of mitochondrial complex I. Assereto S, et al . (nih.gov)
Cellular and animal models for mitochondrial complex I deficiency: a focus on the NDUFS4 subunit. (nih.gov)

Subunit delta-immunoreactivity was frequently co-distributed with alpha4 subunit-immunoreactivity, e.g. in the thalamus, striatum, outer layers of the cortex and dentate molecular layer. (nih.gov)
Despite the recent upsurge in research interest in these subunits, there is much unknown about their functions and the underlying molecular mechanisms. (frontiersin.org)
Molecular models of the late-acting assembly factors TSR1, RIOK1, RIOK2, ENP1, LTV1, PNO1 and NOB1 provide mechanistic details that underlie their contribution to a sequential 40S subunit assembly. (rcsb.org)

The channel molecule is a complex of the main, pore-forming subunit alpha 1 and four additional subunits: alpha 2, delta, beta, and gamma (alpha 2 and delta are encoded by a single messenger RNA). (uni-muenchen.de)
The alpha 1 subunit messenger RNA alone directs expression of functional calcium channels in Xenopus oocytes, and coexpression of the alpha 2/delta and beta subunits enhances the amplitude of the current. (uni-muenchen.de)
The human ATP synthase beta subunit gene: sequence analysis, chromosome assignment, and differential expression. (joplink.net)

However, coexpression of wild-type P2X 2 with a mutated P2X 3 subunit ([K68A] or [K299A]) produced no functional heteromers. (aspetjournals.org)

Um, so when both the large and small subunits are complex together, the entire ride zone is referred to as an 80 s rivals um, And you, Kerasiotes. (pearson.com)
The eyelid is a complex structure with multiple subunits that mimic the underlying orbicularis oculi muscle. (medscape.com)
One-half bind the GP2 fusion subunit, one-fourth recognize the GP1 receptor-binding subunit and the remaining fourth are specific for the assembled glycoprotein complex, requiring both GP1 and GP2 subunits for recognition. (bvsalud.org)

In this study, scientists have developed a lymph node-targeting multi-epitope subunit vaccine against EVB and tested its efficacy in Human Leukocyte Antigen (HLA)-expressing mice. (news-medical.net)
Nuclear expression of the 50- and 65-kD Rel-related subunits of nuclear factor-kappa B is differentially regulated in human monocytic cells. (jci.org)
We recorded membrane currents from human embryonic kidney cells expressing P2X subunits and found that lysine-to-alanine substitutions at equivalent positions in the P2X 3 receptor (Lys 63 and Lys 299 ) also prevented channel function. (aspetjournals.org)

In contrast, alpha4-subunit-immunoreactivity was detected in the thalamus, dentate gyrus, olfactory tubercle and basal ganglia. (nih.gov)
In contrast, labeling for the alpha1-, beta2-, gamma1- and gamma2-subunits prevailed in the pallidum compared to the striatum. (nih.gov)
In contrast to the expectations of previous work, we found little evidence for subunit exchange upon activation, and no effect of restraining subunits to their parent holoenzymes. (elifesciences.org)

In this study, a highly heterogeneous distribution of 13 different GABA(A) receptor subunit-immunoreactivities was observed. (nih.gov)
Electrophysiology revealed that responses to GABA C receptor agonists were enhanced by the GABA A receptor modulator zolpidem (500 n m ), which acts on the α1 subunit when the γ2 subunit is also present. (jneurosci.org)

Mutations in the POLR3A, POLR3C, POLR3E and POLR3F subunits are associated with susceptibility to varicella zoster virus-induced encephalitis and pneumonitis. (nih.gov)
In addition, an ever-increasing number of distinct mutations in the POLR3A, POLR3B, POLR1C and POLR3K subunits cause a spectrum of neurodegenerative diseases, which includes most notably hypomyelinating leukodystrophy. (nih.gov)

In the supraoptic nucleus, staining of conspicuous dendritic networks with subunit alpha1, alpha2, beta2, and gamma2 antibodies was contrasted by perykarya labeled for alpha5-, beta1- and delta-immunoreactivities. (nih.gov)

Our results show that β1 subunits play important roles in the regulation of sodium channel density and localization, are involved in axo-glial communication at nodes of Ranvier, and are required for normal action potential conduction and control of excitability in vivo . (jneurosci.org)
These results suggest that, as channel modulators, β subunits play important roles in control of electrical signaling and, as CAMs, β subunits act as critical communication links between extracellular and intracellular signaling molecules. (jneurosci.org)

Subunit alpha1-, beta1-, beta2-, beta3- and gamma2-immunoreactivities were found throughout the brain, although differences in their distribution were observed. (nih.gov)

The alpha 2, delta, and gamma subunits also have pronounced effects on its macroscopic characteristics, such as kinetics, voltage dependence of activation and inactivation, and enhancement by a dihydropyridine agonist. (uni-muenchen.de)

Scientists from Australia and the USA have developed a lymph node-targeted multi-epitope subunit vaccine that induces strong humoral and cellular immune responses against Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in mice. (news-medical.net)

Paying attention to subtleties such as color, texture, sebaceous features, and hair characteristics help in identifying the changes between the subunits. (medscape.com)

J. Harned , A. M. Grimes , and M. C. McGahan "The Effect of UVB Irradiation on Ferritin Subunit Synthesis, Ferritin Assembly and Fe Metabolism in Cultured Canine Lens Epithelial Cells," Photochemistry and Photobiology 77(4), 440-445, (1 April 2003). (bioone.org)

Subunit alpha3-immunoreactivity was observed in the glomerular and external plexiform layers of the olfactory bulb, in the inner layers of the cerebral cortex, the reticular thalamic nucleus, the zonal and superficial layers of the superior colliculus, the amygdala and cranial nerve nuclei. (nih.gov)
Thus, subunit alpha2-, alpha4-, beta1-, beta3- and delta-immunoreactivities were considerably more concentrated in the neostriatum than in the pallidum and entopeduncular nucleus. (nih.gov)
With the exception of the reticular thalamic nucleus, which was prominently stained for subunits alpha3, beta1, beta3 and gamma2, most thalamic nuclei were rich in alpha1-, alpha4-, beta2- and delta-immunoreactivities. (nih.gov)

β1 subunits affect sodium channel gating and cell surface expression when expressed in heterologous cells in vitro . (jneurosci.org)

Summary of chaperonin subunits and KASI detected in CPNA2 and CPNA1 immunoprecipitation fractions. (figshare.com)

And so each of these subunits the small and large ribs. (pearson.com)
The predicted HupL polypeptide is homologous to the large subunit of [NiFe] uptake hydrogenases. (wikigenes.org)

These subunits are carefully selected for their capacity to stimulate the body's defences and thereby immunise an individual against disease. (healthcentre.org.uk)
Conclusions: These results indicate that the Th2 response may have a protective role during the pathogenesis of experimental periodontal disease, and that the IFN-γ R1 subunit may not be associated with periodontal disease progression. (bvsalud.org)

The individual subunits associate into holoenzymes through avid hub domain interactions. (elifesciences.org)

As a consequence of their discovery in hair cells, the focus of study of these subunits has largely been on their function in the cochlea. (frontiersin.org)

Reversion is a concern when using these vaccinations, and is one of the reasons why alternatives like the subunit vaccine have been developed. (healthcentre.org.uk)

The earliest particles reveal the position of the biogenesis factor RRP12 and distinct immature rRNA conformations that accompany the formation of the 40S subunit head. (rcsb.org)

Anatomy25

Organisms11

Chemicals and Drugs114

Analytical, Diagnostic and Therapeutic Techniques and Equipment40

Phenomena and Processes61

Disciplines and Occupations3

Technology, Industry, Agriculture2

Information Science5

Health Care2

Interaction of the subunits2

Genes8

Identical subunits1

Protein8

Glutenin subunit1

Ribosomal subunit2

Receptor subunits2

Vaccines4

MRNA1

Catalytic4

Homology1

Heteromeric4

Receptors3

Mammalian3

Encodes1

Cochlear1

Modulate2

Residues1

Cytoplasm1

Mitochondrial2

Molecular3

Beta3

Functional1

Complex3

Human3

Contrast3

GABA2

Mutations2

Antibodies1

Roles2

Differences1

Alpha1

Cellular1

Characteristics1

Assembly1

Nucleus3

Expression1

Summary1

Large2

Disease2

Individual1

Function1

Concern1

Distinct1