• The hypoglossal nerve, also known as the twelfth cranial nerve, cranial nerve XII, or simply CN XII, is a cranial nerve that innervates all the extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve. (wikipedia.org)
  • It then travels close to the vagus nerve and spinal division of the accessory nerve, spirals downwards behind the vagus nerve and passes between the internal carotid artery and internal jugular vein lying on the carotid sheath. (wikipedia.org)
  • After leaving the skull, the hypoglossal nerve spirals around the vagus nerve and then passes behind the deep belly of the digastric muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • There the two portions unite into a single trunk, which leaves the cranial cavity through the jugular foramen in the same compartment of dura mater as the vagus nerve (Fig. 647, p. 771). (co.ma)
  • The auricular branch of the vagus nerve is a sensory nerve emerging from the superior ganglion of the vagus nerve, joined by branches from the glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and facial nerves, and innervating the lower part of the tympanic membrane and the floor of the external auditory canal. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Five nerves have developed from the branchial arch nerves of lower vertebrates:the trigeminal nerve (V), the facialnerve (VII), the glossopharyngeal nerve (IX), the vagus nerve (X), and the accessory nerve (XI) . (brainkart.com)
  • The glossopharyngeal nerve (IX) and the vagus nerve (X) emerge dorsal to the olive. (brainkart.com)
  • Supe-rior ganglion of the vagus nerve ( B15 ). (brainkart.com)
  • they run a short course in the nerve and change over to the vagus nerve as internal branch ( B17 ). (brainkart.com)
  • However, the vagus nerve has branches to most of the internal organs and is the part of the autonomic nervous system. (byjus.com)
  • 2000). Tongue deviation in acute ischaemic stroke: a study of supranuclear twelfth cranial nerve palsy in 300 stroke patients . (healthfeedback.org)
  • Heda S, Karthik KD, Rao SE, Deshpande A. Hypoglossal canal schwannoma causing isolated left 12th cranial nerve palsy. (ucacue.edu.ec)
  • Now let's say that instead I ask you to describe the findings in a patient with a lesion to affecting the left 12th cranial nerve. (studentdoctor.net)
  • Trigeminal nerve - chewing and sensitivity: the doctor is stroking the patient's face and asking if the touch can be felt. (primomedico.com)
  • The fifth pair is trigeminal nerve responsible for sensation on areas such as face, mouth and teeth along with some control over chewing muscles too.The sixth pair is known as abducens nerves which control lateral gaze by contraction of certain muscles around eyes allowing us look sideways without moving our head. (studyhippo.com)
  • The trigeminal nerve (V) emerges from the lateral part of the pons. (brainkart.com)
  • If this results in lateral motion of the lower jaw on the percussed side, then the reflex is positive, indicating damage to the cortical innervation of the motor portion of the Trigeminal Nerve. (legalsoftsolution.com)
  • The nerve arises from the hypoglossal nucleus in the medulla as a number of small rootlets, pass through the hypoglossal canal and down through the neck, and eventually passes up again over the tongue muscles it supplies into the tongue. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nerve is involved in controlling tongue movements required for speech and swallowing, including sticking out the tongue and moving it from side to side. (wikipedia.org)
  • Damage to the nerve or the neural pathways which control it can affect the ability of the tongue to move and its appearance, with the most common sources of damage being injury from trauma or surgery, and motor neuron disease. (wikipedia.org)
  • Signals from muscle spindles on the tongue travel through the hypoglossal nerve, moving onto the lingual nerve which synapses on the trigeminal mesencephalic nucleus. (wikipedia.org)
  • The nerve is first visible as a series of roots in the fourth week of development, which have formed a single nerve and link to the tongue by the fifth week. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve provides motor control of the extrinsic muscles of the tongue: genioglossus, hyoglossus, styloglossus, and the intrinsic muscles of the tongue. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve originates in the hypoglossal nucleus of the medulla and supplies motor innervation to all of the muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossus (which is supplied by the vagus). (umassmed.edu)
  • This nerve also contains proprioceptive afferents from the tongue muscles. (umassmed.edu)
  • They can also occur in spinal nerve roots, flexor surfaces of the upper and lower extremities, and the tongue. (medscape.com)
  • Take the following example: Let's say I ask you what cranial nerve is responsible for innervation of the muscles of the tongue. (studentdoctor.net)
  • Which cranial nerve provides sensation to the posterior third of the tongue? (studentrdh.com)
  • Glossopharyngeal is the ninth (IX) cranial nerve and provides sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue and pharynx area. (studentrdh.com)
  • Trigeminal is the fifth (V) cranial nerve and provides sensation to the anterior 2/3 of the tongue. (studentrdh.com)
  • Hypoglossal is the twelfth (XII) cranial nerve which innervates the motor muscles of the tongue. (studentrdh.com)
  • In the neck the nerve arches downwards and forwards towards the hyoid bone, and then turns medially among the supra-hyoid muscles to the tongue. (co.ma)
  • Hypoglossal nerve transfer , whereby the twelfth cranial nerve is relocated from the tongue to repair the paralysis of the face by reconnecting two nerve ends. (kingscollegehospitaldubai.com)
  • A.) Fifth(B.) Ninth(C.) Eighth(D.) Twelfth Answer: (B). Ninth Glossopharyngeal is the ninth (IX) cranial nerve and provides sensation to the posterior 1/3 of the tongue. (studentrdh.com)
  • in the higher vertebrates, to the twelfth or last pair of cranial nerves, which are distributed to the base of the tongue. (sabda.org)
  • Hypoglossal nerve - tongue: the patient is sticking the tongue out and moving it in all directions. (primomedico.com)
  • The seventh paired facial nerve allows us sense taste on front two thirds of tongue along with helping us talk by controlling facial muscles like those involved in smiling or frowning etc.[1] Eighth cranial nerve (vestibulocochlear) helps us maintain balance while also transmitting sound signals from inner ear to brain. (studyhippo.com)
  • The hypoglossal nerve innervates all the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue except the palatoglossal and is fundamental in physiological functions as phonation and deglutition. (bvsalud.org)
  • CT and MRI findings of tongue ptosis and atrophy should alert radiologists to potential pathology along the course of the hypoglossal nerve (cranial nerve XII), a purely motor cranial nerve which supplies the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue. (bvsalud.org)
  • This review will describe key imaging findings of tongue denervation, segmental anatomy of the hypoglossal nerve, imaging optimization, and comprehensive imaging examples of diverse pathology which may affect the hypoglossal nerve. (bvsalud.org)
  • Write the name, nature, origin and distribution area of that nerve which rotates tongue. (mpboardguru.com)
  • Hypoglossal nerve rotates the tongue. (mpboardguru.com)
  • If you're able to apply your knowledge of what that nerve controls and how those muscles function, then you'll be able to correctly describe the physical exam findings in a patient with a left 12th nerve palsy. (studentdoctor.net)
  • Hypoglossal nerve palsy after airway management for general anesthesia: an analysis of 69 patients. (nih.gov)
  • Radiation-induced hypoglossal nerve palsy after definitive radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma: Clinical predictors and dose-toxicity relationship. (nih.gov)
  • Hypoglossal nerve palsy: 245 cases. (nih.gov)
  • At a point at the level of the angle of the mandible, the hypoglossal nerve emerges from behind the posterior belly of the digastric muscle. (wikipedia.org)
  • the lateral aspect of the spinal medulla, between the anterior and posterior roots of the spinal nerves, its origin extending from the level of the accessory portion as low as the origin of the sixth cervical nerve (for the deep origin, see p. 596). (co.ma)
  • After crossing the posterior triangle the nerve ends by supplying the trapezius muscle on its deep surface. (co.ma)
  • The posterior superior alveolar nerves (also from CN V2) innervate the rest of the upper molars. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The posterior auricular nerve is a motor branch of the facial nerve (CN VII) that innervates the posterior and intrinsic auricular muscles. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The mean distance from the intracranial end of the hypoglossal canal to the anterior and posterior ends of occipital condyles was 10,76 mm and 10,81 mm. (bvsalud.org)
  • The external surface is typically described from posterior and lateral views and includes external surface muscles that compose the wall of the pharynx, associated nerves, and blood supply. (medscape.com)
  • Vestibulocochlear nerve - sense of hearing and balance: The doctor is rubbing the finger close to the ears in order to check the hearing ability. (primomedico.com)
  • The vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) with its vestibular part represents a phylo-genetically old connection to the organ ofbalance already present in lower vertebrates. (brainkart.com)
  • The facialnerve (VII) and the vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII) leave the medulla oblongata at the cerebellopontine angle. (brainkart.com)
  • Sometimes there is a middle superior alveolar nerve that innervates the premolars and first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A sensory branch of the mandibular nerve (CN V3) It passes through the parotid gland en route to the ear, where it innervates skin of the pinna, external auditory canal, and tympanic membrane. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • Hypoglossal nerve, cervical plexus, and their branches. (iiab.me)
  • 3) beneath the trapezius, with the branches for the muscle derived from the third and fourth cervical nerves. (co.ma)
  • There are twelve cranial nerves which are numbered using Roman numerals according to the order in which they emerge from the brain (from front to back). (byjus.com)
  • The hypoglossal nerve arises as a number of small rootlets from the front of the medulla, the bottom part of the brainstem, in the anterolateral sulcus which separates the olive and the pyramid. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve emerges as several rootlets (labelled here as number 12) from the olives of the medulla (labelled 13), part of the brainstem. (wikipedia.org)
  • Neurons of the hypoglossal nucleus are derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata. (wikipedia.org)
  • The twelfth or hypoglossal nerve arises by numerous fila radicularia from the front of the medulla oblongata between the pyramid and the olive (Fig. 643, p. 768) (for the deep origin, see p. 594). (co.ma)
  • Oculomotor nerve - eye movement: the patient is supposed to follow the doctor's finger with his eyes. (primomedico.com)
  • The third pair is termed as oculomotor nerve which controls most eye muscles as well as pupil size. (studyhippo.com)
  • Oculomotor nerve helps in the movement of the eye. (byjus.com)
  • the abducens nerve (VI) emerges from the lower border of the pons. (brainkart.com)
  • Damage to the Trochlear nerve might cause inability to move eyeball downwards and damage to abducens nerve might result in diplopia. (byjus.com)
  • We'll start with cranial nerve number 1, which is the olfactory nerve , and this nerve is responsible for olfaction , so the sense of smell. (anatomyzone.com)
  • Direct link to bagleyajon's post "The olfactory nerve (1st). (khanacademy.org)
  • Comment on bagleyajon's post "The olfactory nerve (1st). (khanacademy.org)
  • They are responsible for a variety of functions ranging from vision, hearing, taste and smell to controlling facial movements, eye movements and pupil dilation.The first pair is the olfactory nerve which carries information about smell from receptor cells in the nose to the brain. (studyhippo.com)
  • The olfactory nerve (I) consists of the olfactory fibers, the bundledprocesses of sensory cells in the olfactory epithelium which enter the olfactory bulb( B8 ). (brainkart.com)
  • Glossopharyngeal nerve - swallowing: the swallowing ability is tested. (primomedico.com)
  • vestibular schwannomas are the most common cranial nerve (CN) schwannomas, followed by trigeminal and facial schwannomas and then glossopharyngeal, vagus, and spinal accessory nerve schwannomas. (medscape.com)
  • Accessory nerve - part of the head musculature: the doctor is pressing the shoulders down while the patient is pulling them up. (primomedico.com)
  • Thecervical roots of the accessory nerve (XI) unite to form the spinal root ( B16 ). (brainkart.com)
  • The hypoglossal nucleus interacts with the reticular formation, involved in the control of several reflexive or automatic motions, and several corticonuclear originating fibers supply innervation aiding in unconscious movements relating to speech and articulation. (wikipedia.org)
  • Nerves with axons that conduct electrochemical impulses toward the central nervous system (CNS) are afferent, nerves with axons that conduct impulses away from the CNS are efferent, and nerves with both afferent and efferent axons are mixed. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The rest of the cranial nerves contain both afferent and efferent fibres and are therefore referred to as the mixed cranial nerves. (byjus.com)
  • The components of the eighth cranial nerve (CN VIII) carrying axons that convey information regarding sound and balance between the spiral ganglion in the inner ear and the cochlear nuclei in the brainstem. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The first two actually emerge from the telencephalon and diencephalon , but the rest of the nerves, nerves 3 to 12, emerge from the brainstem . (anatomyzone.com)
  • The cranial nerves occupy a special place in neurology because examination of their function and dysfunction can provide critical information localizing lesions to the brainstem or skull base. (mhmedical.com)
  • The nerve passes through the subarachnoid space and pierces the dura mater near the hypoglossal canal, an opening in the occipital bone of the skull. (wikipedia.org)
  • The fila arrange themselves in two bundles which separately pierce the dura mater, and unite in the hypoglossal canal, or after emerging from the skull. (co.ma)
  • After emerging from the hypoglossal canal, the hypoglossal nerve gives off a meningeal branch and picks up a branch from the anterior ramus of C1. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve leaves the skull through the hypoglossal canal, which is situated near the large opening for the spinal cord, the foramen magnum. (wikipedia.org)
  • The inferior alveolar nerve (from CN V3) runs in the mandibular canal, giving off branches to the lower teeth and gingivae as it passes. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • BACKGROUND: The hypoglossal canal is a dual bone canal at the cranial base near the occipital condyles. (bvsalud.org)
  • The filaments of the hypoglossal nerve pass through the canal. (bvsalud.org)
  • The present study reports (a) the osteological variations in hypoglossal canal (b) the morphometry of hypoglossal canal and its relationship with occipital condyles. (bvsalud.org)
  • The mean distance from the intracranial end of the hypoglossal canal to the inferior end of the occipital condyles was 7,65 mm. (bvsalud.org)
  • CONCLUSIONS: The study on the hypoglossal canal adds new osteological and morphometric data to the previous literature, mostly based on studies conducted on different ethnic groups.The data presented is compatible with neuroradiological studies and it can be useful for radiologists and neurosurgeons in planning procedures such as transcondilar surgery. (bvsalud.org)
  • The last purpose of the study is to build an Italian anatomical data base of the dimensions of the hypoglossal canal in dried skulls. (bvsalud.org)
  • OBJECTIVE: To provide a precise description of the morphology and morphometry of the hypoglossal canal (HC) and its relationship with surrounding structures by using the epoxy sheet plastination technique. (bvsalud.org)
  • [ 9 ] In neurofibromatosis 2 (NF2), the eighth cranial nerve is affected, and the classic finding is a bilateral vestibular schwannoma. (medscape.com)
  • Vestibulocochlear is the eighth (VIII) cranial nerve and provides hearing and balance. (studentrdh.com)
  • The anterior superior alveolar nerves, branches of the infraorbital nerve (from CN V2), run in canals in the anterior wall of the maxillary sinus and innervate the upper incisors, canines, premolars, and often part of the first molar. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • He is also pressing the exit points of the nerve branches in the face and checking them for pain. (primomedico.com)
  • It also transmits the meningeal branch of the ascending pharyngeal artery, the venous plexus and meningeal branches of the hypoglossal nerve. (bvsalud.org)
  • Introduction to the Neurologic Examination The purpose of the neurologic examination is to establish whether the patient's brain, special senses, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, and muscle and skin receptors are functioning normally. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Cross-Facial Nerve graft , which involves moving a nerve from one side of the face to another side to enhance nerve fiber to grow to a new healthy nerve. (kingscollegehospitaldubai.com)
  • Facial nerve - facial expression and taste: the different facial movements are given, which the patient has to imitate. (primomedico.com)
  • The taste fibers of the facial nerve emerge as an independent nerve, the intermediate nerve ( B14 ). (brainkart.com)
  • The fourth pair is known as trochlear nerve which controls movement of one eye muscle in particular called superior oblique muscle. (studyhippo.com)
  • The hypoglossal nerve is of a general somatic efferent (GSE) type. (wikipedia.org)
  • A somatic motor nerve originating in the abducens nucleus in the pons. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • You've got somatic and visceral components, they've got motor components and there's some nerves which have special sensory components, so components to do with the special senses, like smell, vision, hearing, balance and taste. (anatomyzone.com)
  • Most of the cranial nerves belong to the somatic system. (byjus.com)
  • thus, they can be considered cranial nerve disorders, neuro-ophthalmologic. (msdmanuals.com)
  • There remain to be described the disorders of the facial (VII) nerve and of the lower cranial nerves (IX to XII), as well as certain diseases that affect the trigeminal (V) nerve. (mhmedical.com)
  • At various times after nerve section, electrophysiological recordings made under anesthesia revealed that auditory selectivity in LMAN could shift to the spectrally distorted song. (jneurosci.org)
  • Such auditory plasticity could be detected during the second week after nerve section, before the time birds typically decrystallized their songs. (jneurosci.org)
  • In support of this idea, juvenile zebra finches subjected to vocal nerve section fail to accurately imitate the tutor song and subsequently, as adults, lack auditory responses in LMAN ( Solis and Doupe, 2000 ). (jneurosci.org)
  • Vestibulocochlear (auditory vestibular nerve) is responsible for hearing and balance. (byjus.com)
  • All 12 pairs are a part of the peripheral nervous system, except cranial nerve number 2, which actually emerges from, which is kind of like an extension of the brain, so it's not technically a peripheral nerve. (anatomyzone.com)
  • Found directly on top of the buccopharyngeal fascia are the pharyngeal venous plexus and the pharyngeal nerve plexus. (medscape.com)
  • In this tutorial we're going to go through the 12 cranial nerves, we're going to look at where they originate from in the brain, and we'll talk a little bit about their function. (anatomyzone.com)
  • Before the advent of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), imaging of the cranial nerves was difficult, and mass lesions arising from these nerves was often indirectly detected only by looking at bony changes in the skull base foramen or by using invasive techniques such as cisternography and angiography. (medscape.com)
  • Specific combinations of cranial nerve signs may suggest pathology at specific locations around the base of the skull. (msdmanuals.com)
  • One skull had both the right and left hypoglossal canals occluded and, therefore, could not be evaluated. (bvsalud.org)
  • Immediately above the pons a small collection of nerve-cells is found in the median plane, wedged in between the two cerebral peduncles. (co.ma)
  • Cranial nerves carry information from the brain to other parts of the body, primarily to the head and neck. (byjus.com)
  • The neuronal cell bodies of a nerve's axons are in the brain, the spinal cord, or ganglia, but the nerves run only in the peripheral nervous system. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • A nerve that conducts impulses toward the brain or spinal cord. (unboundmedicine.com)
  • The nervous system is divided into two main parts: the central nervous system, consisting of the brain and spinal cord, and the peripheral nervous system, made up of nerves and ganglia. (khanacademy.org)
  • This nerve helps to feel the sense of smell. (byjus.com)
  • This nerve comprises of three parts namely ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular. (byjus.com)
  • The spinal portion of the nerve, or external ramus, extends into the neck, where at first it lies along with other nerves, in the interval between the internal carotid artery and the internal jugular vein. (co.ma)
  • In conclusion cranial nerves play an important role in normal functioning of human body through transmission of sensory, motor inputs/outputs between head/neck area and rest parts like torso or arms etc., hence any damage or disease related issues in these can cause significant impairments in our daily life activities depending upon severity level so it's very important we take good care about them. (studyhippo.com)
  • Cranial nerves are concerned with the head, neck, and other facial regions of the body. (byjus.com)
  • Other fibres arise from the terminal nuclei of the various sensory cerebral nerves of the opposite side. (co.ma)
  • Smell, a function of the 1st (olfactory) cranial nerve, is usually evaluated only after head trauma or when lesions of the anterior fossa (eg, meningioma) are suspected or patients report abnormal smell or taste. (msdmanuals.com)
  • Its membroneb aiulj nerves, and more anterior and well-padded splints on the sphenoid iwne is then gently onvarda. (culturaenvena.org)
  • The musculature they supply develops as the hypoglossal cord from the myotomes of the first four pairs of occipital somites. (wikipedia.org)
  • The hypoglossal nerve is derived from the first pair of occipital somites , collections of mesoderm that form next to the main axis of an embryo during development . (iiab.me)
  • A sympathetic nerve to the heart that carries impulses that speed the heart rate. (unboundmedicine.com)