• These noninvasive visualization systems provide real-time follow-up of viral progression within the cancer tissue by the ability of engineered oncolytic viruses (OVs) to encode reporter transgenes based on recombinant technology. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Explore our comprehensive collection of recombinant Fc receptor proteins! (acrobiosystems.com)
  • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) specifically induce cancer cells death by infection of and spreading on tumor cells through different mechanisms such as direct lysis effect or adjacent cells fusion. (biomedcentral.com)
  • On the other hand, the proliferation of oncolytic viruses into target cells and subsequent recognition of viral elements by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) such as toll-like receptors can positively affect the development of the innate and adaptive immune responses against tumor cells (Fig. 1 ) [ 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • a Mechanisms by which oncolytic viruses (OVs) stimulate antitumor immunity. (biomedcentral.com)
  • These viruses, also called oncolytic viruses, infect cancer cells and multiply within them until the cell bursts. (ucsf.edu)
  • Cancer immunotherapies can be divided into four major categories: - Cytokines/immunomodulation agents - Monoclonal antibodies - Cell‑based therapies - Oncolytic viruses Though monoclonal antibodies currently represent the largest class of commercialized cancer immunotherapies, cell‑based therapies are rapidly making headway. (technologynetworks.com)
  • Oncolytic virotherapy (OVT) is a promising anti-tumor modality that utilizes oncolytic viruses (OVs) to preferentially attack cancers rather than normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OVT has its unique advantages and prospects, because oncolytic viruses (OVs) preferentially infect and replicate in tumor cells and destroy them, while leaving healthy cells largely untouched [ 7 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In this case, the stimulation of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and subsequent immunogenic cell death (ICD) process in OVs-infected cells elicit a range of anti-tumor immune responses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • OVs, which are advancing into clinical trials, are being envisioned as the frontier clinical anti-tumor agents coming soon. (biomedcentral.com)
  • In addition to acute viral encephalitis, other less established and more unusual manifestations of viral infections include progressive neurologic disorders, such as postinfectious encephalomyelitis (such as may occur after measles or Nipah virus encephalitis) and conditions such as postpoliomyelitis syndrome, which has been considered by some to be as a persistent manifestation of poliovirus infection. (medscape.com)
  • Many investigators have suggested that Simian virus 40 (SV40), originating from contaminated poliovirus vaccines that were administered in USA and some European countries between 50's and 70's, might function as a cocarcinogen involved in the development of the disease. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Cancer markers are measurable molecules in the blood or tissue that are produced by tumor cells or immune cells in response to cancer progression. (bvsalud.org)
  • At that time, the application of tumor treatment with the spontaneous viruses or wild type viruses which quite often being scavenged by immune system, merely induces a subtle inhibition to tumor progression in patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The goal is to identify immunotherapies that elicit a stable and effective immune response against tumor cells in the brain," said UCSF neuro-oncologist Nicholas Butowski, MD , who is leading several immunotherapy trials. (ucsf.edu)
  • This is considered an immunotherapy treatment because IL-12 is a protein that may enhance the ability of the immune system to kill tumor cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • Various immunotherapy tumor-targeting schemes. (technologynetworks.com)
  • In this manner, the reduced detection of self MHC-I molecules by NK cell-inhibitory receptors coupled with an increase in activating signals by recognition of stress-induced surface ligands promote the cytolytic activity of NK cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Antigen presentation by molecules of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is an essential step to initiate an adaptive immune response to efficiently fight pathogens. (cfatg.org)
  • Since numerous antigens which are presented by MHC molecules traffic via the lysosomes, autophagy is an important reservoir for the production of antigenic peptides derived from the degradation of intracellular pathogens. (cfatg.org)
  • To create a treatment vaccine, synthetic molecules can be created in the lab to correspond to the mutated DNA sequence in a patient's tumor. (ucsf.edu)
  • Alternatively, a treatment vaccine can be made from tumor lysate, a solution of ruptured tumor cells, which exposes the immune system to unique molecules made by the cancerous cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • In some cases, engineered bacterial plasmids, or DNA molecules, may be used instead of viruses to deliver genes to cancer cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • In bursting, the tumor cell releases molecules called tumor antigens, which allows the immune system to recognize and target remaining tumor cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • The ability of OVs to selectively infect tumor cells is mainly associated with the disruption of type-I interferon pathway, which represents the first line of defense against viral infections. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Engineered viruses can also be designed to specifically infect and kill tumor cells without harming healthy cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • Meanwhile, these non-engineered viruses sometimes inevitably infect and spread to normal tissues, indiscriminately killed both tumor and normal cells, causing a series of unpredicted side effects. (biomedcentral.com)
  • However all the cell lines established so far were grown in medium containing at least 10% serum, and it has been shown that primary cell lines cultured under these conditions lose their ability to differentiate, acquire gene expression profiles that differ from that of tissue specific stem cells or the primary tumor they derive from, and in some cases are neither clonogenic nor tumorigenic. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Instead the viruses are used to 1) deliver specific genes to certain cells, causing them to make those proteins, or 2) target and kill cancer cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • Other antibody-based therapies target proteins that are enriched in tumors to 1) directly kill cancer cells or 2) 'tag' them so that the immune system can recognize and destroy them. (ucsf.edu)
  • Clinically relevant involvement of the central nervous system (CNS) by viruses is an uncommon event, considering the overwhelming number of individuals affected by the different human viral infections. (medscape.com)
  • An unusual CNS involvement leading to microcephaly due to infection of pregnant women by Zika virus has also been recently reported and highlights the constant need to look for new types of neurological manifestations of viral infections in humans. (medscape.com)
  • Instead of developing your own assays, explore our kits and services to quickly quantify viral antigens! (acrobiosystems.com)
  • The first application of virotherapy with the engineered thymidine kinase (TK)-deficient herpes simplex viruses (HSV) was initiated in 1991 [ 10 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • A few days after infection, the host animal may be injected with radioiodine which is then selectively captured by infected cells and tumors. (wikipedia.org)
  • This stress condition can also lead to the attraction of immune cells, notably antigen presenting cells (APCs) (i.e. immature dendritic cells), natural killer cells (NK cells), and cytotoxic T-cells to the site of infection [ 5 , 6 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Thus, we have described a molecular link between CD46 and autophagy, which is engaged upon measles virus infection. (cfatg.org)
  • We detailed then the close relationship between this virus and autophagy, describing for the first time that several waves of autophagy can be induced in the course of an infection. (cfatg.org)
  • In infection with the morbillivirus prototype measles virus (MeV), cellular and humoral immunity contribute to protection. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The human CD46 antigen is known to be the functional cellular receptor for Measles virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • These patients also had fewer circulating natural killer (NK) cells bearing an Fc receptor, CD16, which is crucial to antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. (bvsalud.org)
  • after fusing to the tumor cells, MV-NIS induces cell death. (ucsf.edu)
  • UCSF offers a number of immunotherapies that involve engineered viruses or DNA plasmids, including oncolytic virus therapies. (ucsf.edu)
  • More recently, provocative studies have found high antibody seroprevalence to viruses such as Ebola, Marburg, and Lyssa viruses in multiple African countries, indicating the presence of a high number of undiagnosed cases every year, including high neutralizing titers of antibodies to rabies virus in 11% of a small cohort of asymptomatic Peruvians living in the Amazon with prior exposure to bats. (medscape.com)
  • The efficacy of a therapeutic antibody depends on the Fab fragment and its binding activity to the target antigen, but also depends on the Fc fragment and its interaction with key Fc receptors.Therefore, candidates must be tested against a panel of receptors during antibody engineering. (acrobiosystems.com)
  • MV-NIS is the first targeted engineered virus therapy to have shown remission in published cancer clinical trials. (wikipedia.org)
  • Remission of Disseminated Cancer After Systemic Oncolytic Virotherapy Active clinical trials for MV-NIS, National Cancer Institute Disseminated multiple myeloma with oncolytic measles virus discussion on Columbia University Professor Vincent Racaniello's "This week in virology" podcast. (wikipedia.org)
  • With increasingly high therapeutic efficacy being achieved recent years and owing to the unique features such as specific tumor tropism, low cytotoxicity against normal cells, OVT has been inviting a great attention as an ideal weapon against cancers. (biomedcentral.com)
  • After fusion, MV-NIS has been observed to kill the tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Due to the unique properties of iodine uptake in these cells, iodine 123 (I-123) may be used to image MV-NIS-infected tumor cells. (wikipedia.org)
  • Compared with conventional cancer treatments, the main advantage of oncolytic virotherapy is its tumor-selective replication followed by the destruction of malignant cells without damaging healthy cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Schematic illustration of the multimodality role of virotheranostics in treatment and tracking of tumor cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Virus-based immunostimulatory cytokine and chemokine expression can recruit and activate T cells, antigen-presenting cells (APCs), and natural killer (NK) cells, and subsequently, improve the therapeutic activity of OVs. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Treatment vaccines are designed to help T cells recognize and target tumor cells, specifically those carrying certain mutations. (ucsf.edu)
  • This strategy takes advantage of mutations that exist in brain tumor cells, but not normal cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • The T-cells and antibodies will then recognize, attack, and continually "remember" how to identify tumor cells based on the tumor-specific antigens in the vaccine. (ucsf.edu)
  • Some treatments use genetically engineered viruses that are no longer pathogenic or disease causing to normal cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • For example, Ad-RTS-hIL-12 is an engineered virus that encodes the IL-12 protein and increases its production in specific cells. (ucsf.edu)
  • Blocking PD-1 with drugs like pembrolizumab or nivolumab allows the immune system to activate its T-cells and recognize these tumors as cells that should be attacked. (ucsf.edu)
  • Lung cancer lines are refractory to NK cell killing, but the TriKE enhanced cytotoxicity and cytokine production by patient NK cells when challenged with tumor. (bvsalud.org)
  • With the understanding particularly in the characteristics of viruses and tumor cells, numerous innovative OVs have been engineered to conquer cancers, such as Talimogene Laherparepvec (T-VEC) and tasadenoturev (DNX-2401). (biomedcentral.com)
  • By the genetic recombination the viruses were conferred with high specificity against tumor cells without targeting normal tissues. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Moreover, HSV engineered in gH of a scFv targeting the cancer-specific HER2 receptor, scFv-HER2-gH chimera, can enter, replicate and kill cancer cells efficiently [ 14 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The identification of new mesothelioma markers may be useful for diagnosis and/or prognosis of this neoplasia as well as for isolation of mesothelioma tumor initiating cells. (biomedcentral.com)
  • To this end, the team has historically used as a biological model the measles virus which is an immunosuppressive virus. (cfatg.org)
  • In this regard, tumor cell lines development has been an important tool to study the biological properties of many tumors. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The initial event in the replicative cycle of a virus is its interaction with receptors present on the surface of a cell. (medscape.com)
  • Detailed images may then be created showing the location of these infections and the target sites for tumor reduction monitoring. (wikipedia.org)
  • Recently we have shown the dual function of an autophagic receptor which, in addition to target pathogens towards the autophagic machinery, also regulates the maturation of autophagosome to efficiently degrade the substrates. (cfatg.org)
  • 4 How can the immune system be harnessed to target tumors? (technologynetworks.com)
  • While tumor imaging and radiotherapy strategies are crucial for tumor identification and treatment, the presence of metastasis and radiation resistance has reduced the efficacy of treatment in cancer patients. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Current vaccines are based on live attenuated viruses that control the disease but cannot differentiate infected from vaccinated animals (the so-called DIVA approach) [ 9 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • More recently, comprehensive studies related to the functions of this receptor has established the basis of the projects of the current team, putting autophagy at the center of our research projects. (cfatg.org)
  • This study highlighted the fact that common strategies could have been evolved by different viruses in order to manipulate autophagy. (cfatg.org)
  • We seek to understand the molecular connections between autophagy and antigen presentation and to measure their impact on the diversity of the presentation, especially in the context of self antigens (those of the cell), and non-self antigens (those from pathogens). (cfatg.org)
  • Autophagy in immune responses to viruses. (cfatg.org)
  • Measles virus encoding the human thyroidal sodium iodide symporter or MV-NIS is an attenuated oncolytic Edmonston (Ed) strain of measles virus. (wikipedia.org)
  • This imaging technique is an improvement over initial efforts to engineer a Measles virus to carry the soluble marker human carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). (wikipedia.org)
  • In 1993, the team of Prof. Chantal Rabourdin-Combe (1952-2011) identified the first human receptor for this virus, CD46. (cfatg.org)
  • This genus of single-stranded negative sense enveloped RNA viruses causes relevant diseases (like measles or canine distemper) in human and animals. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Originally, viruses were known as the cause of human diseases, including some cancers [ 8 ]. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The scientists have been pursuing the ideal tumor prevention and treatment strategies all the time. (biomedcentral.com)
  • The viruses originally used for treatment are usually spontaneous viruses. (biomedcentral.com)
  • Peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) causes an economically important disease that limits productivity in small domestic ruminants and often affects the livestock of the poorest populations in developing countries. (biomedcentral.com)